By July of 1928 and 15, the Germans had their own Enigma cipher machine, namely "Enigma G", which was improved to "Enigma I" in June of 1930. Enigma I was widely used by the German military and other government agencies before and during World War II. The most remarkable difference between the Enigma I and the commercial Enigma cipher machine is that I have a wiring board, which greatly improves the confidentiality. Other differences include a fixed reflector, and the V-shaped notch of the I- rotor moves to the letter ring. The volume of this machine is 28×34× 15 cubic centimeter and the weight is about 12 kg.
1930, the Germans suggested that the navy adopt their enigma cipher machine. They say that the army version (with patch panels) is safer and communication between services is easier. The navy finally agreed to the army's proposal, and in 1934, the Enigma cipher machine code-named "M3" modified by the navy for the army appeared. When the army is still using the 3-rotor Enigma cipher machine, the navy may start to use the 5-rotor cipher machine to improve security.
From June, 65438 to February, 0938, 65438, the army provided two rotors for each Enigma cipher machine, so that the operator could choose three rotors from a group of five rotors at will. Also in 1938, the German Navy added two rotors, and in 1939, another rotor was added, so the operator can choose three rotors from a group of eight rotors to use. 1In August, 935, the German Air Force also began to use the Enigma cipher machine. 1942, 1 In February, 2008, the navy equipped the U-shaped submarine with a four-rotor Enigma cipher machine, code-named "M4" (its communication network was called "Newt" and the allies called it "Shark").
People have also made a large eight-rotor printable Enigma cipher machine, which is called Enigma II. 1933, polish cryptographer found it was used for communication between high-level officials in Germany, but the Germans soon gave it up because it was unreliable and often broke down.
The wehrmacht used "ingmar g". This model has four rotors, no wiring board, and multiple V-shaped notches on the rotors. This Enigma cipher machine also has a counter to record the number of keystrokes.
Enigma cipher machines are also used in other countries. The Italian navy uses the commercial Enigma cipher machine as the "naval cipher machine D". Spain also used the commercial Enigma cipher machine in the Civil War. The British cryptographer successfully cracked its password because it had no wiring board. Switzerland uses a cipher machine called "K" or "Swiss K" (used by military and diplomatic institutions). This cipher machine is very similar to the commercial Enigma cipher machine D. Many countries have cracked its password, including Poland, France, Britain and the United States. The Japanese army used the "Engma T-type".
Enigma cipher machine is not perfect, especially after the Allies understand its principle. This enabled the Allies to decipher German communications, which played a key role in the Atlantic naval battle.
It is estimated that 65,438+000,000 Enigma cipher machines have been manufactured. After the end of World War II, the Allies believed that these machines were still safe, so they sold the captured Enigma cipher machines to developing countries. The process of the allied forces cracking Enigma was not made public until 1970. Since then, people have become more and more interested in Enigma machines, and some museums in the United States and Europe have begun to display some Enigma machines. The German Museum in Munich has a 3-rotor Enigma machine and a 4-rotor Enigma machine, as well as several commercial Enigma machines. The National Cryptography Museum of the National Security Agency has an Enigma machine, which visitors can use to encrypt and decrypt information. Enigma has also been exhibited in the Computer History Museum in the United States, Brasserie Garden in the United Kingdom, the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, Australia, and some places in Germany, the United States and Britain. One of the exhibits in the closed computer museum in San Diego is an Enigma machine, which was presented to the library of San Diego State University after the museum closed. Some Enigma machines have also become private collections.
Ingmar machines are sometimes auctioned, and the auction price of $20,000 is not uncommon.
The replica of Enigma machine includes the replica of German Navy M4, Enigma machine with improved electrical subsystem (Enigma E), various computer simulation software and paper models.
A rare German intelligence machine with the number G3 12 was stolen from the Bletchley Garden on April 1 2000. In September, a self-proclaimed "boss" sent word that he would get 25,000 pounds, or he would destroy the Enigma machine. In June 5438 +2000 10, the officials of Brazelli Garden announced that they would pay the money, but the blackmailer did not reply after paying the money. Shortly thereafter, it was sent anonymously to BBC reporter Jeremy Paxman, but the three rotors were missing. On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2000, an antique dealer named Dennis Yates was arrested after calling the Sunday Times to ask for the return of the lost rotor. Later, Enigma was sent back to Blackley Park. In 200 10, Yates admitted that he stole the Enigma machine and blackmailed Christine Lachi, the director of Blackley Park, but he insisted that he was only a middleman serving a third party, and was later sentenced to 10 months in prison. After three months in prison, he was released. Enigma machine has a great influence on the design of cipher machine, and some other rotary machines also originated from it. Typex machine in Britain originated from the patented design of Enigma machine, and even included the patented design that was not applied in the real Enigma machine. For the sake of confidentiality, the British government did not pay royalties for the application of these patent designs. Japan used a replica of an Enigma machine called GREEN by American cryptographers. In this machine which is not widely used, four rotors are arranged vertically. William freedman, an American cryptographer, designed M-325, which is a machine with similar principle to Enigma machine, but it has never been built.
In 2002, Tatjana van Vark of the Netherlands made a unique rotor machine. This machine also originated from the Enigma machine, but its rotor has 40 metal contacts and pins, allowing the operator to input letters, numbers and some punctuation marks; This machine contains 509 parts.
1965438+On February 23rd, 2008, Arthur Shelbius, a German engineer, applied for a patent for a cipher machine using a rotor, and jointly established Shelbius-Ritter Company with Richard Ritter. They sold this cipher machine to the German Navy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but no one was interested in it. They then handed over the patent right to Gewerkschaft Securitas, who founded Chiffriermaschinen Aktien-Gesellschaft (meaning "Cryptographic Joint-stock Company") on July 9, 1923. Shelbius and Ritter are directors.
The company then began to promote their "Ingmar A" rotary machine, which was exhibited at the Universal Postal Union Congress from 1923 to 1924. This machine is very heavy. There is a typewriter in it. Its volume is 65×45×35 cubic centimeters. The weight is about 50 kilograms. After that, the B-type Enigma machine was produced, which is similar to the A-type in structure. [6] Although the name is Enigma, models A and B are quite different from later models. These two models are different in size and shape, and there is no reflector.
The idea of reflector was conceived by Wiley Cohen, a colleague of Shelbius, and the "Ingmar C-type" in 1926 installed the reflector for the first time. Reflector is a remarkable feature of Enigma machine.
Model C is smaller and easier to carry than the previous model. It is not equipped with a typewriter, but the operator writes information on the display board, so it has the nickname "enigma with lights on" Enigma type C was quickly replaced by Enigma type D (production started at 1927). Type D has been widely used, and its samples have been sent to Sweden, the Netherlands, Britain, Japan, Italy, Spain, the United States and Poland.