In 1876, German surgeon and pharmacologist GeorgLedderhose was the first to isolate glucosamine from the hydrolysate of chitin, but it was not until Walter haworth, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 that the three-dimensional structure of glucosamine was determined. Natural D- glucosamine exists in the form of 6- phosphate, which is the biochemical precursor of all amino sugars. In the first step of hexosamine synthesis route, glucosamine -6- phosphate was synthesized from fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine. The final product of the synthetic route is uridine diphosphate -N- acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which is a donor of N- acetylglucosamine residues such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and lipopolysaccharides.
during the 1 years from the discovery of amino sugar in 1811 to 191, only 2 papers were published in the world. During this period, the research and production of fiber and starch were paid more attention, but amino sugar was not paid attention to.
from p>1926 to 1949, 3-7 articles were published every year, which was the initial development stage of amino sugar. From 197s to 199s, the research focus of amino sugar shifted to Japan.
From p>1936 to 1943, the former Soviet Union and Japan respectively increased their research on amino sugar. Since the 199s, the research and application of amino sugar have developed vigorously.
Glucosamine is the precursor of glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide), and the latter is the main component of articular cartilage, so glucosamine is often used in the adjuvant treatment of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine supplementation may help to reconstruct cartilage and treat arthritis, but the medical community has no conclusion on its efficacy. Experiments show that glucosamine is not more effective than placebo in relieving pain. Western countries such as Europe and America
(1) The United States began to study amino sugar in the 19th century, and was the first country to engage in the production of amino sugar, but it was not widely used in the field of medical care until the 199s.
(2) As a nutritional supplement for articular cartilage, amino sugar is widely used, and it is the only nutritional health care product recognized by European and American medical circles for treating bone and joint diseases.
(3) In 1996, the amino sugar passed the examination of FDA and EC.
(4) The United States imports thousands of tons of amino sugar from China every year for drug development and production.
In Japan
(1) In the 197s, the focus of the world's research on amino sugar shifted to Japan. In most universities and scientific research units, a group of people were engaged in the research and product development of amino sugar.
(2) During the decade from 198s to 199s, one patent was applied almost every three days.
(3) The sales volume of amino sugar products in Japan ranks first among healthy foods, and it is the only functional food allowed by the Japanese government to publicize its efficacy.