1. Zhang Heng: Zhang Heng was born in a poor bureaucratic family in Shiqiao Town, Xi'e County, Nanyang County in the third year of Emperor Zhang's reign (78 AD). His grandfather Zhang Kan was a local official and served as the prefect of Shu County and the prefect of Yuyang. When Zhang Heng was young, his family had declined, and he sometimes had to rely on relatives and friends for support. It was this poor life that enabled him to come into contact with the working people at the lower levels of society and some production and life realities, which had a positive impact on his later scientific and creative undertakings. Zhang Heng showed extraordinary talents and extensive knowledge in mathematics, geography, painting and literature. Zhang Heng was one of the representatives of the Huntian theory in the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty; he pointed out that the moon itself does not emit light, but the moonlight is actually the reflection of sunlight; he also correctly explained the causes of lunar eclipses, and recognized the infinity of the universe and the dynamics of planetary motion. The relationship between speed and distance from the earth. Zhang Heng observed and recorded 2,500 stars, created the world's first leaky armillary sphere that can perform celestial phenomena relatively accurately, the first instrument for testing earthquakes - the Houfeng seismograph, and also created a compass and an automatic compass. Note the drum cart, the wooden bird flying several miles, etc. Zhang Heng is the author of thirty-two scientific, philosophical and literary works, including astronomical works such as "Lingxian" and "Lingxian Tu". In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named a crater on the back of the moon "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Heng Star". Guo Moruo, a famous Chinese writer and historian in the 20th century, commented on Zhang Heng: "So comprehensive Such a developed figure is rare in the history of the world. He has been worshiped for thousands of years and is admirable." Later generations called Zhang Heng the "Sage of Science".
2. Shen Kuo: Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD), courtesy name Cunzhong, named Mengxi Zhangren, a native of Qiantang County, Hangzhou (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Portrait of Shen Kuo
[1 ], Han nationality. When he was 1 year old, he moved south to Wuyishan and Jianyang areas in Fujian Province, and later lived in seclusion in Youxi area in Fujian Province. In the eighth year of Renzong Jiayou's reign (AD 1063), he became a Jinshi. During Shenzong's reign, he participated in Wang Anshi's reform movement. In the fifth year of Xining (AD 1072), he was promoted to Si Tianjian, and the following year he went to Zhejiang and Zhejiang to inspect water conservancy and police services. In the eighth year of Xining (AD 1075), he went to Liao as an envoy to refute Liao's territorial claims. The following year, he was appointed Hanlin bachelor and Quan Sansi envoy to rectify Shaanxi's salt administration. Later, he learned about Yanzhou (now Yan'an, Shaanxi Province) and strengthened the defense of Xixia. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), the Song army was defeated by Xixia in the battle of Yongle City and was demoted. In his later years, he wrote "Mengxi Bi Tan" in Mengxi Garden, Zhenjiang. Shen Kuo's scientific achievements are multifaceted. He studied astronomy intensively and advocated a new calendar similar to today's solar calendar. In terms of physics, he recorded the principles of compasses and various production methods; discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination more than 400 years earlier than Europe; also expounded the principle of concave mirror imaging; and also explained the laws of oscillation and other phenomena. Research. In terms of mathematics, he created the "Gap Product Technique" (the summation method of second-order arithmetic series) and the "Method of Circles" (a method of finding the chord and arc length of an arc given the diameter of a circle and the height of an arc). . In terms of geology, he studied the formation of alluvial plains and the erosion of water, and was the first to propose the name of petroleum. In medicine, there are many records of effective prescriptions and many medical works. In addition, he recorded in detail the scientific development and production technology at that time, such as Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing and metal smelting methods. Shen Kuo had a strong interest in astronomy, geography, etc. since he was a child. He studied hard and studied hard. When he was a boy, he lived in Quanzhou, Fujian Province for many years with his father, who was a prefecture official in Quanzhou. Some of his experiences at that time were included in "Mengxi Bi Tan". In terms of astronomy, Shen Kuo also made great achievements. He once manufactured the armillary sphere, the main instrument for observing astronomy in ancient my country; a landscape table showing the shadow of the sun and a schematic diagram of the geomagnetic declination
. In order to measure the accurate position of the Polar Star, he used an armillary sphere to observe the position of the Polar Star every day for three consecutive months. He drew the positions of the Polar Star seen on the first, middle and late nights on the map. After careful research, he finally concluded that the position of the Polar Star was The North Pole is three degrees away. This scientific basis is recorded in detail in "Mengxi Bi Tan". "Mengxi Bi Tan" also records Shen Kuo's contribution to mathematics. He developed the arithmetic series since "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" and created a new high-level summation method - gap product number. In geometry, he invented the circle technique, which is a method of finding the base and arc of an arc from the known diameter and height of the arc. For this reason, Japanese mathematician Yoshio Mikami once gave Shen Kuo a very high evaluation.
"History of Song Dynasty·Biography of Shen Kuo" said that he was "erudite and good at writing, and he was knowledgeable about astronomy, local chronicles, laws and calendars, music, medicine, and divination, and he wrote on them all." British science historian Joseph Needham commented that Shen Kuo was "a coordinate in the history of Chinese science" and "a milestone in the history of Chinese science and technology." On July 1, 1979, in memory of him, the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences named an asteroid 2027 discovered by the observatory in 1964 after Shen Kuo. In the encyclopedia "Mengxi Bi Tan", he was the first person to name the names of stone paint, stone grease water, kerosene, and fierce kerosene that have been used in history as petroleum, and made an extremely detailed discussion of petroleum. He was once called the most outstanding figure in the history of Chinese science by the British scientist Joseph Needham.
3. Guo Shoujing: Guo Shoujing inherited the education of his grandfather Guo Rong when he was young, and studied astronomy, arithmetic, and water conservancy. In the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276 AD, Guo Shoujing
), Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, captured Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. On the eve of unification, he ordered the formulation of a new calendar. Zhang Wenqian and others presided over the establishment of a new calendar administration agency, the Taishi Bureau. . The Taishi Bureau was headed by Wang Xun and assisted by Guo Shoujing. In academic terms, Wang Xun was in charge of calculations and Guo was in charge of instrument making and observation. In the fifteenth year (or sixteenth year) of the Yuan Dynasty, the Taishi Bureau was renamed Taishi Yuan, Wang Xun was appointed as Taishi Ling, and Guo Shoujing was co-informed about Taishi Yuan affairs and established an observatory. At that time, Yang Gongyi and others came to participate in the affair. After four years of hard work, a new calendar was finally compiled in the 17th year of the Yuan Dynasty, and was named the "Time-giving Calendar" by Kublai Khan. "Time-telling Calendar" is a very sophisticated calendar in ancient China. Wang Xun, Guo Shoujing and others have studied and analyzed more than 40 calendars since the Han Dynasty, absorbed the strengths of each calendar, and advocated that the calendar should be based on "the principles of the Ming Calendar" (Wang Xun) and "the foundation of the calendar lies in testing, and the instrument for testing must not be used first." Instrument" (Guo Shoujing), adopted a scientific attitude that combined theory and practice, and achieved many important achievements. Guo Shoujing, Wang Xun, Xu Heng and others, co-edited by ***
Guo Shoujing (12 photos) produced the most advanced and longest-running calendar in ancient my country, the "Time Calendar". In order to compile the calendar, he created and improved more than a dozen astronomical instruments such as the simple instrument, the high table, the pole instrument, the armillary phenomenon, the Yang instrument, the vertical movement instrument, the scenery symbol, and the Peeping instrument; he also established 27 astronomical instruments across the country. An observation station has carried out a large-scale "four-sea survey", and the average error of the measured altitude of the North Pole is only 0.35; the average error of the newly measured twenty-eight-star distance is less than 5'; the new value of the yellow-red angle has been measured, and the error is only More than 1'; the length of the returned year is 365.2425 days, which is completely consistent with the current Gregorian calendar value. To commemorate Guo Shoujing's achievements, people named a crater on the back of the moon "Guo Shoujing Crater" and the asteroid 2012 as "Guo Shoujing Asteroid". The new instruments designed and supervised by Guo Shoujing for calendar revision include: Jianyi, Gaobiao, Houjiyi, Linglongyi, Yangyi, Liyunyi, Zhengliyi, Jingfu, Peeping Ji, Sun and Moon Eclipse Instrument and Star Dial There are 12 types of timing instruments (historical records say there are 13 types, and some researchers believe that the last one may be two types: dials and timing instruments). In Dadu (now Beijing), Guo Shoujing determined the winter solstice time from the 14th to the 17th year of the Yuan Dynasty through about 200 sundial measurements in three and a half years. He also calculated based on reliable historical data and concluded that the length of a tropical year is 365.2425 days. This value is the same as the Gregorian calendar value commonly used in the world today.
4. Newton: Sir Isaac Newton FRS (December 25, 1642 ~ March 31, 1727), a member of the Royal Society, was a British physicist, mathematician, and astronomer scientist, natural philosopher and alchemist. In his paper "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" published in 1687, he described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries
Newton's image (21 photos) and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the motions of terrestrial objects and celestial bodies follow the same natural laws; thereby eliminating the last remaining doubts about the heliocentric theory and promoting the Scientific revolution. In mechanics, Newton clarified the principle of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on observations of prisms diverging white light into the visible spectrum. He also formulated the laws of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit of developing calculus with Gottfried Leibniz.
He also proved the generalized binomial theorem, proposed "Newton's method" to approach the zero point of a function, and contributed to the study of power series. In 2005, the Royal Society conducted a poll on "Who is the most influential person in the history of science?" Newton was considered more influential than Albert Einstein.
5. Marie Curie: Born in Poland on November 7, 1867. She is a French physicist and chemist. As a world-renowned scientist, she studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two natural radioactive elements, radium and polonium. She was known as the "mother of radium" and "the mother of radioactive elements". She won the Nobel Prize twice in her life (the first time she won the Nobel Prize in Physics). Science Prize, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the second time). In the process of researching radium, it took her and her husband three years and nine months to extract 0.1 grams of radium from tons of slag. But in his middle age, his husband unfortunately died under the wheels of a carriage. As an outstanding scientist, Marie Curie had a social impact that ordinary scientists did not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her example has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were children, but most of them got a simplified and incomplete impression. The world's understanding of Madame Curie was largely influenced by the biography "Madame Curie" published by her second daughter in 1937. This book beautifies the life of Marie Curie and calmly handles the twists and turns she encountered in her life. She can tell the location of every gram of radium in the world, which is her most outstanding feature. She died of leukemia in 1934. Until 40 years after her death, radium rays were still being released from the notebooks she used.
6. Edison:
Edison (1847-1931) was a world-famous American electrician, scientist and inventor, known as the "King of Inventions in the World". In addition to his inventions and contributions in the phonograph, electric light, telegraph, and movies, he also had many famous creations and insights in the fields of mining, construction, and chemical industry. Edison and his company employees made approximately 2,000 inventions throughout their lifetime, making huge contributions to human civilization and progress. Edison was also a great entrepreneur. In 1879, Edison founded the "Edison Electric Lighting Company". In 1880, incandescent lamps were put on the market. In 1890, Edison had organized its various businesses into the Edison General Electric Company. In 1891, Edison patented his thin-filament, high-vacuum incandescent light bulb. In 1892, Tom Houston Company and Edison Electric and Lighting Company merged to form General Electric Company, beginning GE's century-long dominance in the field of electrical appliances. Edison is also known as the "Father of Light", "the real-life Prometheus" and the "King of Inventions". He holds more than 2,000 patents for inventions such as incandescent lamps, phonographs, carbon telephone microphones and movie projectors.
7. Einstein:
Photos of Einstein (20 photos) Albert Einstein, one of the top ten outstanding physicists in the world, modern physics The founder, master and founder of the book, he is also a famous thinker and philosopher. Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. Received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich in 1905. He worked at the Patent Office in Bern and served as a university professor at the Technical University of Zurich and Deutsche Prague. Returning to Germany in 1913, he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin and professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1933, he was persecuted by the Nazi regime and moved to the United States. He became a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and engaged in theoretical physics research. He became a U.S. citizen in 1940. There is a familiar adage: "Everything is relative." But Einstein's theory is not a repetition of this philosophical cliché, but a precise mathematical expression. In this approach, scientific measures are relative. It is obvious that the subjective perception of time and space depends on the observer himself. The late nineteenth century was a period of great change in physics. Based on experimental facts, Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics and made fundamental breakthroughs in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His general theory of relativity had a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics.
Albert Einstein
Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass, adhering to the interpretation of quantum theory (vibration and translation of microparticles) that "God does not play dice" The deterministic position of the vector sum of ) solves the long-standing problem of stellar energy sources. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become one of the most basic theoretical tools to explain such phenomena. His general theory of relativity also solved a long-standing mystery in astronomy - the precession of Mercury's perihelion (which cannot be explained by Newton's theory of gravity), and deduced the light bending phenomenon that was later verified, and became the basis for many astronomical theories later. Theoretical basis of the concept. On October 4, 2009, the Nobel Foundation selected "Einstein, the 1921 Physics Prize winner" as one of the three most respected winners in the more than 100-year history of the Nobel Prize.
8. Darwin: Charles Robert Darwin (1809.2.12-1882.4.19), a British biologist and the founder of the theory of biological evolution. As a naturalist, he participated in the British voyage around the world and conducted scientific expeditions for five years. A large number of observations and collections were made on animals, plants and geology, and after comprehensive discussions, the concept of biological evolution was formed. In 1859, "The Origin of Species" was published, which shocked the academic community at that time. The book uses a large amount of data to prove that all living things are not created by God, but develop and change from simple to complex, from low to high through inheritance, mutation, survival struggle and natural selection, and proposes the theory of biological evolution. theory, thus destroying the idealistic "theory of divine creation" and "theory of species immutability". Engels listed the "theory of evolution" as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in the 19th century (the other two were the cell theory, the law of conservation of energy and the law of transformation). The natural selection and sexual selection he proposed are universal theories in the current life sciences. In addition to biology, his theories are also important for anthropology, psychology, and philosophy. In 1859, the book "The Origin of Species" came out, and the first edition of 1,250 copies was sold out on the same day. Darwin spent the next twenty years collecting data to flesh out his theory of the evolution of species through natural selection and to elaborate on its consequences and significance. As a man who did not seek fame but had a creative temperament, Darwin avoided controversy about his theory. While religious zealots attacked evolution as inconsistent with the biblical account of creation, Darwin wrote several other books for scientists and psychologists. The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection reports evidence for the evolution of humans from lower forms of life, evidence for similarities in mental processes between animals and humans, and evidence for natural selection in the process of evolution.
9. Galileo Galilei (Galileo Galilei, February 25, 1564 - 1642[1]) was a pioneer in modern experimental physics and is known as the "Father of Modern Science". He was an indomitable warrior for the truth. Engels called him "one of the giants who was able to break old theories and create new ones regardless of obstacles." Born in Pisa on February 15, 1564. Historically, he was the first to propose and prove that two objects of the same substance and shape with different weights fall at the same speed. He opposed the old customs of the church. As a result, he was persecuted by the church in his later years and Imprisoned for life. He overturned many of Aristotle's views with systematic experiments and observations. Therefore, he is called "the father of modern science", "the father of modern observational astronomy", "the father of modern physics", "the father of science" and "the father of modern science". His work laid the foundation for the establishment of Newton's theoretical system. In 1590, Galileo performed the famous experiment of "two balls falling to the ground at the same time" on the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which overturned Aristotle's theory that "the falling speed of an object is proportional to its weight" and corrected this theory that lasted for 1900 years. long-term erroneous conclusion. In 1609, Galileo created the astronomical telescope (later known as the Galilean Telescope) and used it to observe celestial bodies. He discovered the unevenness of the moon's surface and drew the first map of the moon's surface. On January 7, 1610, Galileo discovered the four satellites of Jupiter and found conclusive evidence for the Copernican theory, marking the beginning of the victory of the Copernican theory. With the help of the telescope, Galileo also discovered the rings of Saturn, sunspots, the rotation of the sun, the phases of Venus and Mercury, the diurnal and lunar motion of the moon, and that the Milky Way is composed of countless stars, etc. These discoveries opened a new era in astronomy.
Galileo provided inspiration for Newton's first and second laws of motion.
10. Nobel: Born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. The mother is a descendant of Rudbeck, a famous Swedish naturalist who discovered lymphatic vessels. He learned the basics of engineering from his father, Emmanuel Nobel, and shared his father's talent for invention. Nobel's father, Emmanuel Nobel, was an inventor who owned a large machinery factory in Russia. From 1840 to 1859, his father engaged in large-scale production of mines in St. Petersburg. These mines and other weapons were used in the Crimean War. . He invented a boiler system for home heating, designed a machine for making wooden wheels, designed and built large forging hammers, and renovated factory equipment. In May 1853, Tsar Nicholas I made an exception and awarded him the medal in recognition of Emmanuel Nobel's achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's never-ending creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a glorious path of scientific invention.
The Nobel family left Stockholm in 1842 to reunite with his father who was in St. Petersburg at the time. Among his 299 invention patents, 129 were related to explosives, so Nobel was called the King of Explosives. Nobel never married and had no children. He suffered from illness for most of his life. He had two famous sayings during his lifetime: "I care more about the bellies of the living than the memory of the dead in the form of monuments" and "I don't see that I deserve any honor, and I have no interest in it." What plain language! But it tells the truth. Luxurious language, language wrapped in a gorgeous coat, sometimes doesn't work.
11. Qian Xuesen (1911.12.11-2009.10.31), male, Han nationality, from Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. An outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, a loyal communist fighter, an outstanding scientist renowned at home and abroad, the founder of China's aerospace industry, and one of the recipients of China's Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal. He once served as a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology. Qian Xuesen entered the High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University in September 1923. In June 1934, he was admitted to the second batch of publicly funded international students at Tsinghua University. In September 1935, he entered the Aeronautics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States. In September 1936, he transferred to the California Institute of Technology in the United States. Department of Aeronautics, became a student of the world-famous aerodynamics professor von Kármán, and soon became von Kármán’s proudest disciple. He received a master's degree in aeronautical engineering and a doctorate in aviation and mathematics. From July 1938 to August 1955, Qian Xuesen was engaged in research in the fields of aerodynamics, solid mechanics, rockets and missiles in the United States, and together with his mentor ***, he completed research projects on high-speed aerodynamics and established the "Karman-Qian approximation" ” Formula, who became a world-renowned aerodynamicist at the age of twenty-eight. In 1950, Comrade Qian Xuesen strived to return to the motherland. At that time, U.S. Navy Undersecretary Kimble claimed: "No matter where Qian Xuesen goes, he is worth the strength of five divisions. I would rather kill him in the United States than let him leave." "As a result, Comrade Qian Xuesen was persecuted by the US government, placed under house arrest, and lost his freedom. In October 1955, after Premier Zhou Enlai's continuous efforts in diplomatic negotiations with the United States - even at the cost of releasing 15 senior US military generals captured in the Korean War in exchange, Comrade Qian Xuesen finally broke through all kinds of resistance and returned to the motherland. Since April 1958, Since September, he has been a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecrafts for a long time. He has proposed extremely important implementation plans for the development of China's rockets, missiles and spacecraft. He has made an indelible and huge contribution to the development of China's rockets, missiles and aerospace industry. contribute.
12. Mendeleev: Born in Tobolsk, Siberia on February 7, 1834, died in Petersburg (today's St. Petersburg) on ??February 2, 1907. In 1848, he entered the Petersburg Vocational School, and in 1850 he entered the Petersburg Normal College to study chemistry. In 1855, he obtained the teaching qualification and received a gold medal. After graduation, he served as a teacher at Odessa Middle School. He received an advanced degree in chemistry in 1856 and obtained his first university position in 1857 as an associate professor at Petersburg University. In 1859 he went to Germany to study at the University of Heidelberg. In 1860, he participated in the International Congress of Chemists held in Karlsruhe. In 1861, he returned to Petersburg and engaged in scientific writing work. In 1863, he was appointed professor of the Polytechnic Institute. In 1864, Mendeleev was appointed professor of chemistry at the Technical College. In 1865, he received a doctorate in chemistry.
In 1866, he was appointed professor of general chemistry at Petersburg University, and in 1867, he was appointed director of the chemistry teaching and research office. From 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. In 1890, he was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society. On February 2, 1907, this world-renowned Russian chemist died of myocardial infarction in Petersburg (now Leningrad) at the age of 73. Mendeleev's greatest contribution to the development of chemistry was his discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements. On the basis of critically inheriting the work of his predecessors, he revised, analyzed and summarized a large number of experimental facts, and concluded the following rule: the properties of elements (and the elements and compounds formed from them) increase with the atomic weight (now according to The national standard is called the relative atomic mass) and changes periodically with the increase, which is the periodic law of elements. He compiled the first periodic table of elements based on the periodic law of elements, and included all 63 discovered elements in the table, thereby initially completing the task of systematizing the elements. He also left gaps in the table, predicted the properties of unknown elements similar to boron, aluminum, and silicon (Mendeleev called them boron-like, aluminum-like, and silicon-like, namely scandium, gallium, and germanium later discovered), and It was pointed out that there were errors in the numerical values ??of the atomic weights of certain elements measured at that time. And he did not mechanically arrange them in the order of atomic weight values ??in the periodic table. Years later, his predictions were confirmed. The success of Mendeleev's work shocked the scientific community. In order to commemorate his achievements, people called the periodic law and periodic table of elements Mendeleev's periodic law and Mendeleev's periodic table.
13. Lavoisier: a famous French chemist. One of the founders of modern chemistry. Born in Paris on August 26, 1743, died in the same place on May 8, 1794. Born in Paris on August 26, 1743. He received a bachelor's degree in law in 1763 and obtained a lawyer's practicing certificate, and then turned to study natural sciences. His earliest chemistry paper was a study of gypsum, published in the Proceedings of the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1768. He pointed out that gypsum is a compound formed by sulfuric acid and lime, which releases water vapor when heated. In 1765 he was elected as an alternate member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. In 1768, he successfully developed a float-sink meter that could be used to analyze mineral water. In 1775, he was appointed director of the Royal Gunpowder Bureau. There was a very good laboratory in the Gunpowder Bureau, and a lot of Lavoisier's research work was completed in this laboratory. In 1775, Lavoisier conducted research on oxygen. He found that the mass gained during combustion was exactly the mass lost by oxygen. It was previously believed that combustibles absorbed part of the air when they burned. In fact, they absorbed oxygen and combined with oxygen. This completely overturned the phlogiston theory of combustion. In 1778 he was appointed professor of the Royal Academy of Sciences. Executed in Paris on May 8, 1794
14. Ampere:
Born on January 20, 1775, in a wealthy merchant family in Lyon, and died in Marseille on June 10, 1836. In 1802 he was professor of physics and chemistry at the Central School of Bourjean-Brace; in 1808 he was appointed provost of the French Imperial College, a position he has held ever since; in 1814 he was elected a member of the mathematical department of the Imperial College; in 1819 he chaired Philosophy lecture at the University of Paris; 1824 professor of experimental physics at the Collège de France. Ampere's most important achievement was his research on electromagnetic interaction from 1820 to 1827. In July 1820, after H.C. Oersted published his paper on the magnetic effect of electric current, Ampere reported his experimental results: the energized coil was similar to a magnet; on September 25, he reported the mutual influence of two current-carrying wires. Parallel currents in the same direction attract each other, and parallel currents in opposite directions repel each other; attraction and repulsion between two coils are also discussed. Through a series of classic and simple experiments, he realized that magnetism was produced by moving electricity. He used this point of view to explain the cause of geomagnetism and the magnetism of matter. He proposed the molecular current hypothesis. Today, with the rapid development of science, Ampere's molecular current hypothesis has substantial content and has become an important basis for understanding the magnetism of matter. In order to further illustrate the interaction between currents, Ampère conducted four exquisite experiments on the interaction of currents from 1821 to 1825, and based on these four experiments, he derived the formula for the interaction force between two current elements. In 1827, Ampere synthesized his research on electromagnetic phenomena in the book "Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena". This is an important classic treatise in the history of electromagnetism, which had a profound influence on the future development of electromagnetism.
In order to commemorate Ampere's outstanding contributions to electricity, the unit of current, the ampere, was named after his surname.
15. Joule: James Prescott Joule (December 24, 1818 - October 11, 1889), British physicist, born in Schaffer, a suburb of Manchester Salford. Joule followed his father in brewing work since he was a child and had no formal education. In his youth, Joule met the famous chemist Dalton under the introduction of others. Dalton gave Joule a passionate teaching. Joule humbly learned mathematics, philosophy and chemistry from him, which laid the theoretical foundation for Joule's later research. Moreover, Dalton taught Joule the scientific research method of combining theory and practice, which inspired Joule's interest in chemistry and physics, and with his encouragement, he determined to engage in scientific research. His first important paper was sent to the Royal Society in 1840, which pointed out the relationship between the heat emitted by an electrical conductor and the current intensity, conductor resistance and energization time. This is Joule's law. Joule proposed the law of energy conservation and transformation: energy will neither disappear nor be created out of thin air. It can only be converted from one form to another, or transferred from one object to another. The total amount of energy Remaining unchanged, it lays the foundation for the first law of thermodynamics (the principle of immortality of energy). Elected as a member of the Royal Society. For his contributions to heat, thermodynamics and electricity, the Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal, its highest honor.
16. Michael Faraday (1791-1867 AD) was a British physicist, chemist, and a famous self-taught scientist. Born in Newington, Surrey, into a poor blacksmith family. Only attended primary school. In 1831, he made a crucial breakthrough regarding force fields that forever changed human civilization. In May 1815, he returned to the Royal Institution to conduct chemical research under the guidance of David. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in January 1824, director of the laboratory of the Royal Institution in February 1825, and professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution from 1833 to 1862. In 1846 he was awarded the Rumford Medal and the Royal Medal. There are two reasons why this discovery can go down in history. First, Faraday's law is more important for the theoretical understanding of electromagnetism. Second, electromagnetic induction can be used to generate a continuous electric current, as Faraday demonstrated with the first electrical generator he invented (the Faraday Disk). Although the modern generators that power towns and factories are much more complex than Faraday's motor, they are all based on the same principle of electromagnetic induction. Faraday's life was great, but Faraday was ordinary. He was simple, unsociable, not interested in fame or fortune, and liked to help relatives and friends. In order to concentrate on scientific research, he gave up all commercial jobs with generous rewards. He In 1857, he declined the nomination of the Royal Society to elect him as president. He was willing to fulfill his promise of dedicating himself to science as a civilian, working in the laboratory of the Royal Society for the rest of his life and being an ordinary Michael Faraday.
17. Linnaeus: Born in Sweden in 1707. Linnaeus's father was a country priest who was very fond of gardening and carefully managed the flowers, plants and trees in the garden in his free time. When he was young, Linnaeus was influenced by his father and loved plants very much. He once said: "This garden and breast milk together inspired my uncontrollable love for plants." When he was eight years old, he was nicknamed "Little Botanist". Linnaeus often asked his father about the unknown plants he saw, and his father told him in detail. Sometimes Linnaeus couldn't remember everything after asking his father, and he repeated questions. In this regard, his father urged Linnaeus to strengthen his memory by "not answering the questions he asked", so that his memory had been improved since childhood. With good exercise, he knows more and more plant species. In primary school and secondary school, Linnaeus was not outstanding academically, but he had an unusual interest in trees, flowers and plants. He spent most of his time and energy on collecting plant specimens in the wild and reading botanical works. Linnaeus's most important achievement in biology was the establishment of an artificial classification system and binomial nomenclature. In his view: "The first step in knowledge is to understand the thing itself. This means having an accurate understanding of objective things; through organized classification and precise naming, we can distinguish and understand objective objects... Classification and naming are the basis of science.
"The book "Natural System" is the representative work of Linnaeus's artificial classification system. Before Linnaeus, because there was no unified naming rule, scholars from various countries named plants according to their own set of working methods, which made botanical research difficult. The difficulties are mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the confusion in naming the same thing and the same thing with the same name; second, the lengthy scientific name of the plant; and third, the language and text barriers between Linnaeus and the type and size of the stamens and pistils. , quantity and mutual arrangement and other characteristics, the plants are divided into 24 classes, 116 orders, more than 1,000 genera and more than 10,000 species. The classification concept of class, order, genus and species was first used by Linnaeus in Latin. The scientific name of the plant unified the terminology and promoted communication. He adopted the binomial nomenclature, that is, the common name of the plant consists of two parts. The former is the genus name, which requires the use of nouns; the latter is the species name, which requires the use of adjectives. Nye is the founder of modern plant taxonomy
18, Leibniz 19, Archimedes 20, Ohm