1. Briefly describe the concepts of information, knowledge and literature and their relationships.
1. A: Information: It is the reflection of the existing mode, motion state and characteristics of things, and it is the signal and news sent by things.
Knowledge: It is the result of thinking, analyzing, refining, systematizing and theorizing the information reflection of various phenomena and laws in nature and human society.
Literature: All carriers of knowledge are recorded.
Conceptually, information is greater than knowledge and literature, knowledge is a part of information, which is theoretical and systematic, and literature is a part recorded in knowledge.
2. According to the different carrier forms, what kinds of documents are divided into, and examples are given.
2. Answer: According to the different carrier forms, the literature can be divided into:
Handwritten documents, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen.
Printed literature, such as books and periodicals.
Reduce micro-files, such as microfilm, microfilm
Audio-visual literature, such as video tapes, audio tapes and sci-tech movies.
Electronic documents, such as database documents and network documents.
3. The level of literature and its relationship.
3. Answer: According to the processing degree, the literature can be divided into four types: zero, first, second and third.
Among them, zero-time literature refers to unpublished experimental records, original recordings (images), letters, manuscripts, oral communication information or objects. The zero-order documents are published after being processed by the author, and become documents when they enter the field of social circulation; According to the characteristics of primary documents, the documents are sorted, processed and concentrated according to certain rules and methods, and the obtained documents are secondary documents; A document formed by synthesizing, analyzing, processing and refining the contents of a large number of first-class documents by using the clues of second-class documents is a third-class document.
4. In computer retrieval, how to narrow the retrieval scope?
4. Answer: In computer retrieval, the methods to narrow the search scope are:
(1) Add search terms linked by and, or use "Second Search".
(2) Use specific sub-subject words to define.
(3) Restrict retrieval with fields, such as title retrieval, subject retrieval, weighted retrieval, etc.
(4) Limited retrieval of literature types, languages, important journals, clinical core journals and years.
(5) Enter a more specific category for word retrieval.
5. What are the methods to obtain the full text of literature?
5. A: The methods of obtaining the full text include:
(1) Searching for full-text databases on the Internet
(2) Use online publishing houses and magazines
(3) Using the Library Collection Catalogue (Joint Collection Catalogue)
(4) Use "online full-text delivery service"
(5) Ask the author for it
6. What are the common retrieval methods?
6. A: Commonly used retrieval methods include:
Free word retrieval, subject word retrieval, classified retrieval, author retrieval, institution retrieval, citation retrieval, limited retrieval, etc.
7. Briefly describe the principle of information retrieval.
7. Answer: The principle of information retrieval is to compare the questioning features describing the information required by a specific user with the retrieval marks stored in the information to find out the information that is consistent or basically consistent with the questioning features. The essence is the process of comparing and selecting the user's information needs with the information stored in the information set, that is, matching.
8. What steps does computer retrieval usually include?
8. Answer: The steps of information retrieval include:
(1) Analyze the retrieval subject, and define the purpose and requirements.
(2) Select a suitable retrieval tool.
(3) Select the retrieval approach and determine the retrieval identification.
(4) Looking for literature clues.
(5) Browse the search results to obtain the original documents.
9. Briefly describe the arrangement rules of IM subject index.
9. A: The arrangement rules of subject indexes are as follows
(1) The full index is arranged by subject words.
(2) Under the same subject word, the sub-subject words are arranged in order.
(3) Bibliography of related content is included under corresponding subject words or subject words/sub-subject words; General documents are directly under the subject words, and specific documents are under the corresponding sub-subject words; The title of the same document can be placed under multiple subject words.
(4) The list of documents under the same theme or sub-theme should arrange English documents first, and then arrange non-English documents. English translation titles of non-English documents are enclosed by "[]" to show the difference.
(5) English documents are arranged according to their abbreviations.
(6) Non-English literature should be arranged according to language abbreviations, and according to the abbreviations of periodical names in the same language.
10. What kinds of reference systems are there in the alphabetical list of medical thesaurus (MeSH)? Illustrate its significance with examples.
10. A: The first group: substitute references, which are used to deal with the equivalence between words. In the network thesaurus, there is only one scientific and commonly used synonym as the standard subject word, and other words as non-subject words (that is, entry words). It is manifested as "the item words see the subject words" and "the subject words x item words". For example: cancer see tumor tumor x cancer
The second group: subordinate reference, which is used to deal with the hierarchical relationship between words, that is, the relationship between the whole and the part, and the relationship between the upper concept and the lower concept. For example, under some keywords with larger categories, some keywords with smaller categories are included, and the words with wider content range are keywords, while the words with narrower content range are not used as keywords, but only as secondary keywords. It is represented by "sub-subject words see under the subject words" and "subject words make multiple subject words". For example, please refer to Health Planning. Under Health Planning, Xu Health Priority cancels this reference relationship from 199 1, and all secondary keywords are upgraded to keywords.
The third group: related citation, which is used to deal with the correlation between words, so as to expand retrieval and improve recall rate. It is represented by "keywords see related keywords" and "keywords XR keywords". For example, population control, please refer to related family planning xr population control.
In order to improve the recall rate and facilitate retrieval, in 199 1 and 1992, "also consider" and "subject words/sub-subject phrases with reference" have been added to the network thesaurus.
1 1. What types of databases are usually classified according to the stored contents?
1 1. A: Bibliographic database, fact database, numerical database, full-text database and picture database.
12. What is extended keyword retrieval and what are its advantages?
12. Answer: By selecting the extended function of subject words, the subject words and all their subordinate words can be retrieved at the same time, so that all documents indexed by the selected subject words and more specific subject words can be detected, and the retrieval recall rate can be better improved. Without expansion, only documents indexed by the selected subject words will be detected, and their subordinate words, that is, those documents indexed by the subject words, will not be detected.
13. What are recall and precision, and what is the relationship between them?
13. Answer: The recall rate refers to the ratio of the amount of relevant documents detected by the system to the total amount of relevant documents in the system document library, which reflects the extent to which the actual amount of relevant documents in the system document library has been retrieved.
Recall rate = the number of related documents detected/the total number of related documents in the document library × 100%.
Precision refers to the ratio of the number of related documents detected by the system to the total number of detected documents in a certain retrieval, which reflects how many of all documents actually detected from the system's literature library are related each time.
Accuracy = number of related documents detected/total number of documents detected × 100%.
Recall rate and accuracy are mutual. To search completely, it is necessary to gradually relax the scope and restrictions of retrieval, and as a result, many irrelevant documents will be brought in, which will affect the precision rate. It is not easy to try to improve recall and precision at the same time. On the one hand, it is inappropriate to emphasize and on the other hand, it is inappropriate to ignore. The recall and precision should be adjusted reasonably according to the requirements of specific topics to ensure the retrieval effect.
14. What are the factors that affect the recall and precision?
A: (1) Factors affecting the recall rate.
The factors that affect the recall rate are: the documents contained in the document library are incomplete; Index vocabulary lacks control and specificity; The lexical structure is incomplete; The relationship between words is vague or incorrect; Unknown index; Inconsistent index; The indexer missed important concepts and inappropriate words in the original text. In addition, from the perspective of information retrieval, there are mainly: the retrieval strategy is too simple; Improper choice of words and logical combination; There are too few retrieval ways and methods; Retrieval personnel are unfamiliar with the business and lack patience; The retrieval system does not have the function of word segmentation and feedback, so it can't fully describe the retrieval requirements.
(2) Factors affecting the accuracy
The main factors that affect the precision rate are: index words can't accurately describe the theme and retrieval requirements of literature; The assembly rules are not strict; The choice of words and the relationship between words are incorrect; Index is too detailed; Assembly error; The specificity of the search words used in retrieval is not enough, and the retrieval range is wider than the retrieval requirements; The retrieval system does not have logical negation function and feedback function; The number of words allowed in the search formula is limited; Improper cut-off position, improper use of logical "or" in retrieval formula, etc.
15. What is the working principle of an independent search engine?
15. A: The working principle of an independent search engine is:
Run search software regularly (or manually) to collect network information.
Use indexing software to automatically index and establish a database.
Provide users with relevant information resource navigation, directory indexing and retrieval interfaces in the form of web pages, and users will input the retrieval type.
Search and match through search software, and sort the output according to correlation.
16. How to improve the recall of retrieval?
16. A: Ways to improve the recall rate:
(1) Reduce the specificity of search terms, and select some superordinate words and related words to add to the search formula.
(2) Adjust the search degree and reduce the combination of logical AND.
(3) To carry out ethnic retrieval, we can use classified retrieval, or use a group of synonyms, synonyms and related words, and connect them with "or" in the retrieval formula.
(4) Using word segmentation technology to cancel some restrictive symbols.
17. How to improve the retrieval accuracy?
17.a: methods to improve accuracy;
(1) Improve the specificity of search words and replace them with standard word or free words with strong specificity.
(2) Add "He" to further clarify the theme concept.
(3) Define the detectable domain where the search word is located, and use the position operator to control the order and position between words of the search word.
(4) Restrict the external characteristics of exported documents, such as limited year, language and document type.
(5) Use logical negation to limit the output of documents irrelevant to the problem.
(6) Search with subject words, without or with less free words.
18. according to China's patent law, what are the types of patents and how long are the validity periods of all kinds of patents?
18. a: according to the patent law, there are three types of protection objects: invention patents, utility model patents and design patents.
Invention patent is the main protection object of patent law. The validity period of the invention patent right varies from country to country, and in China it is 20 years from the date of application.
The validity period of the utility model patent in China is 10 year from the date of filing.
The patent for design in China is valid for 10 year from the date of application.
19. What are the basic elements of an information retrieval system?
19. A: The information retrieval system includes:
(1) retrieval documents, that is, an organic collection of document retrieval marks.
(2) technical equipment, that is, various technical equipment that can store information and its identification and realize storage and retrieval operations.
(3) People who act on the system, such as document processors, users, system maintainers and managers.
(4) retrieval tools such as retrieval language, document indexing rules, input and output standards, etc.
20. What is an inline document and what is an inline document of a database?
20. Answer: Sequential files are directory files with document records as the information storage unit and arranged in descending order according to the access numbers of document records. Because it stores the most complete information about each document, it is usually called the main document, which is equivalent to the text part of the print retrieval tool. Reverse document is a document obtained by extracting all detectable fields or attribute values from records and reorganizing them in a certain order. Reverse gear is derived from the main file, so it is also called auxiliary file.
2 1. What are the main tools for obtaining network information resources?
2 1. A: The main tools for obtaining network information resources include:
(1) email
(2) File transfer protocol
3. Archie
(4) Remote login
(5) gophers
(6) Newsgroups
(7) World Wide Web browser
(8) Search engines
22. What are the main features of core journals?
22. A few journals that publish a large number of high-quality professional papers in a certain discipline are called core journals, and their main features are:
(1) Publish professional documents with high density and information;
(2) High level, representing the latest development level of this discipline;
(3) The publications are relatively stable and the published literature has a long life;
(4) High utilization rate and cited rate.
23. Try to describe the concept and types of Internet search engines.
23. A: A search engine is a general term for web pages with query function on the Internet, that is, it allows users to submit queries, retrieve a list of results of web pages related to queries, and sort them.
According to the retrieval content, it is divided into: comprehensive search engine and professional search engine;
Classified by retrieval function: directory search engine, full-text search engine and intelligent search engine;
According to the search scope, it is divided into independent search engines and meta-search engines.
24. Briefly describe the concept and characteristics of conference papers, and what conference paper retrieval systems are available at home and abroad?
24. Conference documents refer to papers, reports, speeches and other conference-related documents published at various scientific and technological conferences.
The main characteristics of conference documents are: timely dissemination of information, focused topics, novel content, strong professionalism, high quality, large quantity and various publishing types, which often represent the latest academic research achievements of a certain discipline or professional field and basically reflect the academic level, research trends and development trends of that discipline or major. Conference literature is one of the important information sources for sci-tech novelty retrieval.
Foreign conference papers retrieval tools include: ISI's proceedings(ISTP+is shp)；); Papers first (sub-library of OCLC first search); IEEE/IEEE electronic library; AIP offer procedure
The systems that can retrieve conference papers in China are: the full-text database of academic conference papers in China (Wan Fang data); Full-text Database of Important Conference Papers in China (CNKI)
25. When Hong Zhou searches for a topic, the result of the first search is 172 documents. What are some suggestions for narrowing the search scope?
25. A: Ways to narrow the search scope include:
(1) Improve the specificity of search words and replace them with standard word or free words with strong specificity.
(2) Add "He" to further clarify the theme concept.
(3) Limit the detectable field where the search term is located.
(4) Use position operators to control the order and position between words.
(5) Restrict the external characteristics of exported files, such as year, language and file type.
(6) Use logical negation to restrict the output of documents irrelevant to the problem.
(7) Search with subject words, without or with less free words.
26.26 What's the difference? Medline and Pubmed
26. A: The difference between Pubmed and MEDLINE is mainly reflected in:
(1) Literature collection scope: Pubmed includes not only MEDLINE database, but also PREMEDLINE database and data directly provided by publishers to Pubmed.
(2) Update time of the database: MEDLINE online database is updated weekly, the report time difference of MEDLINE CD is 1-3 months, and Pubmed is updated daily.
(3) Retrieval mechanism: MEDLINE has only two topics and authors, and mastering Mesh table is the first condition for retrieval, while Pubmed has the functions of automatic conversion and matching of words and automatic expansion of subject words.
(4) Link function: Pubmed has the link function with the original text, related literature, related books and related molecular biology databases.
(5) Free full text: Pubmed provides free full-text browsing and retrieval functions for more than 60 periodicals.
(6) Cost: MEDLINE CD needs to rent the database every year, and Pubmed is free.
27. What are the concepts and characteristics of patent documents?
27. A: Patent documents are the general name of official documents and publications produced by countries and international organizations that implement the patent system in the process of patent examination and approval. Patent literature has the following characteristics:
(1) patent literature is a huge strategic information resource with a wide range of contents, which integrates technical, legal and economic information.
(2) Promoting the dissemination of the latest technical information;
(3) The patent document format is standardized and highly standardized, with a unified classification system, which is convenient for retrieval and reading;
(4) The disclosure of inventions in patent documents is complete and detailed, and the technical content is relatively reliable.
28. What databases can I choose to search for Chinese and foreign literature on "Hepatitis B Epidemiology"? Please select a database and briefly retrieve the policy.
28. Answer: The Chinese retrieval systems that can be used to retrieve "Hepatitis B Epidemiology" literature are: China HowNet, VIP, Wanfang, CBM, etc.
Optional foreign language retrieval systems include MEDLINE, Pubmed, EDSCO, springerlink, Open Access, etc. Among them, the retrieval strategy in CNKI is:
Search term: article name; Keywords: hepatitis B; Logic: or
Search term: article name; Keywords: hepatitis B; Logic: and
Search term: subject; Keywords: epidemiology
The retrieval strategies in CBM are: hepatitis, B/[ extended whole tree] epidemiology.
29. What retrieval system can be used to find out whether there is a journal of Computer Communication in the library of Jining Medical College?
29. A: The available retrieval systems include: library online retrieval system, superstar digital books and scholar digital library.
30. Please list five advanced Google search grammars and illustrate their usage with examples.
You can choose five examples from the following grammar.
(1) "Link" operator: Find all pages linked to a specific page, which can also be realized in advanced retrieval mode.
(2) "Relevance" operator: automatically find similar webpages at the same level as a webpage, which can also be achieved through advanced search mode and "similar webpages" in the search results interface.
(3) "Info" operator: You can get all the information of a webpage in Google's inventory.
(4) "Site" operator: Limit the search results to a certain domain, or use the "Domain" option in the advanced search interface.
(5) "All Intitle" operator: Require all questioning words to appear in the title of the webpage.
(6) "Allinurl" operator: all questions are required to appear in the url.
(7) "inurl" operator: the question word is required to appear in the url.
(8) The "file type:" operator is a very powerful and practical search syntax developed by Google. The second is the document type, which can restrict access to a certain document type's web pages, and then take the document type as an example.
3 1. How many ways can I find the literature published by an author in CBMWin4.0 version 4.0? What is the difference?
3 1. A: There are four kinds.
There are three kinds of author retrieval methods in "basic retrieval":
First, select the "Author" field in the "Search Item" drop-down color Dan, and then enter the name of the author in the search question box;
Second, enter the author's name directly in the query box, and then add "in au";
Third, directly enter "au=" in the search question box, followed by the author's name.
"Author Search" mode: enter the author's name directly in the search question box.
32. What are the main types of evidence in EBM?
32. According to the quality and reliability, it can be roughly divided into the following five levels (the reliability is correspondingly reduced):
Level 1: after collecting all reliable randomized controlled trials, the specific treatment of specific diseases was systematically evaluated or analyzed according to meta;
Grade II: Randomized controlled trial results with sufficient single sample size;
Level 3: Study with control group but without random grouping;
Grade 4: Uncontrolled continuous case observation;
Level 5: Expert opinions or evidence based on physiology, pathophysiology and basic research.
33. List six kinds of databases that can retrieve citations.
33. A: The database where citations can be retrieved is as follows (the following six can be written).
( 1) SCI
(2) SSCI
(3) H&ACI
(4) China Scientific Papers and Citations Database (CSTPC).
(5) Chinese scientific citation database
(6) Citation Index of Chinese Social Sciences
(7) Citation database of China sci-tech periodicals.
(8) China Knowledge-based Engineering Chinese Citation Database
(9) China Biomedical Literature Database
34. Types and characteristics of information retrieval.
34. Answer (1) Personal information source: A large amount of personal information working in a certain field and information on the development of various things come together.
(2) Organization information sources: mainly refer to the internal information sources within the organization.
(3) Physical information sources: information resources expressed in physical forms such as cultural relics, product samples, models and sculptures.
(4) Literature information sources: knowledge and information resources recorded on various carriers in various ways such as words, pictures and symbols.
1) Books: Books, also known as books, refer to publications with relatively mature contents, systematic materials and complete binding forms.
2) Journals: Journals, also known as magazines, refer to those continuous publications that are published regularly or irregularly and bring together the works of many authors.
3) Dissertation: it is a professional research paper written by undergraduate and graduate students to obtain degree qualifications.
4) Science and technology report: it is a formal report as a scientific research achievement.
5) Patent document: a legal document published by a special government agency, which describes in detail the design and manufacturing process of an invention and shows that the owner of the invention has the right to manufacture, use and sell it within a certain period of time.
6) Standard documents: normative documents of technical specifications approved and issued by authoritative organizations and available for people to implement.
7) Product samples: documents issued by manufacturers to introduce and promote their products.
8) Conference documents: refer to papers and reports published at international and domestic professional academic conferences.
9) Government publications: documents produced by government agencies and published by designated publishing agencies.
(5) Electronic information source: mainly refers to the information that can be stored and disseminated by using electronic technology.
35. Composition of the database.
A: A database consists of documents, records and fields.
(1) document: it is related records and combinations organized according to a certain structure.
(2) Record: it is the basic data unit that constitutes a document.
(3) Field: it is a smaller unit than a record, and it is the basic unit that constitutes a record.
36. Classification language.
36. Answer: Classification language gives corresponding classification numbers according to the subject attributes of documents, expresses the subject concept of documents with the classification numbers, and arranges them into classification indexes according to the order in the classification table, which provides a classification method for searching documents.
Classification language uses the principle of logical classification to condense documents according to the theme and specialty of document content, and reveals the differences and connections of various documents in content from the perspective of knowledge classification.
Classified language well embodies the systematicness of disciplines and specialties.
Classification languages can be divided into system classification languages and assembly languages. At present, the former is widely used in China.
36. Theme language.
37. A: Subject language is a language that uses highly generalized words to describe the subject of a document and uses it as a symbol to organize a retrieval system.
Topic language is divided into headline words, meta words, keywords and descriptive words.
(1) Title words: words, phrases or phrases selected from natural languages and standardized to express the concept of things.
(2) Meta-words refer to the smallest and most basic words that can be used to describe the topics mentioned in the literature.
(3) Narrative words: Use words that can express the theme of the document and are strictly standardized.
(4) Keywords: extract natural words and phrases that can express the theme of the document directly from the title, document or full text of the document, which are not standardized and have substantial significance.
38. Information retrieval channels.
Answer: 1. Classified literature: it is the way to search the literature according to the subject category to which the literature content belongs, and it is searched by classification number or category.
2. Subject method: it is a method to retrieve literature through words that reflect the theme of literary content.
3. Keyword method: refers to the words that are not standardized in free indexing and are directly taken from words that can express the theme of the document and play a key role in the original text.
4. Author mode: refers to the way of searching documents in alphabetical order according to the names of authors, editors and translators or the names of institutions and groups.
5. Title method: refers to a method of searching by title, journal name or article name.
6. Numbering method: it is a "numbering index" method arranged according to the file code and serial number.
39. The connotation of information retrieval literacy.
A: 1. Information consciousness: refers to the reaction of information in the human brain, that is, people's conscious psychological reaction to all kinds of information, which reflects people's understanding, attitude, value orientation and certain demand for information in information activities.
2. Information knowledge: refers to theories, knowledge and methods related to information.
3. Information ability: refers to the ability to effectively use information technology and information resources to obtain information, process information and create and exchange new information.
4. Information ethics: refers to certain ethical norms that should be observed in the process of information acquisition, use, creation and dissemination.
40. Information retrieval strategy.
40. Answer: 1. Analyze the retrieval subject and make clear the purpose requirements.
Information retrieval is always carried out according to the needs of a certain topic, and each retrieval topic has a clear purpose and specific requirements. Therefore, before retrieval, we should first make a careful analysis and study on the retrieval subject, and make clear the purpose and requirements of retrieval. Because of different purposes and requirements, the choice of chain tools and chain methods is also different.
2. Selection of retrieval system and database.
The selection of information retrieval and database mainly considers the subject range, preservation period, update period, indexing quality, uniqueness, required cost, system performance and auxiliary services, and also pays attention to the cooperation of comprehensive and professional databases.
3. Select the retrieval method and determine the retrieval mark.
The so-called retrieval approach, that is, the retrieval items (fields) in the database, refers to which angle or direction to start the retrieval.
Search marks refer to symbols or words used to accurately express the content and appearance characteristics of literature information, such as classification number, subject words, keywords, author's name, periodical name, etc. It is required to accurately find out the retrieval identification during retrieval to avoid false detection.
4. Edit the retrieval expression and adjust the retrieval strategy.
Retrieval expression is a logical retrieval expression used to express retrieval problems. According to retrieval requirements, the selected retrieval marks are combined with different operation symbols to achieve ideal retrieval results.
However, in the actual retrieval process, the results detected by the established retrieval expressions are often unsatisfactory at one time, and the retrieval strategy needs to be adjusted in time according to the analysis of the retrieval situation.
5. Get the original text.
(1) Search online full-text database.
(2) Use online publishing houses and magazines.
(3) Use the library collection catalogue (joint collection catalogue).
(4) Use "online full-text delivery service".
(5) Ask the author directly.
If the full text of the document is not obtained by searching in the above steps, it can be obtained in the following ways.