In the 1970s, a "green revolution" that shocked the world broke out in the vast land of the ancient oriental civilization. China successfully cultivated hybrid rice known as the "second green revolution", which increased grain production by tens of billions of Jin and was successfully popularized in many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is recognized as another scientific invention of great significance to solve the world food shortage after the successful cultivation of Mexican dwarf wheat. Professor Yuan Longping (1930-), director of hybrid rice research center of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, made the first contribution to this victory.
Yuan Longping, a native of Hunan, was born in an ordinary peasant family. He took part in field work since he was a child, loved every grass and tree in the countryside, and realized the hardships contained in every grain of rice. 1959 After graduating from the Department of Agriculture of Southwest Agricultural College, he came to Hunan Qianyang Agricultural School as a genetic breeding teacher.
It is the most economical and effective technical means to improve crop yield by using the advantages of the first generation hybrid. As early as 1930s and 1940s, hybrid corn was popularized in the United States, and in 1950s, short and high yield hybrid wheat appeared in Mexico. However, since the 1920s, the efforts of breeders to cultivate excellent hybrid rice varieties pollinated by white flowers have not been successful. Yuan Longping combined with agricultural school teaching to keep abreast of external rice breeding trends; While carefully observing the distinctive plants in the surrounding rice fields. 1960, he discovered a natural hybrid rice in the experiment of cultivating high-yield rice seeds, and he was determined to cultivate artificial hybrid rice. 1in the summer of 964, he first discovered male sterile plants, and later took the lead in proposing the idea of cultivating three lines (male sterile lines, maintainer lines and restorer lines) of rice, and worked hard to step up field experiments. 1973, finally broke through many difficulties and became the first indica hybrid rice with strong advantages in the world. 1974 and 1975 have achieved good results in many places in the south, and they began to be widely popularized after 1976. Since then, China has become the first country in the world to use the heterosis of rice. Production practice at home and abroad has proved that under the same conditions, the yield of hybrid seeds is 20-30% higher than that of general improved varieties, with a high yield of more than 50%.
In, indica hybrid rice was transferred to the United States as the first export patent of China, and was introduced to many rice-producing countries in a short time.
In recognition of Yuan Longping's outstanding contribution to the country and people, the State Science and Technology Commission awarded him the first special invention award 198 1 since the founding of New China. 1985 awarded him the gold medal for his invention and creation by the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization, 1987 awarded him the science prize by UNESCO, and 1988 won the international Rankine Gold Award in London, England. International friends praised him as "the father of hybrid rice in China".
Key points of hybrid rice cultivation techniques
First, cultivate strong seedlings with tillers:
1. Paddy field finishing: turning over the soil in winter and airing in slack season will loosen the soil and increase its air permeability. Combined with deep digging, apply decomposed farmyard manure1500-2,000 kg per mu, and repeatedly dig deep to make the clods fine. When sowing, the soil surface should be flat, free from weeds and sundries, dry and rotten, and free from water accumulation.
2. Seed treatment: dry the seeds for 2-3 hours before sowing to improve the germination potential of the seeds. When soaking seeds, soaking seeds for 48-72 hours (2-3 days) with 5 kspock can prevent and control seed-borne diseases, especially bakanae disease (male seedlings).
3. Precision Sowing: Sow 2 ~ 2.5 ㎏ per seedling field of hybrid rice. To reduce the number of seeds without reducing the seedling field, it is appropriate to sow one seed in the seedling field of 3 ~ 4㎏2 (matchbox size).
4. Seed coverage: Seeds must be covered with decomposed and subdivided agricultural fertilizers, and raw manure, chicken manure and urine ash are not allowed. The seeds must be covered tightly, with a thickness of 0.5 ~ 1 ㎝. Before covering the film, each paddy field should be mixed with water15ml of 30% savort EC. The film should be covered with soil moisture, the width of soil moisture is 1.7m, and the film should be covered with a little plastic film. Drainage ditches should be opened around the seedling farm to keep the drainage and irrigation unblocked.
5. Strengthen seedling management:
(1) Before uncovering the film after sowing, keep the surface of soil moisture in the soil moisture ditch moist, pay close attention to the weather changes, ventilate in time in sunny days to avoid burning buds and seedlings, and remove the accumulated water on the film in rainy days;
(2) when the second true leaf of the seedling is unfolded, uncovering the film, leaving a thin layer of water on the seedbed after uncovering the film, and paying attention to the weather change at any time, and irrigating the seedling before greatly cooling down;
(3) When uncovering the film, spray 3-5 kilograms of 65,438+0,000-65,438+0,500 times of Dixon liquid medicine per square meter of the bed surface to prevent wilting;
(4) topdressing in time, applying weaning fertilizer in the second leaf stage, applying 0.5 kg urea per seedling field, applying wedding fertilizer by spraying "Woye ionic potassium dihydrogen phosphate" on the leaves 7- 10 days before transplanting, and applying urea 1 kg per seedling field;
(5) Recently, sucking pests, represented by aphids, have become more and more harmful in Songming rice seedling stage, so it is necessary to do a good job of prevention and control, and spray insecticides and fungicides once before pulling out seedlings to avoid bringing eggs and germs into the field. Weedy paddy fields can be controlled by spraying 0.5-0.8 ㎏ copper sulfate mixed with 8- 10 ㎏ fine soil every minute.
2. Standardized transplanting: fixed-point pull-line transplanting, row spacing of 4×6 inches, 25,000 clumps per mu, multi-tiller transplanting 1 plant, and few or no tiller transplanting.
Iii. Scientific fertilizer and water management: 1. Cultivate fertile fields, and apply high-quality farmyard manure 1000 kg, calcium superphosphate 30 kg, urea 10 kg and potassium sulfate 10 kg as base fertilizer per mu; 2. Topdressing: 5-7 days after transplanting, apply urea 10 kg (including herbicide) per mu; 3. Water management: after transplanting, properly protect seedlings in deep water, manage them in shallow water at tillering stage, and dry them naturally. When the tillering seedlings reach the expected effective panicle number, they should be drained and aired until they crack. Four, do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases, pests and rodents with rice blast as the core.