[Tang]
When I hear the elders who ask for wood, I will strengthen their roots [1]; Those who want to flow far [2] will dig their springs [3]; A man who considers national security will accumulate his morality. The source is not deep, but it flows far. Roots are not solid, but seek the length of wood. If virtue is not thick, the country will be safe. Although I am stupid, I know it is impossible, but it is wise to assess the situation. When a person is an artifact [4], he is the largest in territory [5]. He will worship the rigor of heaven and keep the rest boundless forever, never considering being prepared for danger in times of peace, and refraining from extravagance and frugality [6]. Virtue is not thick, and he can never get it. He will also cut off his roots and let the wood flourish, blocking his source and trying to flow to the elderly.
Every 100 heads of state [7] accept the fate of heaven and earth [8], but they are full of worries, talk loudly, become famous, and lose their morality. A good beginning is complicated, but a good ending is few [9]. Is it difficult to take away the easy things and keep them? I took it before, and I still have a surplus. What's the point of staying until today? If a husband is worried about yin [10], he must be single-minded; If you succeed, you will be addicted to pride [1 1]. Wholehearted wuyue [12] is an organic whole, and pride is the way of flesh and blood [13]. Although Dong Zhi severely punished him [14] and angered him [15], he finally excused himself mercilessly, with a respectful face but unconvinced. There is not much resentment, but people are to be feared, and it is advisable to be cautious when carrying a boat to capsize.
If you can see what you want, you will quit contentedly; There will be a work [16], and then I want to help people in Zhi Zhi; Humble and self-grazing at high risk [17]; If you are afraid of flooding, you will think of all the rivers under the river [18]; Music disc tour [19], and then think about the degree of three drives [20]; If you are worried about slacking off, start cautiously and end with respect [21]; If you care, you will think modestly and accept it; Fear of evil is thinking of evil [22]; If you add grace, you will think there is no reason to be happy; If you are punished, you will think that there is no abuse of punishment because of anger. The sum of these ten thoughts, Hongzi Jiude [23]. Jane can do it [24], choose good and follow it, then the wise do their best, the brave do their best, the benevolent sow their benefits, and the believers serve their loyalty [25]. In the civil-military dispute, the monarch and the minister have nothing to do, so they can travel to Henan as much as possible, support Joe's life, and play the piano without saying anything. Why bother thinking hard instead of thinking about it? 〔26〕
—— Selected from The Biography of Wei Zhi in Old Tang Dynasty, a punctuation book by Zhonghua Book Company.
2.& lt& gt Any way to govern the country must enrich the people first.
Rich people are easy to treat, but poor people are difficult to treat. What if I know? When the people get rich, they go back to their hometowns. When they return home, they are afraid of sin and easy to cure.
People who are poor are in danger in the countryside, while those who are light are cheap at home. If they are in danger of their hometown and despise their families, they dare to ban it, and it will be difficult to eradicate it. Therefore, those who govern the country are often rich, and those who mess with the country are often poor.
Those who take goodness as their country must enrich the people first and then govern the people. Generally speaking, to govern a country, we must first make the people rich, so it is easy to govern when the people are rich, but difficult to govern when the people are poor.
How did you know? When people are rich, they will settle down in their hometown and cherish their homeland. When they love their hometown in Anxiang, they will respect the monarch and fear punishment. When they respect the fear of sin, governance is easy. When people are poor, they will feel uneasy about living in the countryside and look down on their homes. If they feel uneasy about living in the country and despise their homes, they dare to confront the monarch and violate the ban. If they resist the ban, it will be difficult to govern.
Therefore, a well-governed country is often rich, and a chaotic country is bound to be poor. Therefore, a monarch who is good at governing the country must first make the people rich and then govern the country.
The kings of the past 79 generations had different legal systems and different orders, but everyone was the king of the world. Why? The country will be rich and strong, and the millet will be abundant. Rich countries and rich countries were born in agriculture, so Wang Gui comes first.
Anyone who is anxious for the country must first ban the skillful end, and at the end of the skillful end, it is forbidden to travel without food. People who travel without food will have to plow the fields. Private farming means land reclamation, land reclamation means more millet, and more millet means national wealth.
The country is rich and the people are strong, and the soldiers are strong and the people are wide. Therefore, the late king knew that all people, Qiang Bing, a vast land and a rich country would be born in Suye, so it was forbidden to work at the end to stop Kit Kat and benefit agriculture.
I don't cook kit kat today, but I will cook five eclipses a day. The farmer's work all year round is not enough to support himself.
But * * * gave up skills and finally did it. If you give up your skills, you will achieve nothing, the land will be barren and the country will be poor.
Once upon a time, emperors' statutes and political orders were different, but they all unified the world. What is the reason? It must be because the country is rich and has a lot of food. Most of the country's wealth comes from agriculture, so the first generation of holy kings attached importance to agriculture.
Any urgent task of governing the country must first ban luxury industry and commerce and luxury goods manufacturing. If these are banned, people can't wander around begging for food, and they have to engage in agriculture. When the people engage in agriculture, the land will be reclaimed. When the land is reclaimed, the grain will increase and the country will become rich. The country is rich and the people are strong, and the war will win if the soldiers are strong. If defeated, the land will be vast.
Therefore, the first generation of sages knew that the population was large, the military strength was strong, the territory was vast, and the national wealth must come from grain, so they all banned extravagant industry and commerce and the production of luxury goods to facilitate the development of agriculture. Now people engaged in luxury goods industry and commerce and luxury goods production can eat for five days a day.
Farmers work all year round, but they can't support themselves. In this way, the people gave up agriculture and engaged in luxury industry and commerce.
Abandoning agriculture and engaging in luxurious industry and commerce will make the land barren and the country poor. Every farmer who is less than a month old and over one year old is also eager to levy and give him double the loan.
Sometimes, people plow the fields, but they don't plow enough, so they have to borrow twice as much money to get rid of them. Autumn five, spring a bundle, is also a double loan.
Therefore, the above-mentioned certificate was taken from the people four times, rented by the Guan family, and collected from the treasury eleven times. The four times should also be doubled. The husband supports four masters with one citizen, so those who flee can't stop their punishment, and the people have nothing to accumulate.
The characteristic of all agriculture is that the monthly income is often insufficient, and the annual income may be more than enough. But the government is in a hurry to collect taxes and has no time. Farmers have to borrow "one for two" usury to cope with the above expropriation.
There are seasonal restrictions on plowing and weeding, but the rain may not be timely enough, so farmers have to borrow usury to hire people to water the land. The price of grain bought by merchants in autumn is "five", and the price of grain sold in spring is "ten", which is also a usury.
Therefore, if the above demands are counted, there are four places that can ask farmers for multiples, because the city's rent tax, the collection of the state treasury, one-tenth of the grain collection, and all kinds of labor add up. Add it up all the year round, and it is equal to a usury.
A farmer has to support four creditors, so the monarch can stop the outflow of farmers when the fugitives are punished. This is because there is little food and farmers have no savings. To the east of Songshan Mountain, between the river and the secluded place, fleas are born and died late, and where the grain lies, four kinds of five get it.
Middle-aged acres of two stones, one husband is millet two hundred stones. Today, the granary is empty and the people have no accumulation. Farmers who live on porridge have no ability to forget it.
Therefore, the former king made it easy for farmers, scholars, businessmen and workers to communicate with each other, and the annual income was not the same. It is based on the people.
When people cultivate a piece of land, cunning is not innate. Land reclamation leads to more millet, and millet leads to national wealth.
Clever and cunning will not give birth to * * *. Rich and rule, Ben Wang Zhidao also.
From the foot of Gaoshan Mountain to the Yellow River and Rushui. Crops grow early and set late, which is a good place to increase grain production.
Sowing is being done all year round, and all crops are being harvested. In the middle of the year, the grain yield per mu is two stones.
A worker can plow 100 acre and collect 200 stones. Now that the national granary is empty, the people have not accumulated it.
Farmers sell their children and women because the monarch can't balance the people's income. Therefore, the first generation of holy kings always paid attention to the exchange of industries among farmers, scholars, businessmen and workers, and their annual income could not exceed each other.
In this way, farmers specialize in agriculture, and their income can be balanced with other industries. Farmers who concentrate on farming will be taken back, and cunning will not happen.
When the land is reclaimed, there will be more grain, and the country will be rich and have more grain. Without cunning, the people will be stable again.
Being rich and stable is the road to success. If you don't give birth to millet, your country will die; if you give birth to millet, you will die; if you give birth to millet, you will not die.
Millet also, the people return; Xiaomi is also, and wealth is also; Millet also belongs to the land. If there are more millet, everything in the world will dry up.
So Shun moved to a city, to Chengdu and to a village. Shun punishment is not strict, prohibition is not heavy, but the people return to it, and those who leave will suffer, and those who follow will benefit.
Wang Weimin did what he wanted first, so all the people in the world joined him. The so-called profit-seekers, benefit farmers; The so-called pest control, it is forbidden to harm farmers.
If you win farming, you will receive more millet, and if you receive more millet, you will be rich. If you are rich, you will go back to your hometown. If you go back to your hometown, you will change your customs and drive away many immigrants. As for killing them, people are miserable. This service is also successful.
Weak agriculture leads to less millet, poor millet leads to poor people, and poor people lead to light families. It's difficult to change the master's position, so it's not feasible to make it, to ban Fukashi, and the war is invincible, so it's not necessary to be solid. There is no need to order.
3. The original classical Chinese text about governing the country
Shunfa is in mu, Fu Shuo is in banlou, glue fish is in salt, Guan Yi is a scholar, Sun Shuai is in the sea, and Baili is in the city.
Therefore, when the sky falls, people must first suffer their minds, their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies, and mess around. Therefore, patience has benefited them a lot.
People are unchangeable, and then they can change; Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor. A country, if there are no ministers and wise men who can assist the king, will often be in danger of the collapse of its neighboring countries and the misfortunes from abroad.
In this way, you will know that sorrow is enough to make people live and pleasure is enough to make people die.
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A country, if there are no ministers and wise men who can assist the king, will often be in danger of the collapse of its neighboring countries and the misfortunes from abroad.
4. The content is the classical Chinese of governing the country according to law. There are a lot of classical Chinese in Han Feizi. The following article is for reference: Han Feizi believes that to govern the country well, law and art must be combined.
He said, "Man is the master of great things, and it is clever to break the law" (difficulty 3), and "if you have no skills, you will build on them, and if you are incompetent, you will be in chaos" (law). "Ability" includes the following contents: First, because of being able to grant officials, that is to say, according to the ability of subordinates, people are granted official positions.
The second is "seeking fame and responsibility" ("determining the law"), which is the main point of the technique. Legalists are typical utilitarianism and pragmatism, and attach great importance to objects. It is a basic principle for legalists to inspect cadres, emphasizing that the surface conditions and essence should be mutually confirmed and a person should be comprehensively inspected. This is the so-called "art of naming".
Han Feizi said that your main task is to control and restrain your courtiers, so you must check whether the form and name are consistent, and whether what your courtiers say is consistent with what he does. The third is the "Three Five Ways" (Eight Classics), which is a specific method for legalists to examine the words and deeds of ministers. The main meaning is to use various situations to check and investigate the fault of the responsible person, and use various situations to analyze and find out the reasons for success.
If we don't analyze the reasons for success, the lieutenants will despise the monarch, and if we don't strictly investigate the faults, the lieutenants will collude with each other. Fourth, in the leadership strategy, we should use "seven skills", that is to say, seven strategies ("seven skills inside").
These seven strategies are: (1) multi-fingering, that is, verifying the words and deeds of liegeman through various observations; (2) people who make mistakes must be punished to establish prestige; (3) Reward as much as possible, keep your word in the rewards, and encourage talented and accomplished people; (4) When listening to the responsibility, listen to the opinions of the lieutenants one by one, and then judge; (5) Suspicion and treachery means that the monarch is close to some people on the surface and lets them work by his side for a long time, but does not give them tasks. Others think that these people are secretly instructing, so people who do bad things will be afraid, suspicious and afraid to be bold; (6) Asking questions is an effective means to examine the loyalty of subordinates, that is, asking subordinates with what they already know and seeing what they say, so as to test their attitudes and learn many secrets by analogy; (7) Irony is to say something that is contrary to the original intention in order to get the true attitude of subordinates. Fifth, in the process of management, Han Feizi emphasized the need to prevent minor delays and eliminate negative factors from details.
There are six subtle and hidden situations in the management of "six micro": (1) "Power is borrowed from below". To prevent power from being dispersed and overhead, the core power cannot be lent to others, which is the patent of leaders.
(2) "Borrowing different benefits" is to prevent internal and external collusion. People in the organization will weaken and oppose the superior leaders with the help of external forces because of their different interests from the leaders. (3) "Draw inferences from others", which is a means to deceive superiors and cover up the truth to achieve personal desires, and must be guarded against.
Han Feizi told a story about Qi. The doctor of Qi shot and drank with the king of Qi. He was drunk and sat on the porch. The doorman asked him to enjoy some leftover wine, but he was refused. After Yi left, the doorman poured some water under the porch.
The next day, after going out, the King of Qi saw the water and asked angrily, "Who pees here?" The doorman replied, "I haven't seen anyone, but yesterday Dr. Yi got shot after drinking too much and stood here for a while."
King Qi shot and killed Yi. This is a typical example of a villain planting and framing. As a leader, we must investigate clearly.
(4) "Contradiction of interests", that is, benefits and harms always appear at the same time, and benefits will harm and harm will benefit. Therefore, the country loses depends on who benefits from it, and the subordinates lose depends on who benefits from it. Through this kind of examination of interests, we will find the cause and effect of things and the key to handling things. (5) Power struggle is inevitable, courtiers' power struggle is the root of the crisis, and leaders should pay attention to and control it.
(6) "disturbing the country", that is, hostile countries interfere in the appointment and removal of important personnel in their own countries, should be avoided as far as possible. Once trapped, the consequences will be unimaginable. Potential is a concept of legalists, which is different from that of military strategists.
The broad sense of "potential" refers to the objective situation, and the narrow sense of "potential" refers to power. Han Feizi attaches great importance to "potential" and thinks that "upholding the law is to govern the potential, while backing the law is to eliminate the potential for chaos" (difficult potential).
What is said here is the state of power created by leaders through law and technology. In order to further illustrate the importance of this trend, Han Feizi made a metaphor, saying that a thousand kilograms of things can float freely on the boat, and a small copper coin will sink when it falls under the boat. Their root cause is not weight, but strength and lack of strength.
At the same time, whether a country can establish its authority, exercise its powers and win the support of its subordinates depends on whether its status and power are consolidated. The main ways to gain power are: first, control the situation and manage subordinates by relying on skills.
Han Feizi said: "although people are wise, they should not violate the law and monopolize power;" Although there is virtue, it must not be harder than what you have done; Although there is loyalty, you can't explain the law but you have no choice. It's called Farming. Those who induce things and those who talk eloquently must abide by both "("South ").
Second, relying on institutional power, leaders can only ensure the stability of the situation if they firmly grasp the right of rewards and punishments. "If you don't obey the punishment, you will get it for nothing, and if you are guilty, you will be weak and humble."
Therefore, Han Feizi said: "The power is heavy, the source of man and king ... so is the weapon of rewarding and punishing the country. Governing the minister is in the monarch, and winning the monarch is in the minister "("Yu Lao ").
The correct way is to "adhere to the importance of saints and learn from all directions" (Yang Que). Sages insist on grasping the main points and core issues, and "four directions should be effective" means being good at empowering people, leaving details to subordinates to do, and firmly grasping the core power by themselves.
Generally speaking, Han Feizi's methods, techniques and situations actually tell leaders that the core issue of managing an organization is power. Law is the manifestation of power, art is the means of power, and potential is the ownership of power.
It is necessary to formulate strict rules and regulations and define powerful reward and punishment measures. Rules and regulations and reward and punishment measures should be clearly shown to everyone, and every reward and punishment should be made public, so.
5. The answer to the classical Chinese reading of "Governing the Country and Reliving the People" Original: In the nine years of Zhenguan, Taizong said that the courtiers said: "In the early days, the capital was flat, and there were few beautiful women in the palace, and there was no dissatisfaction in the courtyard. Yang-ti's intentions are still unfinished, and he does not seek merit. His belligerence and people's poverty led to his demise. This is what I saw. So, I work hard at night, but I want to be clean, so there is nothing in the world. Therefore, the corvee is not prosperous and the people are happy. Governing a country is like planting a tree. Roots do not shake, branches and leaves flourish. If it can be clean, how can the people be uneasy? "
Interpretation: governance: governance; An: Diazepam. Administer the country and the people.
In the ninth year of Zhenguan (the title of Li Shimin), Emperor Taizong said to the guards, "Before (Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) just made the capital, the palace was full of beautiful women and antiques. However, Emperor Yang Di was still not satisfied and kept asking. At the same time, the people couldn't stand it, which led to the demise of the Sui Dynasty. I (the emperor claimed) witnessed all this with my own eyes, so I worked hard day and night, hoping that I would be innocent and wise and make the world peaceful. Therefore, the military service system can not prevail, and the grain harvest is bumper every year, and the people live and work in peace and contentment. Governing a country is like planting a tree. A few don't sway, and the branches are flourishing. If the monarch is wise, how can people be unhappy? "
6. Find ancient prose about governing the country.
flood
[Original]
No one is unhappy with those who rule peace, and no one is unhappy with those who rule peace for a long time. It hasn't been leveled for more than a hundred years. It's been a long time. However, if you talk about hukou, you will see that it increased by five times 30 years ago and by 10 times 60 years ago, which is by no means 20 times that of a century or decades ago.
Try to count a family: when I was in high school, I had ten houses, a hectare of land and one person. After I married a woman, there were only two people. Two people live in ten rooms, and one hectare of food is more than enough. Three by life, four by son, each with eight wives, eight people have to be hired, no less than ten people. Ten people live in ten houses and eat one hectare of land. I know they only have enough to live and eat. Children give birth to grandchildren, and grandchildren marry women. In the meantime, elderly people may have metabolism, but there are no fewer than 20 people. More than 20 people live in ten houses and eat one hectare of land, which means eating enough. I know that will not be enough. Since then, so have I. Since then, I have watched Gao He for more than fifty or sixty times. Gao and Zeng are one family, and Zeng and Yuan are more than ten. In the meantime, one household registration has declined, even if there is a Dingmen, it is enough to be an enemy.
Or: "I used to be in high school, and I didn't have enough space to explore and enough leisure to live." However, the number of fields and houses is often insufficient, and the number of households and mouths is often redundant. What's more, there are merged houses, where one person owns a house with 100 people and one family owns a field with 100 households. Why is it strange that so many people died because of hunger and cold?
Yue: Is there a law in heaven and earth? Yue: Floods, droughts and epidemics are also ways to regulate heaven and earth. However, only 1 12 people are unfortunate because of floods, droughts and diseases. Yue: Jun, are there laws for each other? As the saying goes, those who leave the wilderness idle, the people have no spare capacity, new settlers, immigrants living in the territory, and heavy taxes, consider the past and the present, reduce them, prohibit their extravagance, and restrain their merger. In case of floods, droughts and diseases, they will open warehouses and learn from the state treasury to help them. If so, it is also a way of mutual adjustment.
If you want, for a long time, heaven and earth can't help but give birth to people, and the reason why heaven and earth support people is only this number; For a long time, you and Xiang can't keep anyone, and the reason why you and Xiang are both for the people is the same as before. However, a family of ten children often has one or two children who don't teach, and the world is wide. How do those lazy and incompetent people obey the constraints one by one? It is not enough for one person to live in ten people, let alone one hundred. One person's food is not enough for ten people, let alone one hundred people, which is why I care about the people in power.
[translation]
No one is unwilling to be a common people in a stable society, and no one is unwilling to be a common people in a long-term stable society. A hundred years of social stability is a long time. But when it comes to its registered population, it has increased five times compared with 30 years ago, 10 times compared with 60 years ago, and not only 20 times compared with 100 years ago and 100 years ago.
Try to calculate with a family: at that time, there were ten rooms and one hectare, and there were only two people after marriage. Two people live in ten rooms and eat the grain produced by one hectare of land, so they are more than rich. Based on a man's three sons, there are four fathers and sons in his generation, and all three sons have married daughters-in-law, so there are eight people in the family, and eight people can't help without employees, so there are no fewer than ten people. Ten people live in ten rooms and eat the grain produced by one hectare of land. I know that their life is only enough to eat, and it is only enough. The son gave birth to a grandson, who married a daughter-in-law. Some of them are weak and old, but there are no fewer than twenty of them. More than twenty people live in ten rooms and eat the grain produced by one hectare of land. Even if they calculate their appetite and measure their stay time, I know it's not enough. As a result, the population of great-grandchildren and great-grandchildren has increased by no less than fifty or sixty times than that of great-grandfathers and great-grandfathers. This is when great-grandfather and great-grandfather were a family, and it spread to great-grandson and great-grandson, regardless of ten families, endlessly. During this period, there were families with decreasing population, that is, families with increasing population, and the increase was enough to offset the decrease.
(Someone) asked: Is there any way (to solve this problem) between heaven and earth? (We) say that floods and droughts are the way to regulate the population of heaven and earth. However, only 12/ 10 people died from floods and droughts. Q: Is there any way for the prime minister of the monarch to solve this problem? (We) said: People who have left no idle fields and no surplus labor force for the people and moved to new land and paid heavy taxes should cut them according to the present and past trends, prohibit extravagance and waste, control mergers and acquisitions, open public warehouses and take out all the things owned by the state treasury in case of floods and droughts. That's all. This is how monarchs and prime ministers regulate population.
In a word, with long-term social stability, the world will inevitably increase its population, but the things that heaven and earth use to feed people are already limited; After a long period of social stability, the monarch and prime minister can't help asking the people to have children, but there are only some ways that the monarch and prime minister can consider for the people. However, there are ten children in a family, and one or two of them often don't listen to instruction. In addition, the world is big, how can those idle people obey the above constraints? One person's house is not enough for ten people, let alone one hundred people. It is not enough for one person to eat ten people, let alone one hundred. That's why I'm worried about people who are stable in society.