I. Utilization of Energy
(1) Extract shale oil by low-temperature dry distillation to refine shale oil.
Shale oil can be made from oil shale by dry distillation at low temperature. The low-temperature dry distillation of oil shale is heated to 450℃ ~ 600℃ under the condition of air isolation. The low-temperature dry distillation of shale oil not only produces shale oil, but also produces gas gasoline, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, pyridine base and phenols. Shale oil is the product of thermal decomposition of organic matter when oil shale is heated, which is similar to natural oil. Therefore, the extraction method of natural oil is generally suitable for shale oil. Shale oil extracted from oil shale can be directly used as liquid fuel for boilers or industrial furnaces, and can also be further processed by thermal processing and hydrofining to obtain gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, wax and petroleum products.
(2) Combustion generates heat to generate electricity.
Oil shale contains organic matter, and burning oil shale directly in the combustion chamber as fuel is another way to utilize oil shale energy. This process greatly improves its energy utilization efficiency because it omits the intermediate conversion link of shale oil. However, shale oil extracted from oil shale contains less C and H than natural oil, but more S, N and O.. Therefore, in order to improve the combustion rate of oil shale, it is necessary to add H and remove most of N and S in the combustion process to avoid sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from polluting the environment.
(3) Gasification to make gas
Direct hydrogenation of oil shale (also known as "IGT—A.G.A" method) can directly produce synthetic natural gas or middle distillate oil, and achieve high organic carbon conversion rate under moderate hydrogen pressure. At present, there are methods to extract shale oil by underground gasification mining.
Second, the use of building materials.
(A) the use of oil shale ash
The ash content of oil shale is higher than 40%, and its composition is very complex. The main components are silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur dioxide and various trace elements. In the process of extracting shale oil from oil shale and burning oil shale, a large amount of ash will be produced. In the past, it was generally discarded directly, occupying a large area, causing air pollution in ash. Metal elements and trace elements can penetrate into the surface and groundwater, causing serious environmental pollution and endangering human production and life. Therefore, the full and reasonable utilization of oil shale ash can not only turn waste into treasure, but also have important economic significance and make great contributions to environmental protection and waste-free mining.
1. Production of cement, high-quality calcined kaolin and other building materials.
Shale ash produced by low-temperature dry distillation of oil shale can be used as part of raw materials for wet production of ordinary portland cement. The burnt shale ash can also be used as one of the mixed materials of artificial volcanic ash. It can also save clay mining, thus reducing the manufacturing cost of cement. In addition, adding oil shale ash to cement can improve the performance of cement.
Purification operations such as high-intensity magnetic separation, acid leaching and chlorination roasting can effectively remove colored impurity minerals such as Fe2O3 and TiO2 from oil shale tailings, and prepare high-quality calcined kaolin.
You can also use oil shale ash to make bricks, which can change the traditional loess brick-making mode, protect cultivated land and reduce the damage of loess brick-making mode to the environment and ecology, and its performance is better than traditional loess bricks.
Oil shale can also produce ceramsite, which is light, high strength, spherical, well graded and high temperature resistant.
2. preparing polyolefin filling master batch
Treating the waste residue of Maoming oil shale after dry distillation and overflow ash after boiling combustion to prepare filling masterbatch can improve the performance of products and reduce the cost of products, and at the same time find a way for waste utilization of oil shale ash.
Three. Agricultural utilization
(1) Preparation of organic acids by oxidation of oil shale
Oil shale has high kerogen content. In foreign countries, kerogen can be obtained by concentrating oil shale first, and then kerogen can be oxidized to synthesize organic acids. Because kerogen of oil shale in China is closely combined with inorganic minerals, it is difficult to separate kerogen from inorganic minerals in general flotation and kerogen is enriched. Yang Qiushui and others explored the process scheme of preparing organic acids by direct oxidation, and obtained high yield. Among them, water-soluble acids are mainly dibasic acids, and water-insoluble acids can be used as surfactants and plant growth promoters after treatment.
(2) processing oil shale to produce fertilizer and improver
Oil shale contains nitrogen and acidic and alkaline oxides, which can be processed into fertilizer and used as soil improver. The extensive research results of Hungarian Geological Survey show that the application of algae oil shale and bentonite containing algae has successfully reduced the acidity of soil, the leaching of fertilizer and the amount of nitric acid and phosphorus infiltrated into soil. The application of algae oil shale after simple treatment can greatly improve the yield of crops.
Fourthly, the application in chemical industry.
(1) Hydrogen production from oil shale-water electrolysis
At present, the method of industrial hydrogen production is to take natural gas, oil or coal as raw materials, react with steam, and produce a small amount of hydrogen through water electrolysis. Hydrogen production from natural gas and petroleum at high temperature requires catalysts, hydrogen production from water electrolysis consumes a lot of electricity, and hydrogen production from coal requires high temperature and pollution. Dai Heng and others tried to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of oil shale water. Using H2SO4 as electrolyte, the oil shale-water electrolysis reaction was carried out at 70℃ and atmospheric pressure (one atmosphere)1v. The negative electrode produces pure hydrogen, the current efficiency of hydrogen production is 100 2%, and the positive electrode produces a small amount of CO2. This method uses small oil shale, and the obtained hydrogen has high purity, simple process flow, and operates at normal pressure and near normal temperature, so it may become a competitive new hydrogen production method economically and technically.
(2) Utilization of metal elements in oil shale
Oil shale deposits are usually related to various metal elements. For example, the copper-bearing oil shale in Mansfield, Central Europe (Permian), the Mont shale rich in lead-zinc mines in Australia, the New Albany oil shale rich in copper and molybdenum in Indiana, the oil shale rich in sulfur and radioactive uranium in Brazil, and the nickel-molybdenum polymetallic black shale in vanadium deposits in southern China. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the enrichment law of metal elements in oil shale and take the road of comprehensive utilization of combustion-refined metals for comprehensive utilization of oil shale and improving its utilization value.
The Application of verb (abbreviation of verb) in Environmental Protection
(1) Waste gas and sewage treatment
Oil shale ash contains acidic, alkaline and neutral oxides, which have high formation temperature and high porosity, so it has strong adsorption. In waste gas treatment, oil shale ash can be used as desulfurization adsorbent. At 650℃ ~ 750℃, oil shale ash can effectively adsorb 60% ~ 70% SiO2 _ 2 in waste gas. After treatment, oil shale residue can also be made into raw materials for purifying sewage. The main sewage is chemical plants and steel mills, and the sewage from these factories can be treated and purified by slag zeolite. Oil shale ash is used to treat waste gas and sewage, which is equivalent to "treating waste with waste". It not only has low cost, but also has strong treatment capacity, which is a good way for comprehensive utilization of oil shale. However, the used oil shale ash should be treated reasonably to avoid secondary pollution.
(2) Coal-burning purifying agent
Adding 10% oil shale to coal combustion can reduce the environmental pollution during coal combustion and is a good purifying agent. Because the ash of oil shale has a strong adsorption effect on SO2.
Six, other applications
Oil shale has a wide range of uses, only some of which are mentioned above. Oil shale can also be used to extract chemical additives of nickel, to produce high-quality paving asphalt, to be used as heat insulation and sound insulation materials, to extract some organic and inorganic compounds from oil shale to produce ointment and ointment, and to extract sulfur and uranium.