After the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, France was defeated and surrendered, ceding two provinces and paying an indemnity of 500,000 francs. At that time, a famous French scientist had made outstanding achievements in science, and the University of Bonn in Germany was going to award him an honorary degree. However, with love for his motherland, he resolutely returned the honorary degree certificate from the University of Bonn. Science has no borders, but scientists have their own motherland. After that, he concentrated on doing his chemical experiments and microbiology in the chemistry laboratory. Bacteriological research.
He spent his life discovering and proving three scientific issues: 1. Every fermentation is due to the development of a microbacterium; 2. Every infectious disease is a microbacterium. Development in the living body; 3. The virulence of infectious microorganisms can be reduced under special cultivation, turning them from germs into disease-preventing vaccines.
On the surface, these three issues seem to have little connection with the cause of national salvation. However, due to the proof of the first problem, he discovered that the microorganisms that make beer bitter can be killed by heating, causing the country's winemaking industry to reduce huge losses every year, far exceeding that in Germany. France loses 100 million francs every year due to silkworm diseases. From the proof of the second question, he taught the national silk industry how to select seeds to prevent diseases, how the national livestock farmers how to prevent cattle and sheep plague, and taught the world how to pay attention to disinfection to reduce surgical costs. Surgical mortality. Based on the proof of the third question, he invented a vaccine to prevent and treat spleen fever in livestock, which saved French farmers from losses of 20 million francs every year; he also invented a treatment for rabies, which saved countless lives.
He was Louis Pasteur. The British scientist Huxley praised his achievements in the Royal Society and said: France gave Germany an indemnity of half a million francs. Mr. Pasteur's scientific achievements alone were enough to pay off this indemnity.
There is a saying in the Bible: Don’t be afraid, just believe. Pasteur, this legendary French figure, had great confidence in science when the country was in crisis. With his strong will and hard work, he finally created a miracle of saving the country through science.
Pasteur’s contribution to mankind
The third group (Lu Chunju, Yang Libo, Qiu Chuanji, Qin Xuanjie)
Foreword
Louis Pasteur (122-19) was a great French chemist and microbiologist in the 19th century and the founder of modern microbiology and immunology. He made great contributions in stereochemistry, crystallography, microbiology, medicine, etc. He has achieved a series of major scientific achievements in different fields. In particular, as a layman in medicine, he founded the theory of microbial pathogenicity and immunology, which caused major changes in medicine. He is known as the father of modern medicine and the great savior of mankind.
Chapter 1 Pasteur’s Life
On December 27, 1822, Pasteur was born into a family of tanners in the small town of Dore, Jura Province, southern France. Pasteur's father was a sergeant major in Napoleon's army and followed Napoleon in his European expeditions. Pasteur's father often taught patriotism to his son, which played an extremely important role in Pasteur's future growth.
Although Pasteur was not a genius, he studied hard and achieved excellent results in all subjects. He loved literature and painting, and several of his works have been handed down to this day. In 1843, Pasteur was admitted to the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris with excellent results and studied under the famous chemists Jean-Baptiste Biot (J.B. Biot 1774-1862) and Jean-Baptiste Dumas (J.B. Dusa 1800). 1884). Received a doctorate in physical chemistry in 1847. In 1849 he became professor of chemistry at the College of Strasbourg and married Marie Laurent, the daughter of the dean of the college. In 1854 he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Science in Lille. In 1862, he was elected as an academician of the French Academy of Sciences; in 1873, he was elected as an academician of the French Academy of Medical Sciences; in 1881, he was elected as an academician of the French Academy; in 1895, Pasteur died of illness in Paris.
Pasteur conducted many groundbreaking studies throughout his life and achieved significant results in many fields. He was one of the most accomplished scientists in the 19th century.
In 1848, he studied tartaric acid and discovered the asymmetry of the molecular structure, thus creating stereochemistry. In 1856, he began to engage in fermentation research, discovered the intoxication mechanism of yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and then invented the "pasteurization method". From 1859 to 1862, Pasteur engaged in a public debate with the "spontaneous generation theory". He defeated the "spontaneous generation theory" with a series of public experiments, including the famous "retort" experiment. Since then, he has successively conquered infectious diseases such as silkworm disease, cholera, anthrax and rabies, and made great contributions to saving and benefiting mankind. In 1888, Pasteur raised huge sums of money to establish the Institut Pasteur, which has become the most influential microbiological research institution in the world to this day. Pasteur's greatest achievement was the creation of the theory of microbial pathogenicity and immunology, which caused major changes in medicine and is known as the father of modern medicine.
Chapter 2 Pasteur’s scientific contribution and its impact on later generations
In the public mind, Pasteur’s name is mainly associated with rabies and the world-class medical research center Paris. The Institute of Virology (researching virology, immunology, allergy and biochemistry, providing serum and vaccines). He studied crystallography in his early years, proposed the molecular asymmetry theory in the study of tartaric acid and racemic tartaric acid, and pioneered stereochemistry; he studied fermentation and discovered the role of microorganisms; he saved the French sericulture, beer and wine brewing industries; He invented the Pasteur sterilization method that is still used to heat and sterilize milk, wine and beer; he pioneered scientific vaccination methods to prevent anthrax, chicken cholera and rabies. In his later years, he used donations to raise funds to establish the Pasteur Institute. Pasteur's main contribution was that he proposed and proved the theory of microbial pathogenicity and founded immunology, thus becoming the founder of microbiology and immunology. These theories triggered a medical revolution at that time. It was he who introduced science into medicine and established scientific medicine on this basis. His life was full of achievements. Even when he was bedridden in his 70s, he still conquered rabies, which was the first infectious disease to be conquered in mankind.
Michael H. Hart, a famous American physicist, ranked Pasteur eleventh in his "List of 100 People Who Influenced the Course of Human History" Ranked second only to Einstein, his influence is much greater than that of his famous compatriot Napoleon (number 34), who is considered the most important figure in the history of medicine. He wrote in the book: "The dramatic increase in human lifespan since the mid-19th century has had a greater impact on everyone than probably any other development in the entire history of mankind. This transformation of modern science and medicine Development, providing almost every one of us with a second chance at life, I would have no hesitation in placing Pasteur at the top of this book if all the credit for extending life was due to this fact. Pasteur's contribution was so important that there can be no doubt that most of the credit for reducing human mortality during the past century goes to Pasteur." This shows that Pasteur has had the most far-reaching influence on the historical development of medicine, and no one can match it. His scientific results, scientific methods and scientific spirit still have a huge impact on the most cutting-edge scientific fields.
Section 1 Pasteur’s contribution in the field of chemistry
Pasteur studied crystallography in his early years and proposed the molecular asymmetry theory in the study of tartaric acid and racemic tartaric acid, creating the Stereochemistry and became a famous chemist.
In October 1846, under the guidance of the chemist Barral, Pasteur chose crystallography as the research topic of his doctoral thesis. Pasteur carefully reviewed and compared the works of many famous scholars. In his research, he connected chemical crystals and mineral crystals with genius intuition, and used analogy to select the chemical crystal - tartar as the research object. He transplanted the principles of space geometry into the field of chemistry in an original way, used crystallography and physics methods to study chemistry, and solved the famous "Closelich mystery" - the optical relationship between two isomers. Performance difference issue. On May 15, 1848, Pasteur submitted his first academic report to the French Academy of Sciences: "On the possible relationship between crystal shape, chemical composition and optical rotation direction."
This paper marked Pasteur's discovery of the principle of molecular asymmetry and the creation of stereochemistry. This discovery also forged a key for Pasteur to open the door to the entire modern biology. Pasteur's stereochemical theory opened up a vast world for organic chemistry research. 21 years later, Dutch chemist Van Hove discovered the spatial structure of carbon compound molecules. Nowadays, the theory of stereochemistry is not only limited to pure chemistry, but also widely involves the fields of physical chemistry, optics, medical chemistry, physiology and fermentation chemistry, and is also developing towards the theory of atomic structure.
Section 2 lays the foundation of microbiology
Microbiology is the foundation of modern human medicine and veterinary medicine, as well as the foundation of modern fermentation industry and food industry. Without microbial theory as a basis, we would not have a healthy body today, nor would there be delicious food on the table. All this should be attributed to Pasteur for laying the foundation of microbiology.
In 1856, Pasteur began to study the fermentation process. After several years of painstaking research, he finally found the essence of fermentation. In 1857 and 1860, Pasteur published two papers, "On Lactic Acid Fermentation" and "On Alcoholic Fermentation" respectively, making his research public to the world. The most important originality was his discovery that yeast is a living microorganism. This led him to a revolutionary definition: fermentation is the result of the reproduction of yeast. Pasteur opened the door to a new tiny world: the world of bacteria, thus founding microbiology.
During the process of fermentation research, Pasteur realized that the "spontaneous generation theory" may not be true. "Spontaneous generation" is an ancient and controversial theory. It believes that life can not be reproduced from its parents, but can arise naturally from unstructured organic or inorganic materials, and it is happening everywhere at all times. In December 1858, French scientist Boucher submitted a paper entitled "On the Natural Occurrence of Animals and Plant Protists in Artificial Air and in Oxygen" to the French Academy of Sciences. In 1859, he published his masterpiece "On Spontaneous Occurrence". He believed that when organic liquids decay, new life will be produced, and gas will be generated "in a medium without air." Pasteur believed that microorganisms in the air were the key to the problem. This triggered a famous debate on the "spontaneous generation theory" of life.
There is an essential difference in content between the "spontaneous generation theory" in the broad sense and the "spontaneous generation theory" in the narrow sense. , Pasteur refuted the "spontaneous theory" in the narrow sense, rather than the "spontaneous theory" in the broad sense. Pasteur confirmed through a series of scientific experiments that most of the so-called "spontaneous theory" in history. They are all speculative, and even with a small amount of experiments, they are absurd and cannot stand the test of repeated experiments. He firmly believes that the impossibility of "natural occurrence" of life is a scientific fact, because experiments have confirmed that in a relatively short time. It is impossible for microorganisms to arise naturally. There must be external reasons. Pasteur does not oppose the absolute theory of spontaneous generation, but opposes the theory of spontaneous generation in a narrow sense that is not based on rigorous experiments. In his view, life is a mystery. The original, rational unknown. Pasteur knew there were limits to human rationalism, and he believed that it was left to future generations to clarify what he did not understand, although he was a sage who limited himself to his observations. , but he foresaw and accepted in advance that his observations would one day be outdated. Under the guidance of this dialectical scientific outlook, Pasteur combined the rigor of theory with the accuracy of experiment. "The clarity of mathematical reasoning allowed his opponents to admit his conclusions", completely refuting the theory of spontaneous generation, thus providing a scientific basis for modern disinfection and antisepsis methods, and laying the ubiquitous foundation of microbiology and immunology. The "spontaneous generation theory" had to narrow its scope and retreat to the ultimate problem of spontaneous generation that is still a mystery. This was a huge leap in the history of human understanding and a great liberation of thought in the history of medicine, which had a profound impact on future generations. Among the great men of the nineteenth century, with the exception of Pasteur, few foresaw this, and even Engels underestimated the importance of Pasteur's experiments.
He wrote in Dialectics of Nature that "Pasteur's experiments are useless in this direction: for those who believe in the possibility of spontaneous reproduction, he will never prove its impossibility by them alone." Possibility; but these experiments were important because they shed much light on these organisms, their lives, their germs, etc."
Pasteur devoted his life to research. Three scientific questions: 1. Every fermentation is caused by the reproduction of a type of bacteria. 2. Every infectious disease is caused by a type of bacteria invading the body. 3. Infectious bacteria can be turned into preventive vaccines after special treatment. These three scientific issues span many scientific research fields in industrial production and medical and health care, but they all have the same foundation - microbiology.
Section 3 Pasteur’s contribution to industry, agriculture, and animal husbandry
1. Fermentation industry and food industry
Human beings have been brewing wine since ancient times Industry, but this is not a real fermentation industry. The brewing industry has always suffered huge losses due to various spoilage problems. In 1856 Pasteur became director of the Faculty of Science in Lille. Lille is the main sugar beet producing area in France, and the winemaking industry using sugar beet as raw material is very developed. However, at this time, Lille's brewing industry was on the verge of bankruptcy due to the rancidity problem. An industrialist in Lille, Pierre Gordon Gate, asked Pasteur for help. Pasteur believed it was his duty to help these factory owners out of their difficulties, so he accepted the request. After nearly four years of hard work, Pasteur finally discovered the mechanism of fermentation. In 1857 and 1860, he published two epoch-making papers, "On Lactic Acid Fermentation" and "On Alcoholic Fermentation" respectively. He clearly pointed out that fermentation is the reproduction of yeast, a living microorganism, and the production of alcohol is a phenomenon as complex as biological behavior. The lactic acid in beet lees comes from the unfortunate contamination of lactic acid yeast. He proposed a way out of the predicament: destroying the lactic acid yeast with high temperatures and transplanting it to propagate the alcoholic yeast. This is the prototype of the famous "Pasteurization method". Pasteur saved the brewing industry in Lille.
The winemaking industry is a pillar industry of France’s foreign trade. However, the wine exported from France has deteriorated from time to time over the years, resulting in a first-level slump in foreign trade. Due to Pasteur's outstanding research on fermentation, in March 1863, Napoleon III commissioned Pasteur to study wine and its deterioration. Pasteur once again used microscope observation
to confirm the presence of a fungus in the wine. In order to solve the problem, Pasteur carefully studied the wine brewing process and preservation experience. The ancient brewing technology was the first to received scientific analysis. Faced with the deterioration of wine, Pasteur conducted various chemical analyses, trying to find a way to prevent microbial infection. Pasteur made precise experimental demonstrations of the ancient heating method. This method is actually very simple: in the absence of air, the wine is heated for a moment at a temperature between 60°C and 100°C to kill other molds and parasites - this is the famous "Pasteurization method" . Pasteur applied for an invention patent for this and published the book "Wine Research" in 18 ". Pasteur once again saved the French winemaking industry.
The vinegar industry is also an important part of France. The large industry is a part that cannot be ignored in the economic competition between France and Germany. Orleans is the main vinegar-producing area in France and is known as the "Vinegar Capital" of Europe. Alcohol is the main raw material for making vinegar because the wine is aging. If it is not done well, it will turn into vinegar, but the strange thing is that vinegar can also deteriorate. Before Pasteur, people did not know the principle of vinegar production. Pasteur confirmed that vinegar mold is the factor of vinegar fermentation after observing and analyzing it under a microscope. , it was responsible for the rancidity of wine. This mold was so powerful and so effective that just one gram of mold could convert several kilograms of alcohol into vinegar when Pasteur visited an Orleans vinegar company in the early stages of his research. When working at the factory, he found some microorganisms and parasites - nematodes - in the wine barrels that were not properly filtered. The latter could easily breed in vinegar, but the vinegar maker didn't care. What's worse is that the owner of the Orleans factory thought that nematodes were. Indispensable for vinegar production. Pasteur soon discovered that this was not the case because nematodes required air.
When the mold absorbs oxygen to acidify the alcohol, it also deprives the parasites of the oxygen they need. When the mold gradually spreads out on the liquid surface according to its growth pattern, the nematodes gather under the mold, usually in clumps. And tried his best to drag it under the wrinkled liquid. The submerged mold no longer functions, so the alcohol does not get oxygen and is no longer converted into vinegar. Once the harmful effects of nematodes were known, Pasteur immediately recommended their elimination, still using the "Pasteurization method." Once again, science comes to the rescue of industry.
France suffered a disastrous defeat in the war against Prussia from 1870 to 1871. After the German army occupied Alsace and Lorraine, the source of hops there was cut off. In order to avenge the national humiliation, Pasteur was determined to develop what he called "a beer of revenge." Within 15 months, Pasteur had indeed succeeded in developing "Revenge Beer." Through his discovery, he finally subdued the microorganisms that caused beer to go bad and made great contributions to the country's rejuvenation. The famous French biologist He Qingli pointed out: "Pasteur's discovery alone was enough to offset the 5 billion francs war compensation France paid to Germany in 1870."
The invention of pasteurization not only It saved the French wine, vinegar and beer industries, and more importantly, created a new industry - the fermentation industry. This method is still the standard for the entire fermentation industry. Without pasteurization, any fermentation industry and food processing industry would lose the foundation of their existence. Just as the principles of Newtonian mechanics are to today's mechanical industry and construction industry, pasteurization and its related processes are still the bible of the fermentation industry and food industry. If you buy a multi-pack of fresh milk from McDonald's, if you look at the label, you will find it says "Pasteurized." With Pasteur, there is the foundation of the modern food industry.
2. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
In the first half of the 19th century, the silk industry played a decisive role in the French economy, with annual income reaching hundreds of millions of francs. In 1853, the annual output was 26,000 tons. Silkworm cocoons and silk production account for one-tenth of the world's production. Silkworm disease began to spread in 1850, and by 1860 it had swept through France and various sericulture countries around the world. In 1860, French silkworm cocoon production dropped to 58 tons, and in 1865, the production was only 4,000 tons. Silkworm diseases affect not only the sericulture industry, but also the textile industry, silk-repairing industry and other industries. Not only the sericulture industry, but also France has suffered a significant reduction in income for several consecutive years, and is on the verge of bankruptcy. In order to solve the most urgent practical problem, Pasteur accepted a new and difficult task without knowing anything about silkworms. Pasteur discovered the role of parasites in his research on silkworm diseases, proposed new methods of seed selection to control microbial infections, cleared the dark clouds over agriculture, and saved the dying French sericulture industry. Pasteur's method
is still commonly used in sericulture to this day. Modern sericulture also has the Pasteur Prize.
In addition to silkworm disease, Pasteur has successively conquered sheep anthrax, chicken anthrax, chicken cholera, swine erysipelas and other diseases that seriously harmed animal husbandry. During his research, he discovered that all these diseases were caused by different microorganisms, and each disease corresponded to a microorganism, thus establishing the theory of microbial pathogenicity. To prevent disease, Pasteur invented vaccination. In order to apply this important theoretical result, Pasteur accepted the challenge: to test the vaccination against anthrax in public. He achieved great success in his decisive public experiment at Prilefour farm. The method of weakening the virulence finally gained public recognition, accelerated its promotion and application in rural areas, and saved France's livestock industry.
Section 4 Pasteur’s Contribution in the Field of Medicine
The famous British surgeon Jose Ph Lister (1827-1912) said: “In modern medicine, no one’s His contribution was as great as Pasteur'. Pasteur made many major scientific contributions throughout his life, and his scientific research fields spanned many disciplines and were all fruitful. However, the greatest impact on mankind was his discovery of the relationship between bacteria and diseases. It was he who uncovered the root causes of infectious diseases and infections. It triggered a medical revolution and moved human medicine from darkness to light.
1. The Dilemma of Modern Medicine
In the long history of mankind, diseases and plagues have always ravaged mankind, and there are endless records of massive deaths of humans and livestock. In 79 AD, a terrible plague epidemic occurred in the Campana plain of the Roman Empire, killing more than 10,000 people every day. . 134-6 In 1349, the plague broke out in Europe and killed about half of the population. In the face of diseases and plagues, doctors tried their best, such as using bloodletting to try to treat the plague, and covering their noses with sponges to try to resist the "spread of evil". However, diseases and plagues still spread. The church took the opportunity to preach that this was God's punishment for mankind.
The development of the Renaissance movement liberated science, Newton established the mechanics system, and other subjects such as astronomy, physics, chemistry, etc. also achieved tremendous development, thus enabling mankind to emerge from the darkness of the Middle Ages. At the same time, medicine was also progressing. The British doctor Harvey discovered blood circulation, the Dutchman Leeuwenhoek saw the tiny world of microorganisms through a microscope, and the Italian pathologist Morgani established pathological anatomy. The Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century brought huge material wealth to human society. However, disease and plague continued to rage unabated. In 1865, a cholera outbreak broke out in Paris, France. More than two hundred people died every day, including Prime Minister Casimir. Perrier also died. Although medicine is also developing, human beings do not know much better than the ancient Greeks about the actual pathogens of the various serious plagues, fevers and vicious epidemics that torture themselves; on the contrary, some ancient methods of disinfection that are almost religious rituals (such as using flames) cauterizing surgical instruments) was considered useless and discarded. Puerperal fever, caused by bacterial infection, kills many mothers during childbirth. Year after year, thousands of people die from cholera, typhoid, pneumonia, diphtheria, plague, tuberculosis, syphilis and other infectious diseases. However, doctors do not know the causes of these diseases, and are naturally helpless to prevent and cure them. Complications caused by wounds being easily infected by bacteria have led to a surgical mortality rate as high as 50%. Doctors performing surgeries are tantamount to sentencing patients to death.
Faced with the large number of deaths caused by infectious diseases, epidemics and wound infections, many doctors simply do not realize that bacterial infection is the root cause of all these, and they still believe that all this is "naturally occurring". Some doctors have even studied that mice and flies can be born by just putting some dirt in a closed container, so they believe that wound infection also occurs naturally. Until the mid-19th century, medical authorities still stubbornly adhered to the theory of "natural occurrence" of diseases, and adopted the practice of ostracizing and attacking a small number of doctors who held different views, thus suffocating the development of medical science. Puerperal fever was prevalent in European hospitals in the 19th century, with maternal mortality rates as high as 20 to 30 years. Maternity hospitals at that time were known as "the vestibules of funeral parlors." In 1847, the Hungarian doctor Semmelweis conducted comparative research and believed that it was caused by infection, and pointed out how to prevent this disease in order to reduce the patient's pain
and reduce the mortality rate. The maternal mortality rate in the obstetrics hospital led by Semmelweis dropped from 2000/1 to 1, but he attracted opposition from the authorities and was expelled from the hospital. Finally, Semmelweis was imprisoned in a lunatic asylum, and soon died with hatred. gas.
Before Pasteur's time, medicine could be said to be dark. Even though the Renaissance drove away God and brought spring to science, it could not blow away the dark clouds over medicine, and it became a jade gate where the spring breeze did not flow.
2. The revolution of modern medicine
Robert Byole, an outstanding scientist in the seventeenth century, once predicted that more people will be able to discover the nature of enzymes and fermentation than anyone else. Qualification explains the nature of certain diseases. If the changes in lactic, alcoholic and butyric fermentations are due to minute, living organisms, may not such minute organisms cause putrefactive, purulent diseases in the human body? Discover the essence of the fermentation process, Pasteur opened the door to the understanding of disease, and also triggered a debate in the scientific community about the "spontaneous generation theory".
This debate had a huge impact on medicine, and its direct results were reflected in the reform of surgery, which became one of the greatest benefits to mankind.
While Pasteur and Pouchet were debating the theory of spontaneous generation, Joseph Lister, a young surgeon working at a surgical hospital in Glasgow, England, had been troubled by the high mortality rate in surgical operations. A friend introduced him to carefully read Pasteur's papers on fermentation. By repeating Pasteur's experiments, he realized that it was bacteria that invaded from the outside and caused the patient's wound infection. After that, Lister used carbolic acid sterilization method, which quickly reduced the surgical mortality rate in his hospital from 55 to 5, thus ending the terrifying era of surgery. In February 1874, Lister wrote to Pasteur: "Please allow me to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to you for proving to me the truth of the theory of microorganisms and fermentation with your excellent research. sex, and gave me the only principle that made sterilization successful.” Faced with Liszt's enthusiastic praise, Pasteur treated it cautiously. He believed that Liszt's method should be more perfect. Since then, Pasteur and doctors have improved the disinfection methods during surgery. He and his assistant Chamberlin invented a high-pressure steam cooker for sterilizing surgical instruments, and proposed a set of aseptic methods to isolate sources of infection, replacing the Lister sterilization method. After such a series of improvements, Lister sterilization developed into a modern surgical disinfection method.
The widespread implementation of surgical disinfection opened the way to solve the problem of puerperal fever, which claimed the lives of many women. The fundamental reason for Semmelweis's tragedy was that the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology did not have the theoretical guidance of Pasteur's theory of microbial pathogenicity. It only relied on experience to find some effective measures, which could not be promoted in practice and could only end in failure. On March 25, 1873, Pasteur was elected as a member of the Academy of Medical Sciences. After in-depth research, Pasteur finally found the root cause of puerperal fever-Streptococcus staphylococcus. On May 3, 1880, Pasteur made an academic report "On the extension of the theory of microbial pathogenicity to the etiology of boils, osteomyelitis and puerperal fever", and vigorously promoted asepsis and sterilization in obstetrics. Pasteur finally conquered puerperal fever and avoided a recurrence of the Semmelweis tragedy.
Pasteur’s breakthrough in infectious diseases began with the study of silkworm diseases. In the process of studying silkworm disease, Pasteur discovered that silkworm disease is transmitted through parasites and other microorganisms, thus discovering the pathogenic role of bacteria and determining the three principles of infectious diseases: first, infection must have a certain pathogen; second Second, infection requires a certain medium; third, infection requires certain physiological conditions. He was the first person in human history to recognize the relationship between disease and bacteria. These discoveries not only saved the sericulture industry, but also gave him insights into the causes of epidemics. His "Research on Silkworm Diseases" became a true guide for researchers of infectious diseases. The most important contribution of silkworm disease research was to lead Pasteur to animal biology. It was silkworms that led Pasteur to move from microbiology to veterinary and human medicine, ultimately establishing his theory of bacterial disease. Pasteur's microbial theory provided a solid theoretical foundation for modern medicine to get out of the predicament. Since Pasteur, not only has the mortality rate in hospitals been greatly reduced, but more importantly, humans have mastered methods to control diseases. Since then, scientists have followed the path pioneered by Pasteur to develop various vaccines and antibiotics, and today various malignant infections have Diseases have basically disappeared, and human life has been greatly extended.
3. Modern Immunology Moki
Based on the study of bacterial pathogenicity, Pasteur rediscovered the immune method, thus opening up an effective way to prevent and treat infectious diseases for mankind. method. In 1796, British country doctor Edward Jenner (1749-1823) invented the cowpox vaccination method. Although humans have a method to deal with the smallpox virus, Jenner's inability to explain it theoretically makes this method too simple, the degree of weakening of the toxin cannot be controlled, and it is easy to be infected. It is very dangerous and difficult to promote. . Pasteur discovered the secret of immunity while studying chicken cholera, and later developed an anthrax vaccine. Pasteur re-study Jenner's cowpox vaccine based on microbiology and solved the problem of vaccine impurity, thereby reducing the risk of cowpox vaccination. The birth of rabies vaccine marked the maturity of Pasteur's immunological theory.
Since then, immunology has provided another powerful weapon for humans to defeat diseases. Compared with Jenner's invention of using cowpox to treat smallpox, Pasteur's immunization method has the following characteristics:
l. It has a solid theoretical foundation and can be targeted when preventing diseases, reducing blindness and reducing the cost of prevention. risk, suitable for widespread promotion.
2. It has universal applicability. Although Jenner's method of preparing a smallpox vaccine preceded Pasteur's discovery of immunization by 80 years, Jenner was much less important than Pasteur because Jenner's immunization method could only be used against one disease, while Pasteur's method of immunization could only be used against one disease. Moral methods can and have been used to prevent and treat many diseases.
3. The dosage of the vaccine can be clarified and controlled, which is beneficial to clinical treatment. The dosage of Jenner's smallpox vaccine could not be controlled, and its clinical application was very risky.
Under the guidance of vaccine principles, Pasteur defeated rabies. Although the study of chicken cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas was extremely important, vaccination against rabies was the most important symbol of Pasteur's achievement, curing Joseph after being bitten by a rabid dog. Meister, this is the first treatment in history that can prevent the onset of rabies, and it is also the first human infectious disease to be conquered. The success of his rabies research led Pasteur to enter the field of human pathology. Under the guidance of Pasteur's theory of microbial pathogenicity and immunology, batches of outstanding followers like Koch successively conquered various infectious diseases. Later, most of the Nobel Prizes in medicine were awarded to doctors who conquered infectious diseases, including Fleming, the inventor of penicillin, and they were all successors to Pasteur's career.
On May 8, 1980, the World Health Assembly solemnly announced that smallpox had been finally eradicated from the earth. The smallpox plague that had been rampant for thousands of years was finally completely wiped out. This is the first malignant infectious disease to be completely eradicated by mankind, and it is an epoch-making victory achieved in the long journey of mankind's fight against disease. Nowadays, all kinds of infectious diseases that threaten mankind have been almost eliminated. Although new infectious diseases have been discovered, there has never been an infectious disease that can destroy mankind on such a large scale as the Black Death. Pasteur was the main contributor to this great achievement.
1995 is the 100th anniversary of Pasteur’s death. In order to commemorate his great contribution and his profound influence on modern multidisciplinary fields, UNESCO designated 1995 as the Year of Pasteur. For this reason UNESCO and France's Institut Pasteur jointly organized six academic symposiums to commemorate the great contribution of this great scientist of the last century to modern science. Arthur Kornberg, emeritus professor of biochemistry at Stanford University School of Pharmacy (Nobel Prize winner in medicine), believes that Pasteur's contribution lies in building a bridge between chemistry and biology. The AIDS virus discovered by scientists today is more pathogenic than other microorganisms due to its genetic mutations. It directly attacks the body's immune system so that it is not attacked by neutralizing antibodies. But this new type of "cunning" microorganism or virus remained within the purview of Pasteur's theory. We have not escaped from the days of Pasteur. For today's patients, Pasteur's example is a source of hope.