First, the monopoly manufacturer controls the supply of all resources or basic resources for producing a certain commodity.
Second, the exclusive manufacturer has the patent right to produce a certain commodity.
Third, the franchise of * * *. Fourth, natural monopoly.
Question 2: The reason for the formation of market monopoly is that a considerable number of customers are engaged in various liquid foods or related industries, so they have been paying attention to the dynamics of the domestic liquid food industry. In recent months, I have seen a domestic packaging company constantly accuse Tetra Pak, a packaging company from Sweden, of monopolizing the domestic aseptic paper packaging market through various media. The author has some different views on this. First of all, from the perspective of economic law, it is doubtful whether this accusation is tenable. The so-called liquid aseptic paper packaging can only be regarded as a product category at best, but it is hardly an independent market. In fact, aseptic technology can be applied to different packaging materials, such as aseptic plastic bag packaging and aseptic plastic bottle packaging. There is a strong substitutability between these packages. For consumers, if they want to drink milk, they can choose different packaging forms according to their preferences and habits. In other words, if aseptic paper packaging disappears from the market, it is not a big deal. Consumers can still drink milk from glass bottles and roof bags. By the same token, we obviously can't accuse Santana of monopolizing the taxi market just because all taxis in Shanghai use Santana, because it is hard to say that taxis constitute an independent market in the legal sense. According to the analysis of relevant market research reports, liquid packaging industry, as a supporting industry of food industry, has shown fierce competition in various packaging forms in recent years. Generally speaking, it should be an industry with full competition and low entry threshold. In fact, it is difficult for enterprises to obtain monopoly position, but only by strengthening core competitiveness through technology investment and brand building can they improve their anti-competitive ability. In recent years, liquid food has developed rapidly, maintaining a double-digit growth rate every year. Therefore, the liquid food packaging industry in China has reached an unprecedented grand occasion. All kinds of packaging appear in cities and rural areas of China. As the most intuitive brand expression form of liquid food, packaging shows its unique strength in the commodity society. According to Canadean Consulting, the seven packages have established their respective mainstream positions in the fierce competition. In terms of market share, these seven packages can be divided into three grades. 1) PET plastic bottles account for more than 20%; 2) Packaging with 10%-20% iron cans, pastel plastic bags and sterile brick paper respectively; 3) Glass bottles, secondary sterilized plastic bottles and sterile plastic bags each account for 5%-9%. PET plastic bottles have a market share of 28% because they are used in many beverage categories, including tea drinks, fruit juices, juice drinks and yogurt drinks. Other packaging is not so widely used. It can be seen that Tetra Pak's dominant aseptic brick paper packaging itself is only a part of 10% to 20%, and more importantly, it is facing new and powerful competitors, such as Combibloc and Elopak. Therefore, Tetra Pak's life may not be as good as expected. Tetra Pak is the originator of aseptic packaging technology and is called "the most important invention of food science in 1950s" by the Society of Food Engineers. Since Tetra Pak won a good market share in China, domestic enterprises have been imitating or learning, but due to the high security and technology of aseptic packaging system itself, it is not easy to get started. Equipment and wrapping paper are not as simple as the relationship between camera and film. It is reasonable that food enterprises with high requirements for quality and safety generally dare to rashly try the products of newcomers in the market. At present, the competition of liquid food packaging is a competition across packaging types, and it tends to be fierce. Observing the market, we can see that 1) high-density polyethylene plastic bottles are competing for the share of yogurt packaged in roof paper; 2) Divide the share of white milk packed with sterile pillow paper in sterile plastic bags; 3) Plastic bottles share fruit juice packaged in sterile paper; Wait a minute. Tetra Pak can make competitors daunting in such a dynamic competitive landscape. From the perspective of doing business, it should be said that it is the success of building a brand and core competitiveness. Tetra Pak's leading position in the field of aseptic paper packaging is mainly attributed to its excellent quality, scientific and technological ability and professional brand strategy. In addition, it is worth mentioning that Tetra Pak also has a large-scale marketing team to provide customers with marketing strategy guidance. As an industrial company, few packaging enterprises can provide such professional and comprehensive customer service. The concept of market monopoly should not be abused. On the one hand, it is easy to become an excuse for enterprises to attack each other, leading to endless pen and ink lawsuits. More importantly, due to the current low market segmentation in China, the technology of products ...
Question 3: What are the main reasons for the formation of monopoly? Monopoly is generally divided into seller monopoly and buyer monopoly. Seller monopoly means that the only seller faces the competitive consumers in one or more markets through one or more stages; Buyer's monopoly is just the opposite. Monopolists can adjust prices and output according to their own interests and needs in the market.
Reason:
In the development of capitalist economy, free competition leads to concentrated production, and when it reaches a certain stage, it will inevitably lead to monopoly. When monopoly replaces free competition and occupies a dominant position in economic life, capitalism develops to the stage of imperialism, that is, monopoly capitalism. There are three main reasons for monopoly: 1, natural monopoly: the production cost makes a producer more efficient than a large number of producers. This is the most common form of monopoly. 2. Monopoly of resources: the key resources are owned by one enterprise (such as the dubbing industry of wireless TV). 3. Administrative monopoly: * * gives enterprises the exclusive right to produce a certain product or service. There is also a * * * monopoly, called monopoly.
Question 4: Why the market is completely monopolized. Complete monopoly is a very special situation, and the conditions for forming complete monopoly mainly include:
1, * * * monopoly, * * with its special status, in order to achieve specific social and economic purposes, a certain industry is completely monopolized.
2. The exclusive control of some special raw materials has formed a complete monopoly on these resources and products.
3. The patent right of some products is completely monopolized.
4. Natural monopoly means that only one enterprise in an industry can produce efficiently, or when one enterprise can supply a product for the whole market at a cost lower than that of two or more enterprises, the industry is a natural monopoly.
Question 5: Briefly describe the causes of monopoly? The development of production concentration to a certain stage will inevitably lead to monopoly. First of all, the increasing concentration of production makes monopoly possible. Secondly, production concentration also makes monopoly necessary and inevitable: first, production concentration expands the scale of enterprises, and the production capacity of large enterprises expands rapidly. In order to maintain and expand profits, it is necessary for large enterprises to form monopoly organizations and carve up market share to regulate production. Second, the concentration of production makes large enterprises have large scale and abundant capital, which constitutes a high entry barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the production and operation field of gallbladder enterprises, and free competition is restricted, gradually forming an oligopoly pattern of a few large enterprises. Third, a few large enterprises are evenly matched. In order to avoid the disastrous consequences of excessive competition, we need to seek some kind of compromise and reach a monopoly agreement.
Question 6: Reasons for the formation of oligopoly market 1. The market is naturally formed: manufacturers continue to expand their production scale because of the pursuit of economies of scale, and the market is relatively narrow. For example, if the total market size of an industry is 100 and the economies of scale are 30 for the manufacturers in this industry, then the market can only meet the production needs of three manufacturers under the conditions of economies of scale. This forms an oligopoly market. (Further, if the total market size can only meet the demand of 1 manufacturer under the condition of scale economy, the market may further form a monopoly market. ) 2. Artificial (institutional) formation: The control of resources, patents and markets by manufacturers or countries is also the reason for the formation of some oligopolistic markets.
Question 7: What is the cause of monopoly? The development of production concentration to a certain stage will inevitably lead to monopoly. First of all, the increasing concentration of production makes monopoly possible. Secondly, production concentration also makes monopoly necessary and inevitable: first, production concentration expands the scale of enterprises, and the production capacity of large enterprises expands rapidly. In order to maintain and expand profits, it is necessary for large enterprises to form monopoly organizations and carve up market share to regulate production. Second, the concentration of production makes large enterprises large in scale and abundant in capital, which constitutes a high entry barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the production and operation fields of large enterprises, and free competition is restricted, gradually forming an oligopoly pattern of a few large enterprises. Third, a few large enterprises are evenly matched. In order to avoid the disastrous consequences of excessive competition, we need to seek some kind of compromise and reach a monopoly agreement.