1) In terms of tariff concessions, the tariff concessions of developed members on goods reached 40%, that is, the weighted average tax rate was reduced from 6.3% to 3.8%; The tariff items promised by developed members account for 93% of all tariff items and 84% of the total, among which the proportion of tariff items promised to be reduced to zero has increased from 2 1% before Uruguay Round to 32%, and the amount involved has increased from 20% to 44%. The peak tax rate above 15% decreased from 23% to 12%, involving 5%, mainly textiles and footwear; Judging from the level of tariff inhibition, the number of tax items promised by developed members increased from 78% to 99%, and the amount involved increased from 94% to 99%.
The tariff concession level of developing members is lower than that of developed members, and the weighted average tax rate is reduced from 15.3% to 12.3%. From the scope of bound tariffs, the proportion of bound tax items of developing members has increased from 2 1% to 7 1%, and the amount involved has increased from 13% to 6 1%. Most developing members fully bound tariffs after the Uruguay Round, such as Chile, Mexico, Argentina, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, with bound tariffs around 90%.
The implementation period of goods tariff shall be completed within 5 years from 1995 1.
Both developed and developing members have fully bound the tariffs on agricultural products and promised to further reduce them. The concession of agricultural products starts from 1995 65438+ 10/,and the implementation period of developed members is 6 years, while that of developing members is 1 0 years, but some developing members also commit to a 6-year implementation period.
For developed members, the overall tariff reduction of developed members is about 37%, and the average tariff reduction of developing members is about 24%.
2) In terms of formulating rules, the agreements reached in Uruguay Round are mainly divided into four groups. The first group includes GATT 1994 (hereinafter referred to as GATT 1994), which is a revised version of the original GATT (hereinafter referred to as GATT 1947), and the Marrakesh Protocol of GATT 1994 on how to understand and arrange concessions. The second group includes two major agreements, the main purpose of which is to bring agricultural products and textiles and clothing under the jurisdiction of normal rules. The third group includes seven agreements on technology, customs valuation, pre-shipment quarantine, rules of origin, import licensing procedures, sanitary and phytosanitary measures and related measures, and the fourth group includes three remedial measures agreements, namely safeguard measures, anti-dumping agreement and subsidies and countervailing measures. In the past, GATT only dealt with goods, and services were not under the jurisdiction of the GATT multilateral system. Therefore, many countries have taken many protective measures in the field of services, which obviously limits the development of international services. In order to promote the liberalization of service industry, in the Uruguay Round negotiations, developed countries put forward the issue of market access for service industry as the focus of negotiations. After eight years of bargaining, they finally signed the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which came into effect on June 1995, 65438+ 10/day established by the World Organization.
GATS divides the service industry into 12 departments and 160 sub-departments. 12 department, including lawyers, accountants, auditors, computer hardware installation, software services and other professional service departments; Services related to postal services, telecommunications, telex and mail; Architectural and engineering services; Commercial distribution services, including wholesale; Educational services at different levels; Services to protect the environment; Financial services, including insurance and banking; And services such as medical care, tourism, entertainment, cultural and sports services, and service industries. GATS divides services into four forms: first, cross-border delivery of services and cross-border flow of service products, such as lawyer consultation and telecommunications services; The second is consumption abroad, which mainly involves tourism, education and medical care; The third is to provide services in the form of commercial existence (cross-border establishment of commercial or professional institutions), such as services provided by shops, restaurants, law firms, banks and branches of insurance companies; The fourth is the services provided by the temporary movement of natural persons, including performances, lectures and medical practice.
The general obligations of GATS include MFN treatment, transparency principle, gradual liberalization commitment and more participation of developing countries. Unlike goods, most-favored-nation treatment for services is given not only to the service itself, but also to the service provider. As for the principle of market access and national treatment, it is not a universal obligation in GATS, but a specific commitment, which is related to the opening of specific departments and can only be undertaken through negotiations. This distinction between general obligations and specific commitments is a very important feature of GATS. GATS also recognizes the imbalance in the development of service industry between developed and developing countries. Therefore, the principle of more participation of developing countries reflects the special consideration for developing countries: first, developed countries should give priority to developing the service industry of developing countries; Second, allow developing countries to properly protect the service industry, so that their service industry can enjoy certain flexibility in opening up; Third, developing countries can set conditions when opening up the service industry. The achievements of the Uruguay Round in the field of services are the most important progress made by the multilateral system in a single sector since the entry into force of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948. Intellectual property rights are the rights of individuals or units based on the fruits of intellectual and creative activities. Compared with tangible substances in commodities, intellectual property is an invisible intangible asset, which includes patent right, trademark right, copyright and trade secret. An important feature of intellectual property rights is regionality, that is, the right to protect intellectual property rights granted by a country's laws is effective within its own territory and does not have effect in other countries. In order to facilitate the legal protection of intellectual property rights of a natural person or legal person in a country abroad, countries around the world have gradually established an international intellectual property protection system by signing bilateral or multilateral treaties. However, with the development of the world economy, the expansion of the international scope and the rapid development of technology, the international agreements on the protection of intellectual property rights have not adapted to the new needs. At the same time, due to the increasingly close relationship between intellectual property rights and international development, GATT has brought relevant intellectual property rights into the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations.
In February 199 1, the negotiating team of Uruguay Round on intellectual property rights put forward the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. After discussion and revision, the agreement was accepted by all countries at the end of the Uruguay Round and became a formal agreement. The agreement clarifies the objectives and motives of international legal protection of intellectual property rights; Expand the scope of intellectual property protection and strengthen relevant protection measures; Strengthen the prevention and punishment of counterfeiting and piracy; The agreement emphasizes the control of anti-competitive behavior and distortion; The agreement provides transitional arrangements for providing special treatment to developing countries; The final agreement also stipulates the responsibilities of relevant intellectual property institutions and the cooperation arrangements between them. The Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights is an important part of the Uruguay Round package agreement, and all members of this world organization are bound by its rules. Break through the original problems and reach an agreement to establish the World Trade Organization according to the needs of international trade development. Through the establishment of a trade organization, the multilateral trading system has been improved and strengthened, which has laid a good foundation for implementing the results of the Uruguay Round negotiations. This is the most outstanding achievement of the Uruguay Round.