The first chapter into the world of science and technology
First, the value of technology:
1, the relationship between technology and people
Technology is a method and means adopted by human beings to meet their own needs and desires and better adapt to nature.
(1) Humans need clothes to protect themselves from the cold-textile, printing and dyeing, sewing technology.
(2) Anthropology should eat to supplement energy-cooking and processing of food, cultivation of crops and poultry raising techniques.
(3) Human beings need to live, so they need shelter from the wind and rain.
(4) Humans need to resist the attacks and injuries of wild animals-weapons manufacturing technology.
5. Human beings need to travel-automobile and ship manufacturing technology.
(6) Human beings need to communicate and keep in touch-communication technology.
The emergence and development of technology can better meet people's needs and make people's lives more exciting.
The role of technology:
Protector: provide means and tools to resist the adverse environment and prevent infringement.
Emancipating people: liberating or prolonging body organs, expanding activity space, improving labor efficiency and enhancing various abilities.
Developing people: technology promotes people's spiritual and intellectual development, improves people's innovative spirit and critical ability, changes people's way of thinking, and embodies people's self-worth.
2. The relationship between technology and society
Technology promotes the development of society. Technology enriches social and cultural content. Technology changes social life style. It is one of the main driving forces to promote social development and civilization progress. Specifically:
(1) technology is a form of social wealth accumulation, which has direct economic significance to social production. It promotes the growth of social economy, realizes the upgrading of industrial structure, and provides a foundation for the development of enterprises. Such as the production line of Ford model t.
(2) With the development of technology, great changes have taken place in the labor structure. The number of employees in the primary and secondary industries has decreased, while the number of employees in the tertiary industry has increased substantially. For example, because of the development of agricultural technology and the change of working methods, the number of agricultural employees has decreased.
(3) Technology not only provides advanced means and tools for production, improves production efficiency and economic benefits, but also enriches people's social life and changes people's basic necessities of life, communication, entertainment and education.
(4) Technological progress not only promotes the development of social production and changes in social activities, but also permeates the military, political and cultural fields.
3. The relationship between technology and nature
(1) With technology, human beings can transform and utilize nature. For example, Dujiangyan, the windmill in Holland.
(2) Human beings should use technology and transform nature within a reasonable range, pay attention to the protection of nature, and cannot ignore the protection of nature and the possible negative impact of some technologies or products on the environment.
(3) The development of technology has brought problems to the natural environment, but it also provides the possibility to solve these problems.
"Green" technology: mainly includes the production technology and clean technology of green products.
Second, the nature of technology.
1, the purpose of technology
Technology always starts from a certain purpose, forms a solution to a specific problem, and meets people's needs in a certain aspect. For example, the invention of hearing AIDS. The purposeful, planned and step-by-step technical activities of human beings have promoted the continuous development of technology.
2. Technological innovation
Innovation is the core of technological development. The development of technology needs innovation. Technological innovation is often manifested as technological innovation and technological invention. Technological innovation is generally the transformation and improvement on the basis of the original technology, while technological invention is the generation of a new technology. Technological innovation is a difficult process.
3. Integrated technology
(1), technical activities often need to comprehensively apply all kinds of knowledge.
Technology is interdisciplinary, and comprehensiveness is the inherent characteristic of technology. Generally speaking, every technology needs the comprehensive application of multidisciplinary and multifaceted knowledge.
2. Differences and connections between technology and science.
Science is a knowledge system that observes, classifies, induces, deduces, analyzes, infers, calculates and experiments various facts and phenomena, so as to discover, verify and formulate laws. Science focuses on understanding nature and striving for development (science is to answer "why"); Science verifies hypotheses through experiments and forms conclusions.
Technology is the transformation of nature by human beings to meet their own needs and desires. Technology focuses on the transformation and utilization of nature (technology is to solve "how to do"), science promotes the development of technology, and technology promotes scientific progress. The feasibility and rationality of the scheme are verified by experiments, and the optimization is realized.
For example, scientific activities include Newton's discovery of the law of universal gravitation, Einstein's theory of relativity and Galileo's law of free fall; Technical activities include Watt inventing the steam engine, Bell inventing the telephone and Morse inventing the telegraph.
Scientific research has expanded the space for technological development and become an important foundation for technological development. Technological development also promotes the application and popularization of science, science promotes technological development and technology promotes scientific progress.
(3) Technology is related to other sciences, such as technology and art, technology and technology, technology and materials science.
4. Technology has two aspects.
Objectively everything has two sides, and technology is no exception. It can not only bring people good news, but also bring people harm. For example, batteries can bring light and power, and also bring serious environmental pollution.
On the positive and negative effects of the following technologies:
Network technology (convenient for people to communicate, but some people use network crime),
B-ultrasound technology (can be used for medical treatment, but some people identify the fetus),
Cloning technology (cloning human organs for medical treatment, but also challenging human ethics),
Nuclear technology (power generation, also used in war),
Space technology (scientific experiments, satellite communications. Produce space junk).
Transgenic technology (animals and plants that meet human requirements can be made, but its negative effects are unknown)
5. Patentability of technology
As the result of creative labor, technology is the crystallization of inventor's wisdom and labor, which contains rich social and economic values. In the process of realizing the value of technology, the technical inventor enjoys certain rights to this item, and this right is protected by law.
Intellectual property: it is a right that people enjoy according to law based on the achievements created by their own intellectual activities and the marks and reputation of commercial activities. Intellectual property in a narrow sense includes copyright, patent right and trademark right.
Patent right refers to the exclusive right or exclusive right enjoyed by the inventor or his assignee according to law within a certain period of time. Patent right is an exclusive right. Once it exceeds the protection period stipulated by law, it will no longer be protected by law.
Characteristics of patent: exclusivity, timeliness and regionality.
Patent application steps:
Writing patent documents, submitting patent documents and paying application fees, the Patent Office examines documents, approves patents, obtains patent certificates and pays annual fees and certificate fees.
Third, the future of technology.
Thinking and looking forward to "the future of technology" need neither the sadness of the world in the confusion of technology nor the optimism in the worship of technology. Look at technology rationally and use it in a responsible, far-sighted and ethical way.
Chapter II Design in the Technical World
First, the relationship between technology and design.
1, the development of technology is inseparable from design.
Definition of design: design is based on certain ideas and purposeful planning and creation activities. A technological innovation needs design, a technological product update needs design, and a new process improvement also needs design. Such as the development of writing tools and electric shavers.
(1), design is the bridge and link for the transformation of technological achievements. Case: white pollution and degradable tableware
(2) Design promotes technological innovation. Case: Development of Mobile Communication System
2. The update of technology has an important influence on the design.
(1), technology is the platform of design. Without technology as the basis, design will be difficult to express and realize. Such as: Da? Finch's research and invention
(2) The update of technology provides a broader development space for design, making design themes richer, design expressions more diverse and design efficiency higher. At the same time, technological update has also created more convenient conditions for product upgrading. For example, the development of lamps
(3) Technological progress has also promoted the development of people's design thinking and means. Developed technology constantly enriches people's design thinking, prompting people to constantly consider how to apply new technologies, new materials and new processes to improve existing products and how to organically combine various technologies to develop new products. Developed technology constantly enriches people's design means and methods. For example, the new technology, new materials and new technology adopted in the "Bird's Nest" of the Olympic Stadium.
3. The rich connotation of design
The core of technology world design is technology design. Design is mainly divided into technical design and artistic design. Technical design focuses on: function, structure, materials, procedures and technology; Art design focuses on: appreciation, aesthetics, color, modeling, auditory effect and emotion. In many cases, technical design and artistic design are closely linked.
Second, the man-machine relationship in the design
1, what is man-machine relationship?
In real life, we are always in contact with things around us. When we use these things, things have a relationship with people. This relationship is called man-machine relationship.
Of course, the machine in "man-machine relationship" is not just a computer or a machine. It also includes various tools, instruments, meters, equipment, facilities, furniture, transport vehicles and labor protection appliances. When people are in a certain environment, the man-machine relationship at this time is reflected in the relationship between people and the environment. Case: Man-machine relationship when entering the door by elevator.
In the man-machine relationship between people and a product, there are often complex and multifaceted relationships.
2, the man-machine relationship to achieve the goal
(1), high efficiency
In the design, people and machines should be considered as a whole, and their functions should be allocated reasonably or optimally to promote their coordination and improve people's work efficiency.
We can also improve work efficiency by changing environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, vibration, pollution and weightlessness. For example, the "shovel test" of American Taylor, the "father of scientific management".
(2) Health
The health pursued by man-machine relationship means that the product will not have adverse effects on human health under the condition of long-term operation or use. Case: high heels, cigarettes
(3) Comfort
Comfort in man-machine relationship means that when people use products, the human body can be in a natural state, and the posture of operation or use can be within the natural and normal range of physical activities, so that people will not get tired prematurely. Psychological comfort is also the goal to be considered in man-machine relationship. Case: earth lifting gadget
(4) Safety
Safety means that in people's operation and use, the product does not cause physiological harm to people, and sharp corners and sharp-edged grooves are not allowed in the parts where the product contacts people. Such as safety helmet, safety belt, air bag, etc.
3. How to realize a reasonable man-machine relationship?
(1), considering the general population and special population.
At present, most products are designed for the general population, and the design reference standards are determined according to the data of the general population. But special people are also an important part of society, and they often have unique needs. Therefore, in the design, we should also fully consider the characteristics and needs of special people. Consider the needs of the disabled.
(2) Consider the relationship between static people and dynamic people.
People are always in a dynamic and static state when using products. Therefore, the designed products should not only conform to the static size of the human body, but also conform to the dynamic size of the human body. Easy to use, enough space and so on. This design is conducive to reducing human fatigue, improving efficiency and meeting the requirements of health and comfort.
(3) Meet people's psychological and physiological needs.
The man-machine relationship in design should not only meet people's physiological needs, but also meet people's psychological needs. The color and material of products will have an impact on people's psychology. Vision, hearing, touch and taste will all affect people's psychological feelings. If we can meet people's psychological needs in these aspects in the design, we can better handle the man-machine relationship.
Case: Teahouses and cafes should be designed with warm colors to reduce the space and create a warm and quiet effect. Generally speaking, the office space should be dominated by cool colors, and the space treatment should be concise and lively, so as to produce a rigorous and efficient working atmosphere. This design is to meet people's psychological needs.
(4) Information interaction
The process of interaction between people and products is the process of information transmission between people and products, that is, the process of communication between people and machines using information language. Better man-machine relationship can be obtained by improving information transmission mode.
For example, the phone has no LCD display, LCD display and video call. Case: the color of the car
Third, technical testing and its methods
1, what is a technical test?
(1) definition; We usually refer to exploratory practical activities such as trying, testing and optimizing for a certain purpose in technical activities as technical experiments. Such as: technical test satellite
It should be noted that technical experiments are not the same as scientific experiments.
(2) Function: Technical experiment is an indispensable basic method and means of technical research, which plays a powerful role in ensuring the realization of technical application. Through technical testing, the design can be improved and perfected, and the risks and mistakes of the design can be minimized. Such as: the collapse of the Ashtabila River Bridge and the skin test of mums.
(3) Classification: We can classify technical experiments according to different application scopes, such as agricultural experiments, industrial experiments, national defense experiments, scientific and technological experiments, etc. It can also be classified according to different purposes, such as performance testing, optimization testing, predictive testing, information testing and so on.
2. Technical test methods
(1) Optimization test method: Using the method of mathematical statistics, select several typical tests and logically deduce the best results achieved by all the tests. Such as the comparative test of different varieties of rice.
(2) Simulation test method: it is a method to simulate the actual situation through reproduction. Such as a car crash test. You can also reduce (enlarge) the scale to simulate the field effect of the design. Dam water conservancy test, etc.
(3) Virtual test method: The method of designing a technical prototype and conducting experiments in virtual reality by using computer technology is called virtual test method. Such as: computer virtual Mars probe simulation landing animation.
(4) Intensive testing method: it is a method to improve the testing efficiency by expanding and strengthening the role of the test object in technical testing.
(5) Transplant test method: a method of transplanting some related factors of one thing to another for testing between different things. For example, the planting experiment of oranges transplanted from Jiangnan to Jiangbei. This is a very typical transplant experiment. Such as rats and so on.
3. Technical test implementation and report writing
The implementation of technical test includes: making test plan, sampling, conducting test, analyzing data and drawing conclusions.
Technical experiment is an exploratory practical activity, which requires experimenters to have scientific spirit and rigorous attitude; Technical experiments often go through a tortuous process. Therefore, scientific spirit, rigorous attitude, tenacious perseverance and other good qualities play an important role in the implementation of technical experiments, and the basic qualities that experimenters must possess are actually written.
Compilation sequence of technical test report: test purpose, test preparation, test steps, test records and test summary.
4. The function of technical test in design.
Through experiments, we can find problems, deepen our understanding and promote the development of technical design. Especially in the later stage of design, comprehensive overall testing can provide accurate and objective data for the evaluation of design.
Chapter III Design Process, Principles and Evaluation
First, the general process of design
1, find and clarify the problem.
Essentially, design is a problem-solving process. It starts from the problem and carries out various activities around it. Therefore, the design must start with the investigation of demand and analysis of information, find and clarify the problems that need to be solved and are worth solving, and on this basis, put forward the design scheme and clarify the design requirements.
2. Make a design plan
On the basis of finding and clarifying the requirements, the next thing to do is to collect the information needed for design as widely as possible through various channels, dig out the main factors that affect the design through induction and analysis of various information, boldly put forward various design ideas, and screen various ideas according to certain conditions to determine the final design scheme. This is the process of making a design plan.
In this process, we should boldly break through the shackles of traditional concepts and stay awake at all times.
(1) Different materials and structures can produce different design schemes.
(2) Any design scheme has the possibility of improvement, and there will never be only one good scheme.
Information collection: Relevant information can be collected through user surveys, expert consultation, consulting books and materials, listening to radio and television, browsing the Internet and other channels.
Design analysis: in the face of all kinds of information collected, according to the design requirements, find out the main problems that need to be solved in the design and analyze their possible solutions. Facing the contradiction between design requirements and constraints, in order to find the best solution, we should put forward as many ideas as possible in order to weigh the pros and cons and make a choice.
Scheme conception: Scheme conception is the most challenging link in the design process, which requires us to boldly conceive according to the design requirements, strive to tap our creative potential and put forward multiple ideas to solve problems.
Scheme presentation: the design ideas generated in the process of conception are often vague. In order to make them concrete, we usually use sketches to transform them into visual images. At the same time, these ideas are scattered, from which we can't see a complete design scheme, so we should synthesize these ideas.
Scheme screening: when multiple design schemes are generated, they should be screened according to certain principles.
Step 3 make a model or prototype
After the scheme is selected, we will start making models or prototypes. Generally speaking, model making includes two stages, namely, drawing patterns and making models or prototypes. For drawings, we can draw them by hand or by computer. For small and simple products, the prototype can be made directly, and for large and complex products, the reduced and simplified model can be made first.
4. Testing, evaluation and optimization
To make clear whether the design scheme is feasible, we must also carry out various tests and evaluations, optimize the design scheme and improve the product prototype.
Testing: after the model or prototype is made, it is usually tested. The purpose of the test is to check whether the product can meet the predetermined design requirements in terms of structure and technical performance during operation and use.
Evaluation: On the basis of testing, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the design scheme and products. This evaluation needs to be repeated in the design process.
Optimization: In order to optimize the design scheme, we should not only analyze the specific records of testing and evaluation, but also pay attention to public opinion surveys and make clear the direction of improvement. Generally speaking, we can investigate three typical groups, namely experts, potential customers and users, and collect specific optimization suggestions.
5. Use and maintenance of products
In the process of product use, correct use and maintenance can not only make the product better meet people's needs, but also prolong its service life. Therefore, it is particularly important for product users to master the correct use and maintenance methods. To this end, we usually have to design a product design specification.
Design is actually a dynamic process. In the specific design, some stages or steps may change, and some steps may have a certain period. Therefore, we can't simplify and model the design process, but should arrange it flexibly according to the needs of design.
Second, the general principles of design
In the long-term design practice, people have gradually summed up the general principles of innovation, practicality, economy, beauty, morality, technical norms and sustainable development. These principles are often interrelated, mutually restricted and infiltrated, which are embodied in all aspects of the design process and become the basic criteria to guide the design process and carry out design evaluation.
1, innovation principle
Design is a creative activity for human beings to pursue a better life.
Innovation is to create things or forms with considerable social value by introducing new concepts, new ideas, new methods and new technologies, or innovating existing products. Innovation is the core of design. Life is colorful because of design, and design is charming because of innovation.
In the design process, we can generally consider improvement and breakthrough from the aspects of principle, structure, technology, materials and technology to achieve the purpose of innovation. To realize the innovation of product design, we should not only give full play to people's wisdom, but also pay attention to the application of the latest technological achievements and modern design theories and methods.
2. Practical principles
Practicality in design refers to the basic function of the designed product to achieve its purpose. Physical function (performance, structure, efficiency, accuracy and reliability), physiological function (convenience, safety and comfort), psychological function (modeling, color, machinery and decoration) and social function (personal value, interest, hobby and social status).
The practicality of products is based on the purpose of design, which changes with the times and people, and has distinct personality characteristics.
3. Principles of Economics
The economic principle in design refers to obtaining the best effect at the lowest cost. The so-called lowest cost means that the product gets the best design and realizes the best function, and at the same time, the cost and total amount involved in all aspects are the smallest. Because the materials used in products have their specific properties and processing methods, as designers, if they only pursue formal beauty and don't understand the production process, they will often fail to make them or have high costs. On the other hand, if the designer only pursues cheap and shoddy construction, it will fundamentally violate the purpose of design, which may lead to unsalable or loss-making sales of products and cause greater waste.
Product design must proceed from the interests of consumers, rationally use high-quality and low-cost raw materials that can optimize product quality, improve and perfect product design on the basis of defining target market, controlling production cost and increasing added value of products, and serve the survival and development of enterprises.
Function cost ratio = function/cost. Ways to improve the ratio of function to cost: reduce the cost under the premise of unchanged function; On the premise of the same price, increase the function; Reduce costs while increasing functions.
4. Aesthetic principles
The beauty of product appearance is expressed by the design combination of product modeling, size proportion, materials used, color matching and decorative patterns. Through the combination of various elements, the different design characteristics of products are expressed, and the unique expression elements such as formal beauty, technological beauty, material beauty and color beauty are emphasized, which will produce different product styles and bring people all kinds of beautiful enjoyment.
Aesthetic principles in product design are diverse, which are influenced by consumers, functions, technologies, cultural traditions and other factors.
5. Morality
Product designers must have a broad vision and a high sense of social responsibility, strive to design perfect products to contribute to society, maintain and improve social morality, and promote the development of human civilization.
Product design should always adhere to the purpose of serving the people, not for some immoral purpose. Product design can't destroy the living environment of human beings simply for profit, let alone design and manufacture low-grade interesting products for personal gain, produce fake and shoddy products, or even make food, medicine and other products related to people's health with abandoned and toxic materials. In addition, design is a creative activity. While using intellectual property rights, patents and other laws and regulations to protect their own achievements, we should also respect the moral concepts of other people's intellectual property rights and technological achievements.
6, technical specification principle
The design of products must conform to certain technical specifications. Technical specification is the synthesis of knowledge, fields, methods and regulations related to the development of production technology.
Technical specifications include mandatory standards and recommended technical specifications. Mandatory standards are the requirements that product design and manufacturing must meet, otherwise all kinds of quality and safety accidents will occur. Recommended technical specifications are not necessary for product production, but they have great influence on enterprise image and product quality.
7, the principle of sustainable development
In the technological world, technological products are closely related to ecology, environment and resources. Establishing the concept of sustainable development and reflecting the requirements of sustainable development is not only the principle that product designers should abide by, but also the responsibility that product designers should bear.
The principle of sustainable development of technical design means that product design should not only meet the needs of contemporary development, but also consider the needs of future development, and not meet the needs of contemporary people at the expense of future generations and long-term interests.
The principle of sustainable development is constantly developing and changing with the development of human society and the deepening of human understanding.
In short, the design of products should take into account the long-term development of human beings, the rational utilization of resources and energy, ecological balance and other sustainable development factors.
Design is a comprehensive activity, and its general principles have an important impact on the success of design. However, in practice, various principles are not independent, they are interrelated, mutually restricted and influenced. The most basic principle is the use principle, and innovation is the core.
Third, the evaluation of the design.
The evaluation of design refers to the activity of judging the facts of the process and results involved in design and determining its value by adopting certain methods and means according to certain principles. It plays an important role for designers to establish quality management consciousness, strengthen quality management and complete design tasks with high quality, and also contributes to information exchange and work reflection in design.
Evaluation involves evaluation objects and evaluators. Judging from the evaluation object, the evaluation of design can be divided into two categories: one is the evaluation of design process, and the other is the evaluation of design results. Judging from the evaluators, there are two kinds: one is the designer's self-evaluation and the other is the evaluation of others.
The evaluation of the design process and the evaluation of the design results should be based on fact judgment. In other words, the evaluator must first accurately judge, explain and elaborate the details of the design process and design scheme. Only when the facts are confirmed can the evaluation be effective and undistorted.
It is necessary to formulate corresponding standards for evaluation. Because of the different design objectives and contents, the standards of design evaluation are also different, and sometimes they can be focused. The formulation of evaluation criteria should be objective, clear and scientific.
1, evaluation of design process
Strengthening the evaluation of design process is the key to establish quality management consciousness, strengthen quality management and realize design objectives.
The evaluation of the design process should pay attention to the main tasks and objectives of each link or stage, the connection and coordination between each link or stage in the design process, and the quality of the stage results. The evaluation of the design process should serve the fundamental goal of perfecting the design scheme and promoting personal development. It is not only a retrospective and reflective evaluation at the end of the design process, but also an immediate and phased evaluation in the design process. Therefore, the evaluation of the design process should run through the whole process of design.
2. Evaluation of the final product
The final product is the crystallization of the design process and the concentrated expression of the design quality and level. There are two basic bases for the evaluation of the final product: one is to evaluate with reference to the general principles of design, and the other is to evaluate according to the design requirements formulated in advance. In the actual evaluation, these two aspects can also be combined.
Because the evaluation of the final product is the overall evaluation of the design results, we should grasp the evaluation content from many aspects. For different products, the content and standards of evaluation may be different.
3. Design evaluation and communication.
Many times, the purpose of design evaluation is not to identify, but to exchange information, solicit opinions, discuss with each other, and then improve the design scheme. Even the evaluation based on participating in the evaluation of design results is inseparable from the exchange of design. Therefore, the communication of design runs through the whole process of design and is the basis of design evaluation.
The communication of design can be carried out in many ways. Its methods include oral language, writing, technical drawings, charts, models, computer demonstrations, web pages and so on. The choice of specific methods can be based on different occasions, different purposes, different requirements, different objects and other factors.
In the process of design communication, we should pay attention to refining key technical information. It is necessary to objectively, meaningfully and realistically analyze the ideas, information and opinions put forward by others, and to be able to quickly grasp the innovative points in other people's opinions and suggestions or the inspiring parts in their own design activities to improve their own designs, so that the process of teacher communication can become a process of improving their own designs and broadening their horizons.