1. Common accounting methods for fixed assets
(1) When special materials for engineering are purchased and have been collected into the treasury:
Borrow: engineering materials (The "project materials" here include the total price of special materials and value-added tax)
Credit: bank deposit
(2) When receiving special materials for building a warehouse:
Debit: Project under construction
Loan: Project materials
(3) When receiving a batch of produced cement for project construction:
Debit: Construction in progress
Credit: Inventory goods
Taxes payable - value-added tax payable (output tax)
(4 ) When receiving a batch of purchased raw materials for project construction:
Debit: Project under construction
Loan: Raw materials
Taxes and fees payable - should Pay value-added tax (input tax transferred out)
(5) When accruing wages payable to engineering personnel:
Debit: Project under construction
Debit: Payable Employee compensation
(6) When using bank deposits to pay other related expenses:
Debit: Project under construction
Loan: Bank deposit
(7) When the fixed assets are ready for use and have been used:
Debit: fixed assets
Debit: construction in progress
(8) Calculation When depreciating fixed assets:
Debit: management expenses
Credit: accumulated depreciation
2. Main characteristics of fixed assets
1. Fixed assets generally have a relatively large value, are used for a long time, and can participate in the production process repeatedly for a long time.
2. Although wear and tear occurs during the production process, it does not change its physical form. Instead, its value is gradually transferred to the product according to the degree of wear and tear, and the value transferred is partially recovered. A depreciation fund is then formed.
3. As the monetary expression of fixed assets, fixed funds also have the following characteristics:
1. The cycle period of fixed funds is relatively long. It does not depend on the production cycle of the product, but Depends on the useful life of fixed assets.
2. The value compensation and physical renewal of fixed funds are carried out separately. The former is gradually completed along with the depreciation of fixed assets, and the latter is accumulated with the usual money when the fixed assets cannot be used or are not suitable for use. Depreciation funds are used to achieve this.
3. When purchasing and constructing fixed assets, a considerable amount of monetary funds needs to be paid. This investment is a one-time investment, but the recovery of the investment is carried out through the depreciation of fixed assets in installments.
Extended information:
Intangible assets include social intangible assets and natural intangible assets
Among them, social intangible assets usually include patent rights, non-patented technologies, trademark rights, Copyrights, franchises, land use rights, etc.; natural intangible assets include natural gas and other natural resources that have no physical form.
(1) Patent rights: refers to the invention and creation patent applicants granted by the national patent authority in accordance with the law. The exclusive rights enjoyed by inventions and creations within the statutory period include invention patent rights, utility model patent rights and design patent rights.
(2) Non-patented technology: also known as proprietary technology, refers to technology that is not known to the outside world and should be used in production and business activities. It does not enjoy legal protection and can bring economic benefits. Various techniques and know-how.
(3) Trademark right: refers to the right to use a specific name or pattern exclusively on a specified type of goods or products.
(4) Copyright: Producers enjoy certain special rights in accordance with the law over the literary, scientific and artistic works they create.
(5) Franchise: also known as operating franchise or exclusive right, refers to the right of an enterprise to operate or sell a specific product in a certain area or an enterprise to accept the use of its trademark or trade name by another enterprise , rights to technical secrets, etc.
(6) Land use rights: refers to the state allowing an enterprise to enjoy the right to develop, utilize and operate state-owned land within a certain period of time.
(7) Business secrets
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia of Fixed Assets