By the end of 1995, 168 minerals have been discovered, with proven reserves of15/kloc-0 minerals and more than 20,000 deposits. There are 154 kinds of minerals that have been developed and utilized, including 7 kinds of energy minerals, 54 kinds of metal minerals, 87 kinds of non-metal minerals and 3 kinds of other water and gas minerals (groundwater, mineral water and carbon dioxide gas).
China has become a major mineral resource and mining country in the world.
According to the preliminary assessment, the total potential value of mineral resources ranks third in the world, and more than 20 kinds of minerals occupy a dominant position in the world. It can be said that China is one of the few countries in the world with rich resources, large total resources and high degree of support.
The total proven mineral resources are relatively large, accounting for about 12% of the world, ranking third in the world after the United States and the former Soviet Union. But the average per capita is 58% of the world average, ranking 53 rd in the world. In this respect, China is a country with relatively poor resources.
(a) major minerals
There are rare earth, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony, magnesite, fluorite, barite, bentonite, graphite, talc, mirabilite, gypsum and other minerals with world advantages, which not only have considerable proven reserves, but also rank 1 and 2 in the world, and the per capita possession exceeds the world average. Moreover, the resources have high quality, good development and utilization conditions, obvious advantages in the international market and strong competitiveness.
There are 9 kinds of minerals with regional advantages, such as coal, niobium, beryllium, mercury, sulfur, fluorite, talc, phosphorus and asbestos, and the proven reserves rank second and third in the world. However, the quality of some minerals is poor and the per capita possession is lower than the world average.
Minerals with potential advantages include zinc, bauxite, vanadium, perlite, kaolin, refractory clay and so on.
(2) The minerals with relatively insufficient proven reserves are oil, natural gas, uranium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, copper, gold, silver and boron.
(3) The minerals in short supply are chromium, platinum, potassium salt, trona and diamond.
Two. Exploration prospect
In addition to the proven reserves, there are a lot of undiscovered resources in China. It is predicted that the oil resources are 94 billion tons, the natural gas is 43 trillion cubic meters, and the underground 1000 meters shallow coal resources are 32 trillion tons. The proven reserves of the above three are only 17%, 2.2% and 28% of the predicted resources, while the proven reserves of gold, copper and manganese are only 1/4 ~ 1/5 of the predicted resources, so there is still great prospecting potential.
Geographically, the central and western regions have great potential for new reserves. The central inland areas are dominated by energy, nonferrous metals and precious metals, and the reserves of copper, aluminum, gold, silver and coal rank first in the east, middle and west. The western region is vast with low population density, and is rich in mineral resources such as chromium, vanadium, titanium, nickel, mercury, platinum, lead, zinc, phosphorus, mirabilite and barite. The reserves of phosphate rock and lead-zinc ore are greater than the sum of the eastern and central parts, and there are also some reserves of coal, oil and natural gas. In addition, the level of geological work in the western region is low, such as coal, oil, natural gas, non-ferrous metals, precious metals and salt. Has huge resource potential.
At present, the reserve growth rate of lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, coal, phosphorus and pyrite in the west is more than twice that in the east or the middle, and it is expected to develop into an important energy, rare and precious metals and chemical nonmetal mining base in China in 2 1 century.
In terms of depth, Indian and South African gold mining depth has reached 5000 meters, while China is only 600-700 meters. There is still great potential for the development of deep underground resources.
Three. Overview of mineral resources exploration and investment
(1) Historical achievements
There are about 1.05 million people engaged in geological exploration in China, belonging to 1 1 departments. Table ⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶⅶ
Since the reform and opening up, new progress has been made in mineral exploration. Past 10 years; More than 450 large and medium-sized minerals/kloc-0 have been discovered; 1 17 kinds of mineral reserves increased. The total amount of groundwater resources in China was ascertained, and more than 2,300 urban water supply surveys were completed. A total of 2 14 large and medium-sized underground water sources were identified, with a daily water supply of 60.2 million cubic meters, which ensured the construction of a number of energy and heavy chemical bases and the water supply demand of special zones and development zones, and completed 65,430 water supplies in Huanghuaihai Plain, Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain, Jianghan Plain, Guanzhong Plain, Hexi Corridor, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Hetao Plain. Most of these great exploration achievements were achieved through state investment.
(2) Diversification of exploration investment channels has initially taken shape.
During the planned economy period before the reform and opening up, the funds for geological exploration mainly came from the central financial allocation, and the state arranged them step by step to all grassroots exploration units through mandatory plans every year. Since the founding of New China, this geological exploration investment has played a very important role in ensuring the national economic construction and the demand for mineral resources. With the deepening of economic system reform and the gradual formation of socialist market economic system, the investment channels of geological prospecting have gradually changed from a single important financial allocation to a diversified investment direction.
Local, enterprise and foreign investment in commercial mineral exploration, detailed investigation and exploration has gradually increased.
According to the incomplete statistics of 18 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, social funds were used to arrange 1705 projects, and 1267 projects were completed, absorbing 830 million yuan of geological exploration funds. Among them, the social funds absorbed by Shaanxi, Shanghai and Hebei provinces and cities have exceeded 100 million yuan.
According to incomplete statistics, during the 17 years since the reform and opening-up, nearly 10 billion yuan was invested in geological exploration funds other than the central geological exploration fees, and more than10,000 exploration reports were submitted with this fund.
Although this reform lags behind the reform of the national economic system, the pattern of diversified investment has been formed.
Four. Overview of mineral products
1995, the total output of solid ore in China reached 565.438+200 million tons, crude oil 654.38+500 million tons, natural gas/kloc-0.79 billion cubic meters, and the total mining output value was 463.6 billion yuan. The total scale of mineral development ranks third in the world. The output of coal and cement ranks first in the world, followed by fertilizer, steel and nonferrous metals, crude oil and gold. Page 282 Table VII, Table
Verb (abbreviation of verb) General situation of production in mining enterprises
By the end of 1995, more than 280,000 mining enterprises had been established in China, including 8,377 state-owned mining enterprises, more than 270,000 collective and individual mining enterprises, and the number of mining employees reached14.26 million. More than 300 towns relying on mining have been formed.
During the period of 1995, the total amount of Class A solid minerals (excluding brick clay and building sand) mined by state-owned mining enterprises in China reached13.48 million tons, accounting for 37.0% of the national solid mineral ore output, with an output value of1364.54 million yuan, accounting for 75.8% of the national solid mineral output value in the same period. State-owned mining enterprises occupy a dominant position. Page 15 Table 3
1995, the total number of collective mines in China has reached 274,300, and the number of minerals developed and utilized has reached 154, involving almost all minerals except oil and radioactive minerals. From 65438 to 0995, the solid mineral ore output of collective mining enterprises was 3.772 billion tons, accounting for 73.7% of the total solid mineral ore output in China. Among them, the total output of Class A minerals (excluding brick clay and building sand) is 2.3 billion tons, accounting for 63% of all Class A minerals (excluding brick clay and building sand), and the output of collective coal mines accounts for 42.6% of the national coal output. In the same year, the output value of collective mining reached 75 billion yuan, accounting for 35.5% of the total output value of the national mining industry (excluding oil and natural gas). According to the average profit and tax rate of 12.4%, the profit and tax of collective mining in China in 1995 was 9.3 billion yuan, which provided essential primary products for the processing industry that renewed its contract with 290 billion yuan later. At least 520 counties in China have collective mining output value exceeding 10 million yuan, which has become a decisive force to promote local economic development. Page 17 Figure 3
A prominent feature of China's mineral resources is that there are few large-scale deposits and many small and medium-sized deposits. About 40% of collective mines in China exploit scattered resources. Of the 490 million tons of coal produced by collective coal mines in China, at least one third is thin coal that is difficult for state-owned mining enterprises to use.
Collective mines have played an important role in solving the problem of rural surplus labor. From 65438 to 0995, there were more than 8,632,500 employees in the national collective and individual mining industry, accounting for 8% of the employees in the national collective and individual enterprises in the same period. It lightened the labor pressure in the city and created about 35 million jobs for the subsequent processing industry and service industry. The construction funds of collective mines mainly come from the accumulation of rural level and farmers themselves, which makes up for the capital investment of 350 billion yuan for the country. Since 1980, there are about 62% coal, 77.5% iron ore, 75.2% phosphate rock, 63% pyrite and 65% nonferrous metal minerals in China. Page 18 Table 4
The adjustment and liberalization of mineral products prices have reversed the unreasonable situation of low raw material prices, turned some mining enterprises into profits, and enhanced the vitality of mining enterprises to some extent. However, at present, China mining industry still faces many problems to be solved urgently. The entire extractive industry suffered losses before 1993. Among the state-owned mining enterprises since 1994, the mining and dressing industry of coal and ferrous metals is still a loss for the whole industry. Although the mining and dressing industries of nonferrous metals and nonmetals have turned losses, they are still in a state of low profit. Only the oil and gas exploration industry has achieved profitability due to the improvement of the policy environment.
The level of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources with intransitive verbs
The implementation of the comprehensive utilization policy of mineral resources in China has achieved remarkable results. 1995, the comprehensive utilization of industrial "three wastes" at or above the county level achieved an output value of190 billion yuan, 6.7 times that of 1985. The cumulative output value of 10 is 95.5 billion yuan, and the profit has increased from several hundred million yuan in 1985 to 1995.
Most metallic and nonmetallic minerals in China contain useful elements associated with * *, which is a remarkable feature of mineral resources in China, especially nonferrous metals. According to statistics, more than 80 kinds of minerals contain * * * and associated elements. For example, copper deposits contain iron, lead, zinc, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver, bismuth, platinum, tungsten, tin, selenium, tellurium and sulfur. Associated gold reserves account for about 28% of the total gold reserves, associated copper reserves account for about 25% of the total copper reserves, and associated silver reserves account for a higher proportion.
Copper recovered from associated minerals accounts for 25% ~ 30% of total copper production, and gold accounts for 25% of total gold production. Platinum group metals and rare elements are almost completely recovered from associated minerals. Page 23 Figure 4
Jinchuan copper-nickel mine in Gansu, China has five kinds of main elements 15, such as nickel, copper, platinum, palladium, gold, silver, ruthenium and rhodium, which can be recovered at present. 17 element can be recovered from the ore produced by Gansu Baiyin Nonferrous Metals Company, and the comprehensive utilization coefficient is 82%. The output of vanadium and titanium recovered from Panzhihua vanadium-titanium magnetite in Sichuan accounts for 80% of the whole country. Dexing copper mine turned losses into profits due to comprehensive utilization.
In 1995, the comprehensive utilization of industrial waste residue in China reached 286 million tons, 2.34 times that of 1985, and the utilization rate also increased from 25% in 1985 to 43%. At present, more than 70% of * * * (associated) useful elements in non-ferrous metal industry can be comprehensively recovered in different degrees, and nearly 40 * * * (associated) elements can be comprehensively recovered; The comprehensive recovery rate is increasing year by year. For example, the recovery rate of lead and zinc in the main lead-zinc mines in Hunan Province reaches 60% ~ 90%, reaching the international advanced level. The comprehensive utilization rate of sulfur in non-ferrous metal smelting flue gas has exceeded 65%, and the recycling rate of wastewater is close to 70%. The industrial system of comprehensive utilization was initially formed, and the comprehensive utilization technology of some enterprises reached the international advanced level. More than 20 of more than 30 minerals associated with ferrous metals have been comprehensively utilized, and great achievements have been made in the comprehensive utilization of tailings, waste rocks and low-grade ores. In recent years, the coal industry has made gratifying progress in the comprehensive development and utilization of coal gangue power generation, coal gangue building materials, coal chemical industry, stone coal and coal-bearing mines. At present, the comprehensive utilization rate of coal gangue is above 20%, and the comprehensive utilization rate of fly ash is above 30%. Table X on page 304
Important progress has also been made in the comprehensive utilization of nonmetallic minerals. A large number of new products for deep processing and comprehensive utilization have been developed, and some products have begun to enter serialization. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, more than 400 scientific research achievements have been made in the comprehensive development and utilization of nonmetals in recent years. Among them, nearly 60 scientific and technological achievement awards were won by the Ministry and the province, and 4 patent achievements were 100, which was transformed into more than one productivity100, which significantly improved the economic benefits of enterprises. 1995, the comprehensive recovery of sulfur accounts for 47% of the total output. The comprehensive utilization of salt lake brine in chemical mines has also made some achievements, such as multi-element utilization, mineralization combination, mineral fertilizer combination and so on.
Many scientific achievements have been made in the study of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, such as the separation and comprehensive development and utilization of a variety of complex and refractory minerals, and great progress has been made in the research and application of tailings-free production technology. A number of tailings-free mining enterprises and a large number of Jinchuan-style enterprises have emerged, which rely on scientific and technological progress, have good comprehensive utilization and high economic benefits.
The average recovery rate of ferrous metal mines such as iron and manganese in China is 65%. The comprehensive recovery rate of state-owned nonferrous metal mines is only 50%; The recovery rate of coal mines is only about 50%, and only 32% if collective and individual coal mines are added; The total recovery rate of mineral resources is less than 30%, which is 20 percentage points lower than that of developed countries. A study shows that if the recovery rate of metal mines is increased by 10 percentage point, China will increase tens of millions of tons of ore, which is equivalent to building dozens of new mines. If we can improve the mining technology and only reduce the losses caused by mining height and falling coal, we can increase the output of 40 million tons of coal every year.
But overall, China's comprehensive utilization level is still relatively low. The investigation results of 60 minerals in 4072 state-owned mines by relevant departments show that less than 300 mining enterprises have carried out comprehensive utilization, accounting for only 7%. Among the enterprises that carry out comprehensive utilization, only 2% have a comprehensive utilization rate of useful components above 70%. Collective and individual mines are not comprehensively utilized or only partially comprehensively utilized.
Seven. Reduce resource consumption
China ranks third in the world in terms of ore output, which supports GNP, which ranks around ninth in the world. The resource consumption per unit GNP is higher than that of countries with the same level of development. According to statistics, the consumption of steel, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc per unit of GNP in China is 3.6 times, 3.7 times, 2.4 times, 2.7 times and 2.2 times of the world average respectively. The output rate of energy to GNP is only 65438+ 0/7 of the world average.
In recent years, the consumption coefficient of energy, metal and nonmetal mineral resources in China has been declining. From 1980 to 1990, the energy consumption of 100 million yuan GDP decreased from 13.6 thousand tons of standard coal to 9.3 thousand tons of standard coal, with an average annual decrease of 3.8%, and the total energy saved and used was equivalent to 285 million tons of standard coal. The steel consumption coefficient of 199 1 year is 36.94% lower than that of 1980. The consumption coefficients of copper, lead, zinc and aluminum are lower than those of 199 17%, 57.96%, 76% and 60.6% respectively. However, compared with the same level of development abroad, it is still on the high side and still has great potential in reducing mine consumption and energy consumption.
Eight. Opening and cooperation in the field of mineral resources
Expanding the opening and cooperation in the field of mineral resources is the trend of international economic development. International mining investors are looking for targets all over the world, and China is facing opportunities and challenges to attract foreign investment to explore and develop mineral resources. Expanding openness and cooperation in the field of resources is a top priority.
China has a vast territory, rich mineral resources and a high degree of geological work. There are many open and cooperative mineral resources projects with very broad prospects.
China's opening and cooperation in the field of mineral resources is unbalanced. China has made great achievements and accumulated a lot of experience in oil and gas foreign cooperation, but its foreign cooperation in other mineral resources fields is relatively backward.
1. In the field of oil and gas
Sino-foreign oil and gas exploration and development cooperation began in the ocean. Since 1982, China has signed 1 10 offshore oil and gas exploration and production contracts and agreements with 62 oil companies in 16 countries and regions. By the end of 1995, the actual foreign investment was $5 1 billion, including $2.97 billion for exploration and $210.30 billion for development. It has discovered and controlled oil reserves of 654.38+0.3 billion tons and natural gas reserves of 207.9 billion cubic meters; The crude oil production capacity of 6.5438+million tons/year has been built, and 654.38+07 oil and gas fields have been put into operation. In 1995, the offshore crude oil output was 8.7 million tons, and it is estimated that it will reach150,000 tons in 1996.
At present, the Pearl River Estuary to the east of the South China Sea is the main offshore oil producing area in China, and the crude oil output will exceed the10.996 billion tons mark. The western part of the South China Sea is the main natural gas producing area, and the newly-built Yacheng 13- 1 natural gas field has a reserve of 107 billion cubic meters. Through 780 km and 100 km submarine pipelines, 196 began to supply electricity to Hong Kong and Hainan Island, with an annual gas supply of 2.9 billion cubic meters and 500 million cubic meters. The gas field can supply gas stably for more than 20 years.
From 65438 to 0985, foreign cooperation in petroleum exploration and development began to expand to land. This year, the "Announcement on the Development of Onshore Oil in South China 1 1 Province (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan)" aroused strong international repercussions, and then the oil contract of Fushan Depression in Hainan was signed. After China's onshore oil industry, there are 18 oil-bearing basins in the north 18 provinces. Expand the field of cooperation, improve the recovery of old oil and gas fields, and develop difficult oil and gas fields; The mode of foreign cooperation has also expanded from a single exploration cooperation mode to a comprehensive cooperation mode of exploration and development integration.
So far, 29 foreign companies have participated in the oil operation in the 19 cooperation block.
2. In the field of non-oil and gas resources
At present, foreign investors focus on the exploration and development of gold, coalbed methane and diamond resources. Up to now, there are more than 20 gold mine projects, including Guangdong Changkeng Gold Mine (in cooperation with barrick Bauer Company of Canada), Guangxi Baise Gold Mine Project (in cooperation with Canada Baolun Company), Guizhou Huijiabao Xiebei Gold Mine Exploration Project (in cooperation with Canada Dan Si Tong Company), Yunnan Zhenyuan Gold Mine and Mojiang Gold Mine Exploration Project (in cooperation with Canada Mining Company), and Sichuan Liangshan Chapuzi Gold Mine Exploration Project (in cooperation with Canada Mingke Company).
There is a gold mine in Dayinggezhuang, Shandong Province.
97 exploration contracts have been signed with foreign investors, and the main exploration projects are: Caijiaying lead-zinc mine project in Hebei (in cooperation with Tuanbul Company in Australia). Liaoning Diamond Cooperation Project (in cooperation with De Beers of South Africa). Hunan Shui Yuan Diamond Project (in cooperation with Belgian Sibeck Company) and German Amberg Kaolin Company cooperated in Kaolin Project. Shandong Pingyi Diamond Project (in cooperation with Canada Huanya Mining Company), etc.
Joint venture projects with mining licenses are mainly building materials and mineral water projects.
Since 1990s, more and more foreign investors have come to China to invest in the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources other than oil and natural gas. According to incomplete statistics, there are 13 Sino-foreign cooperative projects in resource-rich provinces 1 16, of which 93 are implemented, 23 are solid mineral exploration projects (1, 2 are diamonds, 5 are lead and zinc, 2 are copper, 5 are building materials minerals and 8 are rare and rare earth metal minerals) and 69 are development projects. The amount of foreign investment in various projects is mostly between several hundred thousand and several million dollars. Among them, the Caijiaying lead-zinc mine project in Hebei Province is the project with the largest amount of foreign investment in solid mineral projects other than coal, with the agreed amount exceeding US$ 6,543.8 billion.
In recent years, the exploration and development of coalbed methane resources in China has started. China has cooperated with Australian Ruwell Company, American Enron Company and Amoco Company to explore and develop coalbed methane in Shaanxi and Shanxi, with an agreed amount of US$ 20 million.
According to the incomplete statistics of 19 1 project, * * * absorbed US$ 2.893 billion, including US$ 2.7 billion from China Offshore Oil Corporation. The focus of foreign capital exploration is mainly energy and minerals (mainly oil and gas), and the total foreign capital absorbed by these projects accounts for more than 95%. Page 33 Table 12
3. China conducts risk exploration and investment development of mineral resources overseas.
Since 1990s, China has explored gold deposits in Ghana, Tanzania, Bolivia, Malaysia, Cambodia and Laos. China also participated in the development of Chiana iron mine by purchasing equity, which has been put into production. China has carried out some low-risk small oilfield development projects in Thailand, Sudan, Canada and Peru, and achieved an annual output of 750,000 tons of crude oil. China has successfully invested in Malacca Oilfield. Ausmintek, a Sino-Australian joint venture, was also approved on 1993, and has applied for a prospecting lease of about 500 square kilometers in Australia, and carried out prospecting work for polymetallic ores such as gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc. China has also carried out risk exploration and mining of copper, gold, lead and zinc in Peru, Chile, the Philippines, Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia in South America.
Nine. Secondary resource industry
Secondary resource industry refers to the recovery, development and utilization of waste ore or metal, non-metallic industrial products and tailings, and the resulting resources are called secondary resources or renewable resources.
The development and utilization of secondary resources in China began in 1950s. At present, there are hundreds of varieties of renewable resources in China, including 19, with an annual total recovery of 654.38+700 million tons and an annual output value of 25 billion yuan. The recovery rate of scrap iron and steel is 42%, the comprehensive recovery rate of scrap metal is 27.7%, the comprehensive recovery of gold accounts for 1/4 ~ 1/3 of the total output, the comprehensive recovery of silver accounts for more than 3/4 of the total output of silver, aluminum accounts for 1 1.2%, zinc accounts for 6% and sulfur accounts for 60%. Page 25 Table 5
In China, secondary resource development has not really formed an independent industry. There are still many problems: first, the comprehensive exploration, development and evaluation of mineral deposits are not enough. Second, there is a lack of effective promotion and protection policies for resources available for secondary development and utilization, which makes a large number of resources available for secondary development and utilization suffer undue losses. Third, the technical level is low. Fourth, the degree of industrialization is not high, and fifth, the prices of products lacking renewable resources are policy-oriented. Sixth, the cooperation of various departments is not enough, and the resource management department, mining department and environmental management department are basically out of touch.
The recycling of scrap metal in China is far from reaching its due level, and there is still great potential for scrap metal recycling. The research shows that by 20 10, if the recycling level of scrap metal is increased by 10 percentage point on the existing basis, the supply of 100000 tons of steel and 600000 tons of non-ferrous metals can be increased.
X. Development of alternative products
In China, mineral resources have great potential to replace products. The first development direction is to replace mineral resources with other natural resources, such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and hydraulic resources to reduce the consumption of mineral resources. Second, one mineral element replaces another mineral element. For example, China is short of potassium salt resources, but rich in insoluble potassium resources. For example, alunite reserves reach 65.438+0.5 billion tons, and potash feldspar reserves reach 65.438+0.5 billion tons, which are widely distributed and may replace potash resources to produce potash fertilizer. Another example is using talc instead of kaolin as paper filler. Third, replace natural mineral raw materials with artificial mineral raw materials, such as artificial piezoelectric time instead of natural piezoelectric time and artificial diamond instead of natural diamond. The fourth is to replace natural mineral raw materials with other artificial materials.
XI。 Develop new resources
China sea area is rich in mineral resources. In addition to abundant offshore oil and gas and coastal placers, various chemical elements and marine mineral resources rich in seawater can also be utilized. At present, sodium, potassium and iodine are widely used in seawater and oil and gas resources on the continental shelf. Among the undeveloped marine mineral resources, polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts and submarine sulfide deposits in the deep seabed are the most striking. In the late 1980s, China stepped up the investigation of deep-sea mineral resources and was listed as a pioneer investor in international seabed mineral exploration and development.
Overview of import and export trade of mineral products
After the founding of New China, the foreign trade of mineral products (including related energy and raw materials) has developed rapidly. By 1978, the number of countries and regions that have established trade relations with China has expanded from 46 in the early days of New China to 160; The total import and export trade reached $2064 1 billion, an increase of 1.950/.2 times. Among them, the export value was 9.75 billion US dollars, 7.8 times higher than that of 1950. The exported mineral products are mainly ores and primary processed products, such as tungsten, antimony, tin ore sand, coal, daily-use ceramics, etc. The imported mineral products were mainly oil, steel, fertilizer and non-ferrous metal raw materials that were in short supply in China at that time. During the 30 years from 1949 to 1978, China imported 64 million tons of steel, accounting for 23% of the domestic output, 2.09 million tons of copper, accounting for 52% of the domestic output, 0.95 million tons of aluminum, accounting for 48% of the domestic output, and imported fertilizer/kloc-.
Since 1986, the import and export trade of mineral products in China has made great progress. From 1986, the total import and export of mineral products was1627.8 billion US dollars, and it has increased to 1994 to 39.479 billion US dollars, an increase of 1.43 times, with an average annual growth rate of more than1.7%. Among them, exports increased from $5.049 billion to $654.38+05.257 billion, an increase of 2.02 times, with an average annual increase of 654.38+04.8%; The foreign exchange used for import soared from1122.9 billion dollars to127.339 billion dollars in 1993, an increase of 1.43 times, with an average annual growth of 13.55%. 1995 The total import and export volume reached US$ 46 1.5 1 billion, an increase of US$ 6.672 billion over the previous year. China's foreign trade deficit still exists.
The structure of mineral products has improved significantly. On the export side, mineral products have gradually changed from raw materials or primary minerals to deep-processed minerals, and from fuel minerals to fuel minerals, non-metallic minerals and metal minerals.
The proportion of foreign exchange earned from the export of primary products in the total export of mineral products has gradually decreased from 79. 1% in 1986 to 24.38% in 1994. The export of nonmetallic mineral products has grown steadily and substantially, and has become the main source of foreign exchange earned by China's mineral products export. The amount of foreign exchange increased from $800 million in 1987 to $3.23 billion in 1994, an increase of 3.04 times, and its proportion in the total export of mineral products increased from 15.8% to 2 1.2%.
In recent years, the main export varieties are flat glass, daily-use ceramics, talc, flake graphite, fluorite, magnesite, light (heavy) burned magnesium, barite, refractory clay, stone, cement and cement clinker. In the past nine years, it has generated more than $654.38+03.5 billion for the country.
The export of fuel mineral products showed a downward trend. The foreign exchange amount decreased from $4.542 billion in 1987 to $43. 1994, with a decrease of 4.9%, and its proportion in the total export of mineral products decreased from 59.3% to 28.3%. Among them, the export of oil dropped significantly, with the export settlement of crude oil and refined oil reaching $4.003 billion in 1987 and $305 1 000 million in/994, a decrease of 23.8%, and its proportion in the total export of mineral products dropped from 52.2% to 20%. In oil export, the proportion of refined oil increased from 65438+2 1.4% in 0987 to 34.45% in 1994.
The export of metal mineral products has grown steadily, with the export volume increasing from 1987 to 1254, an increase of 2.43 times, and the proportion in the total export of mineral products has increased from 16.4% to 28.2%. The import of metal mineral products changed obviously, from $6.047 billion in 1987 to $0.4385 billion in 1994, an increase of 1.38 times. Among them, steel imports fluctuated greatly: 1987 imports amounted to 4.787 billion US dollars; This level was basically maintained during 1988 ~ 1989; 1990 ~ 199 1 year, it fell to more than 2 billion dollars; 1992 resumed normal import; 1993, the import volume soared to 13 1.4 billion US dollars, an increase of 1.6 times over the previous year; From 65438 to 0994, the import volume dropped to $9.745 billion, down 25.8% from the previous year. The import of non-ferrous raw materials developed steadily, from $735 million in 1987 to $3.296 billion in 1994, with an average annual growth rate of more than 23.9%.
Fertilizer imports are also growing rapidly, from 1987 to139.9 billion dollars, to199/kloc-0 to 3.229 billion dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 23.3%, especially 1988, with a growth rate as high as 67%. 1993, the state cancelled the financial subsidy for the import of chemical fertilizers, and the import of chemical fertilizers dropped sharply from $3.004 billion in the previous year to $147.9 billion, a decrease of 50.8%. 194 The import of chemical fertilizers was $654.38+938 billion, an increase of 3 1%.
Lead, zinc, cement, soda ash and caustic soda have achieved a strategic shift from needing to import to exporting in large quantities. Since 1992, China has exported a large amount of lead and zinc, making it a major lead and zinc exporter accounting for nearly 25% of the world trade volume. From 65438 to 0990, the cement trade changed from import to export, with the export volume reaching 7.83 million tons and the exchange amount of 257 million US dollars, making it a big exporter. 199 1 annual cement export10.74 million tons, earning 443 million US dollars. In recent years, despite the expansion of domestic infrastructure and the sharp increase in cement demand, the net export of cement has remained at the level of millions of tons due to the sharp increase in output year after year. Soda soda and caustic soda have also changed from importing countries to exporting countries, and the export volume of 1994 is about 280,000 tons and 250,000 tons respectively.
Fourteen General situation of regional mineral resources in China
The distribution of mineral resources in China has obvious zoning characteristics, which will inevitably lead to different distribution characteristics of mineral resources in major administrative regions and provinces, as well as different matching characteristics of resources.
The mineral resources in North China and Northeast China are mainly iron ore, coal mine and oil. Among them, the main minerals in North China are coal, iron, rare earth, niobium, refractory clay, molding sand, mirabilite, trona, building marble, limestone and other 26 minerals; There are iron, oil, gold, magnesite, talc, boron, diamond, platinum, diatomite and other 19 kinds of minerals in Northeast China.
The mineral resources in East China are mainly non-ferrous minerals and non-metallic minerals. The main minerals are copper, tungsten, gold, silver, tantalum, diamond, magnesite, alunite, fluorite, kaolin, bentonite, diatomite, pyrophyllite and gypsum.
Central and South China is dominated by non-ferrous metals, minerals of chemical raw materials and non-metallic minerals of building materials. There are mainly 47 minerals such as manganese, lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony, bismuth, niobium, tantalum, ilmenite, monazite, silver, phosphorus, pyrite, piezoelectric crystal, kaolin, oil shale and glass sand.
Southwest China is dominated by ferrous metals, nonferrous metals and chemical raw materials, including 32 kinds of minerals such as iron, vanadium, titanium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, mercury, manganese, chromium, coal, natural gas, phosphorus, rock salt, asbestos and corundum.
The minerals in Northwest China are mainly coal, petroleum, non-ferrous metals and chemical raw materials, mainly including nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, platinum group, coal, lead, zinc, copper, petroleum, beryllium, niobium, tantalum, sodium salt, mirabilite, potassium salt, vitreous silica raw materials and asbestos.
The above distribution characteristics provide a unique resource base for the comprehensive development and utilization of regional mineral resources and regional economic development in China.