Classification: 1. According to the carrier, it is divided into printing type, miniature type, machine-readable type and audio-visual type.
2. According to different publishing forms and contents, it can be divided into: books, continuous publications, and special documents
Understanding:
Primary documents, also known as Original documents are a kind of main document in information science. They refer to original documents with certain inventions and new insights created based on the author's own work experience, observation or actual research results, such as journal articles, research reports, Patent specifications, conference papers, dissertations, technical standards, etc.
Secondary documents, also known as secondary documents, are the product of processing and organizing primary documents, that is, describing the external characteristics of disordered primary documents such as title, author, source, etc., or Its contents are compressed into introductions, abstracts or abstracts, and are organized into document forms according to certain disciplines or majors, such as catalogs, abstract magazines (including brief retrieval publications), etc. They can all be used as literature search tools, which can comprehensively and systematically reflect the literature clues of a certain discipline, major or topic within a certain time and space. They are an effective means of accumulating, reporting and retrieving literature.
Tertiary literature, also called tertiary literature, is a document compiled by selecting a large number of relevant documents through synthesis, analysis, and research. It is usually based on a certain topic, using secondary literature retrieval to collect a large number of relevant documents, and deeply processing the content. It is a literature that comments on, reviews existing results and predicts their development trends. This type of literature includes reviews, reviews, progress, trends, etc. In literature research, you can make full use of this type of literature to understand all the issues in a short time. Research the research history, development dynamics, level, etc. of the topic in order to more accurately grasp the technical background of the topic.
1) Literature information retrieval is a shortcut to acquire knowledge. Mastering the methods and skills of document information retrieval can help people obtain the required knowledge quickly, accurately and completely, save search time to the maximum extent, and make full use of document information.
(2) Literature information retrieval is a guide for scientific research. To conduct valuable scientific research, you must rely on literature search, comprehensively obtain relevant literature information, keep abreast of new issues and new ideas emerging in various subject areas, and determine your own research starting point and research goals.
(3) Literature information retrieval is the foundation of lifelong education. The rapid development of science and technology has caused the total amount of knowledge to increase exponentially, and the obsolescence rate of knowledge has also accelerated significantly. This requires people to have the ability of lifelong education. This ability is to a large extent the ability to acquire new knowledge and to be familiar with new knowledge. Sensitivity and receptiveness to knowledge, so you must master the method of document information retrieval. The need for lifelong learning is the need for knowledge innovation.
The meaning and types of literature retrieval tools
1. The meaning of retrieval tools
Retrieval tools refer to reporting, storage and searching for literature clues tool. It is a collection of document entries in a certain range with a search identifier and is a secondary document. Generally speaking, a search tool should meet the following five conditions:
(1) Clear inclusion scope;
(2) Complete and clear identification of document characteristics;
(3) Each document entry must contain multiple document feature identifiers that are meaningful for retrieval, and indicate the identifier for retrieval;
(4) All entries must be scientifically and in accordance with certain rules The organization becomes an organic whole;
(5) There is an index part to provide a variety of necessary retrieval methods.
2. Types of retrieval tools
There are many retrieval tools currently available for people to use. Different retrieval tools have their own characteristics and can meet different information retrieval needs. Retrieval tools include Different classification methods can be divided into manual retrieval tools and mechanical retrieval tools according to different means of processing documents and processing information. According to different carrier forms, they can be divided into: book-type search tools, tape-type search tools, card-type, microform, and film-type search tools. Search tools can be divided into the following four types according to different description formats.
1. Catalog-type search tool
Catalog-type search tool is a tool that records specific publishing units, collection units and other appearance characteristics.
It takes a complete publishing or collection unit as the description unit, and generally records the name, author, document source, etc. of the document; there are many types of catalogs. For document retrieval, the national bibliography, union catalog, collection catalog, etc. are particularly important.
2. Bibliographic search tools
Bibliographic search tools use a single document as the basic unit of description to describe the external characteristics of the document (such as document title, author name, document source etc.), without content abstract, is a type of retrieval tool for quickly reporting literature information. The main difference between it and the catalog is the different objects of description. The object of description in the catalog is unit publications, and the object of description in the bibliography is a single document.
3. Abstract retrieval tool
Abstract retrieval tool is to select the important parts of a large number of scattered documents, make a summary in a concise form, and follow a certain method Organized search tools. According to the author of the abstract, it can be divided into author's abstract and non-author's abstract. Author's abstracts refer to abstracts written by the author of the original text; non-author's abstracts refer to abstracts prepared by specialized abstractors who are familiar with the subject. According to the level of detail of the abstract, it can be divided into two types: indicative abstract and reporting abstract. Indicative abstracts state the title of the document, content scope, research purpose and source in the shortest possible language, which is actually a supplementary explanation of the title, usually about 100 words; reportable abstracts aim to reveal the essence of the topic discussed in the original text, basically Reflects the content of the original text, the scope and purpose of the discussion, the research methods and methods adopted, the results or conclusions obtained, and also includes relevant data, formulas, general e-line diagrams ()
4. Index type Search tools
Index-type search tools are based on certain needs to search relevant items or knowledge units in certain important documents within a specific scope, such as book titles, journal titles, names of people, place names, words, etc. , a retrieval tool that arranges documents according to a certain method and indicates the source to provide users with literature clues. There are many types of indexes. In search tools, commonly used index types include: classification index; subject index; keyword index; author index, etc.
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Basic knowledge (1)>>Literature retrieval knowledge>>Methods, approaches and procedures of literature retrieval
1. Literature retrieval methods
There are three methods for searching literature:
1. Direct method
The direct method is Refers to the method of directly using search tools (systems) to retrieve literature information. This is the most commonly used method in literature retrieval. It is further divided into forward inspection method, backward inspection method and spot inspection method.
(1) Sequential search method
Sequential search method refers to the method of using the retrieval system to retrieve literature information in chronological order from far to near. This method can collect systematic literature on a certain topic and is suitable for literature retrieval on larger topics. For example, if you know the starting age of a certain topic and now you need to understand the entire process of its development, you can use the sequential search method to start from the initial age and gradually search toward the recent period.
(2) Backward search method
The backward search method is a method of document retrieval using search tools in reverse order of time, from recent to far, from new to old. This method focuses on recent literature. Use this method to get the latest information the fastest.
(3) Spot check method
The spot check method refers to selecting the time period when the literature information about the project is most likely to appear or appears most based on the characteristics of the project, and using search tools to focus on it. Retrieval method.
2. Retrospective method
The retracement method refers to not using general search tools, but using the references listed at the end of the documents that have been mastered to retrospectively search for "citations" one by one. "One of the easiest ways to expand intelligence sources. It can also search for "citations" retroactively from the "citations" found. Like a snowball, more and more content-related documents are obtained based on the citation relationships between documents.
3. Comprehensive method
The comprehensive method is also called the circular method. It is a method that combines the above two methods. The comprehensive method requires both regular retrieval using search tools and retrospective retrieval using the references attached to the document, and these two methods are used alternately in stages.
That is, first use the search tool (system) to retrieve a batch of documents, and then use the reference lists at the end of these documents as clues to search. This cycle continues until the requirements are met.
The comprehensive method has the advantages of both the common method and the retrospective method, and can obtain more comprehensive and accurate documents. It is a method often used in practice. For literature retrieval in novelty search work, the above search methods can be integrated together and handled flexibly according to the nature of the novelty search project and the search requirements.
2. Document retrieval methods
Retrieval methods are also called search portals. The characteristics of documents are the basis for storing documents and also the basis for retrieving documents. Therefore, the characteristics of documents constitute the retrieval method. . Generally speaking, search approaches can be divided into the following four categories: classification approach, subject approach, author approach and other approaches.
1. Classification approach
The classification approach refers to the way to search according to the subject (professional) category to which the literature belongs. It is based on the classification index in the search tool.
The key to retrieving documents through classification methods is to correctly understand the classification table of the search tool and divide the items to be searched into the corresponding categories. Some search tools such as the "Chinese Science and Technology Materials Catalog" are organized by category and can be searched according to category.
2. Topic approach
The subject approach refers to the way to search through the content themes of literature materials. It is based on various subject indexes or keyword indexes. The searcher only needs to search based on After determining the search terms (subject words or keywords) for the project, the search can be carried out.
The key to retrieving documents through the subject approach is to analyze the project, refine the subject concept, and use words to express the subject concept. The subject approach is a primary search approach.
3. Author path
Author path refers to the way to find documents based on the authors of known documents. It is based on the author index, including the individual author index and the institutional group index.
4. Other ways
Other ways include searching by using various special indexes of search tools. There are many types of special indexes. Common ones include various number indexes (such as patent numbers, accession numbers, report numbers, etc.), special symbol code indexes (such as element symbols, molecular formulas, structural formulas, etc.), special terminology indexes (such as place names, Organization name, product name, biological genus name, etc.).
3. Literature retrieval procedures
Document retrieval is a highly practical and experiential work. Different retrieval methods and procedures may be adopted for different projects. The search procedure is closely related to the specific requirements of the search and can be roughly divided into the following steps.
1. Analyze the items to be investigated and clarify the subject concept
First of all, the content and essence of the items to be investigated, the scope of subjects involved and their interrelationships should be analyzed, and the content of the documents to be verified should be clarified. , nature, etc., extract thematic concepts based on the key points to be verified, clarify which are the main concepts and which are the secondary concepts, and initially determine the logical combination.
2. Select search tools and determine search strategies
Selecting appropriate search tools is the key to successful search. The selection of search tools must be determined based on the content and nature of the items to be searched. When selecting search tools, attention should be paid to the scope of disciplines reported, the languages ??included, and the types of documents included. When selecting, the search tool should be based on professionalism. Mainly based on sexual search tools, and then combined with comprehensive search tools. If a retrieval tool has both machine-readable databases and publications, it should be based on retrieval databases. This will not only improve retrieval efficiency, but also increase precision and recall rates. In order to avoid the lag of search tools in the editing and publishing process, current issues of several major relevant journals should also be searched when necessary to prevent missed detections.
3. Determine search methods and search identifiers
General search tools provide multiple search methods based on the content characteristics and external characteristics of the document. In addition to mainly using subject methods, they should also Make full use of classification approaches, author approaches and other multiple aspects to conduct supplementary searches to avoid missed detections caused by the insufficiency of a single approach.
4. Search for literature clues and obtain the original text
After applying the search tool to perform the search, the search results obtained are literature clues. Organize the literature clues and analyze their relevance. If necessary, you can use the literature sources provided in the literature clue to obtain the original text.
Literature retrieval is a highly practical and experiential task, and different retrieval methods and procedures may be adopted for different projects. The search procedure is closely related to the specific requirements of the search and can be roughly divided into the following steps.
1. Analyze the items to be investigated and clarify the subject concept
First of all, the content and essence of the items to be investigated, the scope of subjects involved and their interrelationships should be analyzed, and the content of the documents to be verified should be clarified. , nature, etc., extract thematic concepts based on the key points to be verified, clarify which are the main concepts and which are the secondary concepts, and preliminarily determine the logical combination.
2. Select search tools and determine search strategies
Selecting appropriate search tools is the key to successful search. The selection of search tools must be determined based on the content and nature of the items to be searched. When selecting search tools, attention should be paid to the scope of disciplines reported, the languages ??included, and the types of documents included. When selecting, the search tool should be based on professionalism. Mainly based on sexual search tools, and then combined with comprehensive search tools. If a retrieval tool has both machine-readable databases and publications, it should be based on retrieval databases. This will not only improve retrieval efficiency, but also increase precision and recall rates. In order to avoid the lag of search tools in the editing and publishing process, current issues of several major relevant journals should also be searched when necessary to prevent missed detections.
3. Determine search methods and search identifiers
General search tools provide multiple search methods based on the content characteristics and external characteristics of the document. In addition to mainly using subject methods, they should also Make full use of classification approaches, author approaches and other multiple aspects to conduct supplementary searches to avoid missed detections caused by the insufficiency of a single approach.
4. Search for literature clues and obtain the original text
After applying the search tool to perform the search, the search results obtained are literature clues. Organize the literature clues and analyze their relevance. According to If necessary, you can use the literature sources provided in the literature clue to obtain the original text.