(rustica) and tobacco (tabacum) are used as raw materials. Tobacco has many aliases. Yue Zhi called it octagonal, also called Coss; Baihuajing calls it acacia grass; "Hehan Medical Examination" said
It is Naman grass, also known as longevity grass, resurrection grass and so on.
The long history of tobacco
As early as 5000 BC, tobacco was widely planted. According to genetics, they originated in the Andes near Peru or Ecuador. In the next few thousand years,
Tobacco took mankind across the western hemisphere and reached every corner of the American continent. 1492 When Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, Cuba and other islands near the American continent also planted tobacco.
The first contact between humans and tobacco plants took place about 18 thousand years ago. The ancestors of American Indians crossed the Bering Strait from Asia and reached the American continent. This continent is the birthplace of tobacco.
Land. In the long years since then, the relationship between human beings and tobacco has been evolving, the planting scope of tobacco has been expanding, and smoking behavior has spread to all parts of the world. The physiological stimulation brought by smoking is fascinating.
In the past few decades, after people have a deeper understanding of the harm of smoking, human society hates the health harm caused by smoking.
In fact, in addition to social functions, most of the time after tobacco entered human life, it was sought after because of its medicinal efficacy and the role of etiquette props. To this day, people smoke in many countries.
The family is still very ordinary. The ubiquitous smokers make this behavior look very natural, not a bad habit. However, a series of important studies since the 1940s have proved that smoking and lung cancer are one of them.
There is a positive correlation between them. The conclusions of these scientific studies have had a great impact on tobacco production and tobacco advertising. Although some smokers have listened to the warning that smoking is harmful to health, others are unwilling to give up smoking.
It's smoking The reality of lung cancer may be disturbing, but it is really not easy for addicts to give up this "perfect ultimate pleasure" (as the British writer Wilde said).
At first, people may dry tobacco or chew it directly after drying it, or grind it into powder and suck it through the nose, that is, snuff. However, many early uses of tobacco are practical.
Uses: For example, smearing the juice squeezed from tobacco on the skin to kill lice, or igniting tobacco, and the generated smoke is used for killing insects, or as a mild sedative or preservative. In many Indian tribes, tobacco has letters.
The purpose of the ceremony (these purposes are still used by American Indians today). In these tribes, tobacco is given as a gift to young men at the coming-of-age ceremony and girls on their wedding night. As a major work
In the eyes of Indians, tobacco has the significance of beginning, reproduction and purification. Indian shaman priests blow smoke to patients to treat diseases. They also smoke before samurai go out to have sex with women.
No matter what form it takes, tobacco plays an indispensable role in shaman's study and ceremony. But the most important thing is that the indigenous people in North America have learned to smoke, and both local men and women have developed the habit of smoking every day.
The spread of tobacco
European explorers saw tobacco leaves for the first time, just as they saw those almond-shaped cocoa beans for the first time. They didn't know what it was for, so they gave them the tobacco given by the Indians.
Put your hands aside. When Columbus's ship sailed from San Salvador to Cuba, it was said that two crew members on his ship had the opportunity to observe Indian smoking habits at close range and try it for themselves. The two crew members became.
The first Europeans to smoke.
Spanish missionaries and historians in the United States
St. Bacelo Ma recorded a religious person's curiosity about the habits of the New World when he copied and rewritten Columbus' log in the third person in 15 14 (the only existing transcript). He also realized that
Because cigarettes will dull their bodies. Because smoke can produce anesthetic effect, so the local aborigines, that is, Indians, will not feel tired. The log did not record the smell and taste of this imported product, but it recorded it clearly.
While the ship was docked in the Caribbean, the two European crew members who tried tobacco for the first time became addicted to cigarettes.
Smoking was soon banned. Military commander of the island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti)
The governor recorded this evil custom of the Indians: "This is a particularly harmful habit: they inhale the smoke produced by a plant called tobacco, thus putting themselves into a trance." He described in detail.
I have written about the process of smoking a pipe, thinking that this kind of smoking will make people fall into a drunken lethargy, so this harmful effect is spiritual, because the intoxicating character of tobacco will blind the minds of the rich.
Creativity.
In fact, Europeans soon saw some rituals of North American Indians using tobacco, and they thought these pagan rituals were very evil. They even think that in some shamanism
In the ceremony, smoke was used as a medium for shamans to communicate with evil spirits. Montezuma, the Aztec king, used to smoke after dinner, which disgusted Hernando Cortes, the Spanish conqueror, and others. On the other hand, this
The luxurious dinner that King Ztec enjoyed alone and all kinds of chocolate drinks that King Ztec liked at the dinner were recorded in detail by Spanish colonists.
When the Indians in the New World were conquered by colonists, new technologies and new germs, the habit of smoking gradually became popular among the new colonists, and the colonists reacted differently. The first European to smoke was Shen.
Addicted to this new custom, people can't help but realize the power of tobacco, or the power of addiction. It is said that Columbus commented on smokers, "Once smokers are infected with tobacco, they can't stay away".
In addition to the Spanish colonists, explorers from other European countries began to contact the Indians and their customs on the American continent. However, the later colonists were not like
Like the Spanish colonists, they condemned smoking as a "bad habit" from the beginning. In fact, a little positive comments from the upper class are enough to isolate tobacco from negative new world things and make it17th century and.
/kloc-an important factor in the rise of the western empire in the 0 th and 8 th centuries.
Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, advocated the medicinal value of tobacco, which made tobacco very popular in Europe. The Latin scientific name genus Nicotiana was named after this ambassador.
The most active advocate of the view that smoking brings happiness is Sir Walter Raleigh, a British colonist and founder of Virginia Colony. He is the pet of Queen Elizabeth I..
The minister was also the leader of advocating fashion trends in London at that time. "The popularity of tobacco in Britain has greatly stimulated the tobacco industry in the British colonies in North America. The tobacco industry in North America also thanks to John Rolfe.
Lead the people to establish Jamestown (the first British overseas colony in North America) and successfully cultivate better Nicotiana.
Tobacco), rather than bitter yellow tobacco (rustica). 16 13, the first cargo ship carrying north American tobacco arrived in Britain.
British people fell in love with pipes after contact with North American Indians, and Spanish people fell in love with cigars under the influence of Indian tribes in Central and South America. Snuff is very popular in the French royal family. With the operation of some large tobacco companies, the decline in tobacco prices has made snuff popular all over France.
For Britain, having a colony in North America means having an independent tobacco supply. British people have the habit of drinking tea, so they set up their own tea industry in India and China.
There is no doubt that Britain is also trying to obtain an independent tobacco supply in the United States to ensure its citizens' love for pipes. British colonists in North America prefer to chew tobacco slices, which is a habit despised by tourists from continental Europe.
Nose, but North Americans still maintained this "vulgar" habit until the19th century.
Sailors and international trade spread tobacco and smoking habits all over the world. Colonists not only planted tobacco widely in North America, but also planted tobacco in suitable places on the African continent. "Tobacco has been absorbed by various cultures and its medicinal value has also been recognized by Europe, China and India."
Tobacco was introduced into southern China from the end of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Wanli, and then it was quickly popularized and planted in the whole country. The number of smokers increased geometrically, and smoking became the basic of China people in Qing Dynasty.
Hobbies. When it entered China, it was also told a story that was talked about by China people: Princess Tamba on Luzon Island was abandoned in the wild after her death, but she woke up after smelling the smell of tobacco! Since then, it has been
Tobacco with the translated name "Tamba" has a magical name "Die for Love". According to historical records, the ancients' hobby of tobacco was even more serious than today, which may be related to the ancients' excessive superstition of tobacco. According to the earliest tobacco records
The medical book "Herbal Yan Hui" states: "This medicine is very spicy, so it can be inhaled into the throat with fire, which can greatly resist the cold of frost and dew and avoid the evil of ghosts. Children can kill malnutrition and women can eliminate diseases. " Loushu
It is also recorded that tobacco "can make people drunk, but also can cause miasma, and mashing juice can poison head lice." The ancients also believed that tobacco could treat so-called "cold diseases" such as chills and fever. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Wang Ji once recorded in Earthworm Notes: "Tobacco leaves out of Fujian,
There is a cold on the side, so it must be treated. "Visible in ancient China, tobacco was once considered to be beneficial to the body.
Tobacco becomes an industry.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, most of Europe was under the control of the French emperor Napoleon. The French occupation forces in Spain came into contact with the tobacco produced in Spain.
Products. At that time, many Spaniards still followed the smoking habit their ancestors learned from the Aztecs. They like to roll tobacco neatly in corn husks. However, in urban areas, corn husks are replaced by tissue paper and turned into paper rolls.
Smoke coat. This ingenious and widely used smoking method is called papelote, or cigarito, which is a reduced and improved version of Spanish cigars.
The struggle between European countries and the wars between Europe and the outside world (such as the American War of Independence and other colonial uprisings) have changed the trade relations between countries and changed the national strength. In this process, thanks to the demand of other countries for its cigarette products, Spain's tobacco industry is still booming.
Cheap cigars are the most popular. These cigarettes are usually hand-rolled by single women with flexible fingers. They have a small income, but they work long hours in the sultry summer in Seville.
You can only put up with this sultry heat in your underwear. "This delicious work scene has stimulated the imagination of the French. France has become the second country where cigarettes are popular, and the title of cigarettes has also changed from Spanish.
"cigarito" became "cigarette", and the latter became the most widely used French word in the world.
During the rise of tobacco in North America, two important cigarette manufacturing innovations in19th century, coupled with the power of modern advertising, greatly increased tobacco consumption in North America. Subsequently, tobacco consumption in other countries also increased significantly.
The first innovation took place in 1839. This is an accidental discovery. There is a black slave on duty at night to add fire to the flue-cured tobacco room. But he fell asleep at night and didn't add firewood.
The weaker the combustion. When he woke up, he panicked. He poured charcoal on the embers, hoping to rekindle the charcoal fire so that the tobacco leaves would be cooked by the fire. The roasted tobacco leaves also changed from brown to bright yellow. The result is that people make mistakes and make mistakes.
Tobacco baked with open flame is softer and tastes better. This discovery makes it possible to produce labor-intensive tobacco leaves on a large scale with machines.
The second innovation is attributed to James Bensek of Virginia. 1880, Bensek successfully designed the cigarette machine and obtained the patent right. Bourdale (Bull)
Duke Durham, a cigarette brand owned by the tobacco company, decided to take a gamble and put the future of the tobacco industry on this automatic cigarette machine. This machine can produce 200 cigarettes per minute and rolls every day.
The number of cigarettes equals the number of cigarettes produced by 40 workers. This automatic cigarette making machine completely consolidates the future of cigarette industry. The technological innovation of open flame baking and machine rolling, coupled with the long-term taste of cigarettes by tobacco companies.
Various attempts at mixing and adding make modern global tobacco production possible.
Tobacco is harmful to health.
During the Qing Dynasty in China, doctors suggested that smoking was harmful to health. Zhang Lu, a famous doctor, put forward in the book Ben Feng Jing Yuan: "I wonder if the poisonous weeds can burn the viscera and activate the meridians.
I'm worried about the fire. Chen Haozi of A Qing Dynasty also suggested that if tobacco is suppressed and sick, it is always advisable to use it less. Wu Cheng, a famous doctor, even thought in On Living and Smoking that,
"People who are sick smoke and burn frequently, and the body fluid will be exhausted, which will damage the sky", and warned smokers: "People who are physically weak should abstain from this." Wu simply listed tobacco as a "poisonous weed" in New Materia Medica. Is smoking harmful?
It goes without saying that people of insight in ancient times have always called for staying away from tobacco. Zhang Xiangfeng, a scholar in the 30 th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, said in the poem "Planting Smoke": "Don't be jealous of the old farmer, he is poisonous and strange."
Smoking was banned in ancient China for a long time, and the most powerful measure was North Korea's intervention. Zhu Youjian, Emperor Chongzhen of the late Ming Dynasty, issued a "smoking ban" twice. The first one was awarded in the twelfth year of Chongzhen (AD 200).
1639), which is the first "smoking ban" issued by the court in the history of China. Emperor Chongzhen banned smoking for the second time to prevent "national subjugation". The ancients were superstitious, and Emperor Zhu Youjian was no exception. Emperor Chongzhen
After Judy, the Prince of Yan, Kyoto is also Yanjing. The sound of "smoke" is similar to that of "swallow", and "eat smoke" means "eat swallow", which is suspected of breaking Yanjing after eating the prince of Yan. Out of taboo, Zhu Youjian issued a smoking ban.
The previous emperors who entered the customs in the Qing Dynasty tried to abide by their ancestral teachings and strictly banned smoking. The Laws of the Qing Dynasty clearly stipulates "tobacco control": "warehouses and temples in the Forbidden City.
By analogy, civil and military officials who ate (smoked) cigarettes were dismissed, and their people were flogged for two months and flogged a hundred times. People's grievances are forty boards and flow for three thousand miles. If the competent official fails to catch the first head, someone else will catch him and impose a fine of six months. Emperor Kangxi rebelled.
Smoking and planting cigarettes are mainly due to recuperation after the war and the population has increased. As food and tobacco compete for land, officials and ministers advocate limiting tobacco cultivation to ensure grain fields. Although Yong Zhengdi himself likes snuff, he still advocates it.
Mainly planting food crops such as Gu Mi, and opposing the cultivation of tobacco.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's attitude towards smokers was more severe. The dogma stipulates: "Anyone who eats yellow smoke will be fined 100 times for the first offense and shackled for a week;" Hit 1000 again, flail for three weeks; Three crimes of decapitation
Don't stay. "Zhang Qing Runan's" Jinling Province is difficult to follow, thieves are forbidden "records:" Those who smoke yellow cigarettes are guilty of flail, put cigarettes on flail, and lotus flowers swim the streets. "Smoke a few yellow cigarettes, but it's as light as a good fight. Even put on a wooden cangue and plug in a cigarette rod to show the parade.
Public; If you're not killed, you want to take more bites. If you are addicted to cigarettes, your head will be cut off and your body will be separated. However, after Daoguang and Xianfeng years, with the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the "Tobacco Control Order" became a dead letter.
Wen, leading to a sharp increase in "smokers", "from princes and nobles to pawns and beggars, everyone has a cigarette and is complacent." Therefore, people listed smoking cigarettes, opium, playing mahjong and whoring as "four major public hazards" in the late Qing Dynasty.
In 1930s, Chiang Kai-shek and Song Meiling jointly launched the New Life Movement, trying to reform the people's living habits. 1934 February 19, Star
On the first day, as usual, the weekly Premier Memorial Week was being held in Nanchang Hangying Auditorium. Chiang Kai-shek made a keynote speech entitled "The Essentials of the New Life Movement". In order to emphasize that social elites have the responsibility to educate the people
Chiang Kai-shek mentioned a child smoking in the streets of Nanchang: I saw a primary school student smoking in the street the other day. Is this okay? He smoked when he was a student, but won't he smoke opium when he grows up?
I couldn't pull him because the car was driving too fast. Your teacher or the police should have seen it, and you should be punished if you saw it! Then he recalled that he was in Jian 'ou during the Fujian Incident.
When I was working, I once saw a child smoking: "When I went to Jian 'ou this time, I once found a child about ten years old smoking in the street. Although he was well dressed, he still had no culture at all, so I called him dad at once. "
Mother wanted to be him. Since then, there have been fewer children who eat cigarettes in Jian 'ou, which shows that it is not difficult to change the atmosphere and transform society. "
Scientific discoveries in the mid-20th century sounded the death knell of the tobacco industry. From 65438 to 0950, the Journal of the American Medical Association published Morton Levin's epoch-making research. This study found that there is a positive correlation between lung cancer cases and heavy smoking addiction. The British Medical Journal also published similar research results. Since then, many studies have proved that smoking is harmful to health.
Recent data show that the number of teenagers smoking in various countries is increasing significantly outside the United States and Europe. The regulation of tobacco industry in these countries is much looser and lacks prohibition.
Legislation related to the sale of cigarettes and the promotion of tobacco advertisements by adults. The strategic marketing of many multinational giants in the tobacco industry admits that "replacing smokers" can only be developed from young people. In the United States, various policies have been introduced for large tobacco companies.
Although the political and legislative struggle has been fruitful, it has also left some uncertain areas and problems that plague the people. To be sure, these struggles have successfully forced the tobacco industry to "brag" and make the harm of cigarettes public.
Many people, as well as the tobacco industry, have openly cooperated with the "anti-smoking campaign" and spent part of their profits to fund some health projects and education on smoking ban for minors.
Although the actual effect of these projects is still controversial. While smoking bans in the United States and other western developed countries have achieved results, the tobacco industry in developing countries is still developing smoothly. The enthusiasm for smoking ban in the United States has also been reduced because of the strict government.
The role of supervision and high tax rate on the tobacco industry is also limited. In fact, the relevant regulatory regulations issued by the government can protect non-smokers from the harm of second-hand smoke, and other functions are indeed limited.