Significance of standardization
1. Necessary conditions for modern mass production
Standardization can standardize social production activities, standardize market behavior, lead economic and social development, promote the establishment of the best order, and promote technical coordination and cooperation of related products. With the development of science and technology, the socialization of production is getting higher and higher, the technical requirements are becoming more and more complicated, and the production cooperation is becoming more and more extensive. Many industrial products and projects often involve dozens, hundreds or even tens of thousands of enterprises, with cooperation points all over the world. Such a complex production combination objectively requires that production activities must be highly unified and coordinated in technology. Therefore, many technical standards, working standards and management standards must be formulated and implemented, so that all production departments and all production links within the enterprise can be organically linked to ensure the orderly production.
2. The basis of scientific management
Standardization is beneficial to realize scientific management and improve management efficiency. Modern production pays attention to efficiency, and the connotation of efficiency is benefit. Standardization is also the premise for modern enterprises to realize automation and computerized management.
3. The need to adjust the product structure and industrial structure
Standardization can make rational use of resources, simplify production technology, realize exchange and combination, and create conditions for adjusting product structure and industrial structure.
4. Necessary means to expand the market
The purpose of production is consumption, and producers must develop the market if they want to find consumers. Standardization not only makes it possible to expand production scale and meet market demand, but also creates conditions for implementing after-sales service and expanding competition. It should be emphasized that due to the increasing socialization of production, the economic development of various countries and regions has been closely integrated with the global economy. Standards and standardization not only open the way for the world integrated market, but also set the threshold for entering such a market.
5. A platform to promote the transformation of science and technology into productive forces
Science and technology is the primary productive force, but before it goes out of the laboratory, it only affects and plays a role in the field of science and technology, and it is a potential productive force, not a realistic productive force. Only through the unified platform provided by technical standards can science and technology quickly transition to the field of production and transform into real productive forces, thus generating due economic and social benefits. Standardization and scientific and technological progress are closely related, and they complement each other and promote each other. Standardization is an important "bridge" for transforming scientific and technological achievements into productive forces. Advanced scientific and technological achievements can be transformed into productive forces through standardized means and promote social progress.
6. Bridges and ties to promote trade development
Standardization can enhance mutual communication and understanding among countries in the world, eliminate technical barriers, and promote international economic and trade development and scientific and cultural exchanges and cooperation. At present, the world has been integrated by highly developed information and trade, and the trend of trade globalization and market integration is unstoppable, and the bridge and link that can really connect countries and regions is technical standards. Only when the world organizes production and trade according to the same standards can market behavior play its due role in a wider scope and scope, and the material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings can be enjoyed by human beings all over the world.
7. Improve quality and protect safety
Standardization is conducive to stabilizing and improving the quality of products, projects and services, promoting enterprises to take the road of quality and efficiency development, enhancing quality of enterprise and improving the competitiveness of enterprises; Protect human health, protect personal and property safety, protect human ecological environment and make rational use of resources; Safeguard consumer rights and interests. Technical standards are the main basis for measuring product quality. They not only stipulate the performance of products, but also stipulate the specifications, inspection methods, packaging, storage and transportation conditions of products accordingly. If products are produced in strict accordance with standards, inspected, packaged, transported and stored according to standards, the quality of products can be guaranteed. The standard level marks the quality level of products. Without high-level standards, there will be no high-quality products.
Question 2: What is the significance of establishing electrical standards? The electrical appliance standard belongs to the industry standard, which is a supplement to the national standard and a professional technical standard. It has a guiding role in enterprise research and development, production, sales and user application.
Question 3: The origin, purpose and significance of quality management system standards. The origin of quality management system standards;
"O9000" quality management system is one of the international standards formulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The concept put forward in 1994 refers to "all international standards formulated by ISO/TC 176(ISO Technical Committee for Quality Management and Quality Assurance)". This standard is helpful to organize the implementation and effective operation of quality management system, and it is the general requirement and guide of quality management system. In the 1990s, China transformed ISO9000 series standards into national standards, and subsequently, various industries also transformed ISO9000 series standards into industry standards.
"O9000" certification standard is a concept put forward by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. It is an extension of the old BS5750 quality standard and refers to an international standard formulated by ISO/TC 176(ISO Technical Committee for Quality Management and Quality Assurance). "O9000" does not refer to a standard, but a set of standards. According to the definition of ISO9000- 1: 1994: "ISO9000 family is all international standards formulated by ISO/TC 176." Among more than 12000 standards issued by ISO, O9000 is the best-selling and most popular product.
ISO9000 quality management system
The ISO9000 quality management system is formulated by the International Organization for Standardization, which is the most important non-international organization for standardization in the world. It was founded after World War II and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The purpose of the organization is to promote the development of standardization and related work worldwide, so as to facilitate the exchange of international trade and services, and to develop cooperation in knowledge, science, technology and economic activities, so as to promote the globalization of trade in products and services. The international standards formulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have been recognized by its global 100 member countries and regions.
Quality assurance standards were born from the military standards used by American military products. After World War II, the U.S. Department of Defense learned from the experience and lessons of military products quality in World War II and decided to implement quality assurance in the ordering of weapons and ammunition. That is to say, in the production of ordered goods, the supplier should not only ensure the physical quality of the products according to the technical requirements put forward by the buyer, but also carry out quality control according to the quality assurance clauses put forward at the time of ordering and incorporated into the contract, and submit quality control documents when submitting the goods. This method has prompted the contractor to carry out total quality management and achieved great success. After 1978, the quality assurance standard was introduced into the ordering of civilian products, and Britain formulated a set of quality assurance standards, namely BS5750. Subsequently, many countries in Europe and America have formulated their own quality management standards and implementation rules on the basis of summarizing years of quality management practice in order to meet the new requirements put forward by both suppliers and demanders.
ISO/TC 176 Technical Committee was established by the International Organization for Standardization to meet the needs of adopting quality assurance practices in international trade. On the basis of summarizing and referring to relevant international national standards and practical experience, the Technical Committee issued the world's first series of international standards for quality management and quality assurance-ISO 9000 series standards in 1987 through extensive consultation. The birth of this standard is a new era of quality management and quality assurance in the world, which has played a very good role in promoting the quality management of industrial enterprises and the quality assurance of both supply and demand sides in the world and promoting international trade exchanges.
Second, the purpose and significance of implementation:
—— Emphasize the customer-centered concept, make it clear that the company obtains and understands customer requirements through various means, determines customer requirements through the operation of various processes in the system, meets or even exceeds customer requirements, and obtains the feeling of customer satisfaction procedures through the measurement of customer satisfaction, thus continuously improving the company's position in customers' hearts and enhancing customers' confidence;
—— explicitly require the top management of the company to directly participate in the activities of the quality management system, formulate quality policies and quality objectives at all levels from the company level, judge the performance of the quality management system by obtaining the realization of quality objectives in time, directly participate in regular management reviews to grasp the overall situation of the whole quality system, and take timely measures for the shortcomings of the system to ensure the adequacy of resources from the company level;
-Clarify the responsibilities, powers and relationships of people with different functions and levels, and learn from them ... >>
Question 4: What is the importance of setting food standards? Food safety.
The concept of food safety Food safety is an easy-to-understand but difficult-to-define term.
On May 12, 2005, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine officially promulgated and implemented the Requirements for Food Safety Management System, which is an important measure to strengthen food safety management in response to the promulgation and implementation of China's ISO22000 standard and marks new progress in the legalization and standardization of China's food safety management system.
Food safety in school canteens is a matter of great concern to schools and health administrative departments. Promoting the introduction and implementation of ISO22000 standards in school canteens, building a food safety management system that conforms to the characteristics of school canteens, and providing safe and high-quality catering services for teachers and students should become the same responsibility and important means for schools and health departments to manage food safety in school canteens.
I. Characteristics of ISO22000 standard
This standard further establishes the role of HACCP in the food safety management system, integrates the standards and technical regulations on food quality, hygiene and safety adopted by all countries in the world, provides an international standard for the food safety management system, and embodies the new concept and model of food safety management from farmland to table.
(1) Extend and expand the scope of food safety management system. "O22000" standard requires organizations to first realize their role and position in the food chain, and realize that food safety hazards may be introduced into any link of the food chain. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively control the whole food chain to ensure effective communication within the food chain, so as to provide safe food for the final consumers. This will help the school canteen to re-examine the scope of food safety management, and expand its control scope to include food acceptance, processing and sales, raw materials provided by suppliers, etc., especially paying attention to the food safety management of upstream organizations (suppliers).
(2) Meeting the requirements of laws and regulations is the premise of establishing a food safety management system.
? The premise of the food safety management system is to integrate the relevant laws and regulations applicable to food safety into the food safety management system. On the one hand, it is required to be consistent with the laws and regulations on the safe use of food in providing safe final products, and the top management of the organization should ensure that the food safety policy meets the food safety requirements and the laws and regulations agreed with customers; On the other hand, when establishing a food safety management system, organizations are required to meet the requirements of laws and regulations in terms of internal and external communication, selection and design of premise schemes, description of product characteristics, hazard identification, establishment of traceability system, related clinical tests and measuring devices. This will help school canteens to establish a more perfect food safety management system, and change the situation that food safety management standards in some school canteens are arbitrary and conflict or inconsistent with national laws and regulations to some extent.
(c) Communication is the key principle of food safety management system.
In ISO22000 standard, it is pointed out that mutual communication is the key principle of food safety management system, and at the same time, the requirements of internal and external communication are clarified. The scope of communication includes not only communication within the organization, communication with customers, but also communication with its upstream and downstream organizations in the food chain, communication with food management authorities, and communication with other organizations that affect or will affect the effectiveness or update of the food safety management system. In addition, the organization is required to ensure that the personnel who affect food safety are aware of the necessity of effective internal and external communication, ensure that the food safety team obtains the changed information in time, and take the internal and external information communication as the input to update the food safety management system. This will help to improve the importance of internal and external communication in school canteens and expand the scope and content of internal and external communication.
(D) Risk control is an important embodiment of the food safety management system.
The ISO22000 standard stipulates "emergency preparedness and response", which requires top managers to consider potential emergencies and accidents that may affect the food safety umbrella of the organization and show how to manage them, and requires the organization to identify potential accidents (incidents) and emergencies, such as fire, flood, terrorist activities, man-made destruction (such as poisoning), energy failure (such as power failure), environmental pollution, food poisoning and food safety incidents, and new hazards.
The standard of risk control is also reflected in the problem >>
Question 5: The significance of formulating national standards. How to say the significance of formulating national standards in English?
Significance of formulating national standards
Question 6: What are the engineering standards? On the significance and function of national product standards. Engineering construction standards refer to the standards that need to be coordinated and unified in the survey, planning, design, construction, installation and acceptance of various projects in capital construction.
Because:
1, product standard is the basis of organizing production.
Article 6 of the Standardization Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) clearly points out that if the products produced by enterprises have no national standards or industry standards, enterprise standards shall be formulated as the basis for organizing production. The product standards of an enterprise shall be reported to the local standardization administrative department and the relevant administrative departments for the record. Where there are national standards or industry standards, the state encourages enterprises to formulate enterprise standards that are stricter than national standards or industry standards and apply them within enterprises.
As the saying goes, a clever woman can't cook without rice. No matter how strong the production capacity and high the technical level of an enterprise are, if there is no basis for blind production, the quality of its products will be guaranteed. It is difficult to produce high-quality products because we don't know the structural performance, specifications and quality requirements of the products. Paper reference. Product standards are like navigation marks, which give enterprises a clear direction in production. Therefore, enterprises need to organize production in accordance with national standards, industry standards, local standards or enterprise standards for the record. In order to improve product quality and enhance the market competitiveness of products, some enterprises have specially formulated product internal control standards to organize production on the premise of existing registered product standards.
2. Product standard is the basis of ex-factory inspection.
Article 18 of the Measures for the Administration of Enterprise Standardization stipulates that the products produced by enterprises must be inspected according to the standards. The standards mentioned here refer to product standards. The products produced by enterprises hope to be qualified products, and only qualified products can be accepted by consumers and users; Only when the products are sold smoothly can the social and economic benefits be achieved and the enterprises grow and develop. So how can we ensure that the products are qualified at the factory? It is necessary to carry out ex-factory inspection on the products. According to what the enterprise produces, it is necessary to conduct inspection according to what the product is qualified, and it is necessary to conduct inspection in strict accordance with the ex-factory inspection items required in the product standards. According to the judging rules, this batch of products is judged to be qualified by testing the technical indicators of the samples' ex-factory inspection items and comparing them with the corresponding technical requirements in the product standards. Through factory inspection, we can know the basic quality of products, know which aspects meet the technical requirements, which aspects need attention and which processes need improvement, so as to improve the qualified rate of products.
3, product standards are the basis of trade (delivery)
Product standard is the technical guarantee of product quality and the comprehensive reflection of the technical and economic ability of the organization. Paper reference. The competition of products in the market is mainly manifested in the quality dispute, that is, the contest between technology and economic ability. Product standards are the guarantee to meet customer requirements. In the process of purchasing, product standards are the technical basis for purchasing personnel to control suppliers. In the sales process, product standards are the basis for signing contracts. Quality disputes should be handled according to product standards. In international trade, product standards play a greater role. According to the definition of standards stipulated in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, standards are documents approved by recognized institutions, which are not mandatory and provide universal or reusable rules, guidelines or characteristics for products or related production methods. Although international standards are not mandatory, enterprises with large production scale and high technical means voluntarily adopt international standards, because adopting international advanced product standards can eliminate barriers in international trade and make trade unimpeded. The perfect combination of product standards and quality management system requirements can enable the organization to prove its ability to provide products that meet the requirements of customers and applicable laws and regulations stably, and can continuously increase customer satisfaction.
4. Product standards are the basis of technical exchange.
Article 11 of the Standardization Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that the formulation of standards should be conducive to promoting foreign economic and technological cooperation and foreign trade. Product standardization is an important part of standardization work, and it is an effective means to improve enterprise management, improve process level, ensure product quality, maintain advanced performance and obtain economic benefits. Enterprises mainly produce products, and all production technology activities serve the center of "products". Therefore, the degree of product standardization directly affects the production and technical work of enterprises. At the same time, standards are one of the basic elements of modern trade. In today's increasingly fierce international trade, standards have become one of the focuses of competition among countries. Whoever has the right to formulate standards and whose technology is transformed into standards will have the initiative and right to speak in the market. So some people say that "third-and fourth-rate enterprises sell products, while second-rate enterprises sell patents, which is first-class ... >>"
Question 7: What is the significance and value of the formulation of technical professional standards for primary school teachers? 1. The basic basis for the construction of teachers by relevant departments
We know that teachers are a special profession and a professional job. Strictly speaking, not everyone can be a teacher. The formulation of "Standards" provides a relatively unified and objective basis for teachers' access, assessment and withdrawal, which is conducive to the relevant departments to strictly control teachers' access, determine the teacher management system, and ensure and maintain teachers' quality. Therefore, professional standards provide a basic basis for relevant departments to build a teaching staff.
2. The basic basis for teacher education institutions to carry out teacher education
Teachers' professional standards can not only standardize the contents of pre-service education and post-service training in teachers' educational institutions, but also help teachers' educational institutions to highlight their characteristics on the basis of ensuring the basic contents, which is of great significance to improve the quality of teachers' pre-service training and post-service training. Therefore, professional standards are the basic basis for teacher education institutions to carry out teacher education.
3. The main basis for standardizing teachers' education and teaching behavior
Teachers' professional standards put forward clear requirements for teachers' concepts, knowledge and behaviors. Teachers can not only ensure the scientificity of education and teaching activities, but also ensure the effectiveness of education and teaching activities according to these requirements. At the same time, there are specific standards for the evaluation of teachers' education and teaching activities. This is of great significance to ensure the standardization of education and teaching and improve the quality of education and teaching. Therefore, professional standards are the main basis for standardizing teachers' educational and teaching behavior.
4. Teachers' own professional development guide
"Professional Standards for Teachers" also makes specific provisions on teachers' morality, knowledge and ability, and puts forward clear requirements. This makes teachers clearly know what the professional development of teachers includes and what the specific requirements are, and can understand which aspects have met the requirements and which aspects need to be strengthened according to the standards, which provides a clear direction and goal for the professional development of teachers. Therefore, professional standards are also a guide for teachers' own professional development.
Then, what is the essence and concept of teachers' professional standards? Let's interpret the essence and concept of teachers' professional standards.
Second, the nature and concept
(1) nature
1. "Professional" standard
2. "Qualified" standard
3. "Universal" standard
1. "Professional" standard
The Teachers Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) promulgated by 1993 (1993) clearly stipulates that teachers are "professionals who perform educational and teaching duties". However, the law does not clearly stipulate the basic quality requirements of teachers as professionals. Then, as professionals, what qualities should teachers have?
"Standards" is a "professional" standard based on the basic idea that teachers are professional occupations and teachers are professionals. It is the basic requirement for teachers' quality as professionals, and it also represents the basic requirement for teachers' quality in China's current social and educational development.
2. "Qualified" standard
"Professional Standards" is the basic requirement of the state for the professional quality of qualified teachers in kindergartens and primary and secondary schools, which stipulates the basic professional quality that kindergarten and primary and secondary school teachers must have and the basic norms that teachers should follow in carrying out education and teaching activities.
Therefore, "professional standard" is the unified standard and minimum standard for teachers' quality requirements.
In addition, the "qualified" standard also has the unity and individuality of the standard. Of course, emphasizing unity is not to "standardize" and "model" teachers, but to stick to the bottom line of teachers' quality; Professional standard is not a process flow, but a framework requirement (basic requirement), which leaves a lot of room for teachers' individualized development, and the standard content also puts forward requirements for teachers' innovation and exploration. Only personalized development must be based on the minimum standards.
Standards have the characteristics of "evaluation" and "guidance";
As an "evaluation" standard, it is the "basic norm" for teachers to carry out education and teaching activities, and it is an important basis for teachers' training, admission, training and assessment.
As a "guiding" standard, it is a "guide" to lead the professional development of teachers.
3. "Universal" standard
The so-called "standard" is "the criterion and basis that * * * abides by" and "in essence, it is a" unified regulation "for similar things or activities. But there are different categories between similar things or activities, and the applicable standards are naturally different. According to the applicable object and scope, teachers' professional standards can be divided into "general standards" applicable to all teachers and "special standards" or "specific standards" applicable to specific teacher groups.
Therefore, the General Standard stipulates the basic requirements of teachers' professional quality and professional activities, which is relative. & gt
Question 8: What is the significance of participating in the formulation of national standards for enterprises? The significance of enterprises participating in the formulation of national standards mainly lies in the following aspects:
1, take the lead in adjusting product quality to seize market opportunities;
2. Improve the visibility of enterprises in the same industry and market, and build enterprise brands;
3, guide the development direction of the same industry, and even cause a new orientation of the industry;
4. Improve the market awareness of the products of this enterprise;
5. It is beneficial for enterprises to expand market share and improve their competitiveness.
Question 9: The application and development outline of national standards is the basic element of a country's core competitiveness and an important technical system for regulating economic and social development. This Outline is formulated for the purpose of building a well-off society in an all-round way, implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, improving China's standardization level as a whole, and giving full play to the technical support and basic guarantee of standards for national economic and social development. Importance of Urgency For a long time, standards, as the technical language of international communication and the technical basis of international trade, have played an important role in ensuring product quality, improving market trust, promoting commodity circulation and maintaining fair competition. With the deepening of economic globalization, standards play a more prominent role in international competition. After product competition and brand competition, standard competition has become a deeper, higher and more influential form of competition. Therefore, countries all over the world pay more and more attention to standardization work, and have put standardization work at the height of national development strategy. Since the reform and opening up, China's standardization work has made remarkable achievements and played an important role in promoting technological progress, standardizing market order, improving product competitiveness and promoting international trade. The research shows that the contribution rate of standardization to China's science and technology is 2.98%, to the economy is 1. 16%, and to China's comprehensive national strength is 1.5%. However, at present, China's overall standard level is low, the formulation speed is slow, high-tech standards are lacking, the safety standard system is not perfect, and the resource-saving standards are lagging behind, which can no longer meet the requirements of China's coordinated economic and social development. Facing the severe international and domestic situation, it has become a very urgent task to speed up the development of standardization in China. The guiding ideology is to adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development, vigorously promote the innovation of standardization system, comprehensively improve the market adaptability of standards, constantly enhance the standardization consciousness of the whole society, strive to enhance China's position in international standardization activities, and realize the leap-forward development of China's standardization work. Give full play to the important role of standardization in technological innovation, industrial development and international trade, and provide technical support for maintaining stable and rapid economic development, accelerating the transformation of economic growth mode, improving the ability of independent innovation, strengthening the construction of a harmonious society, and deepening reform and opening up. Basic Principles Adhere to the principle of giving priority to enterprises and improve the applicability of standards. Market-oriented, enterprise-oriented, close to the economy, close to the market, service enterprises, in order to meet market demand, so that enterprises become the main force in formulating and implementing standards. Adhere to the principle of internationalization and enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of China. Follow WTO rules, actively adopt international standards, and accelerate the pace of integration with the international community. Intensify substantive participation in international standardization activities, strive to realize the transformation from "localization of international standards" to "internationalization of national standards", and comprehensively enhance China's comprehensive competitiveness. Adhere to the principle of key guarantee and promote balanced and rapid economic development. Facing the main battlefield of the national economy, we will focus on strengthening the standardization work in the fields of agriculture, food, safety, health, environmental protection, resource conservation, high technology and services that are urgently needed by society, and provide technical support for national economic and social development. Insist on independent innovation and improve the standard level of China. Strengthen the close combination of standardization work and scientific and technological innovation activities, promote China's independent innovation technology to quickly form productivity through standards, improve the standard level and enhance product competitiveness. At the same time, further improve the technology system based on standards and improve China's independent innovation ability. The development goal is to establish a scientific and effective standardized management system and operation mechanism that conforms to the laws of China's socialist market economy and international rules through institutional innovation; Establish a new national standard system with national standards and enterprise standards as the main body, other standards supporting each other, highlighting key points, reasonable structure and meeting the requirements of the development of socialist market economy; Form a standardized implementation mechanism that closely combines standards with conformity assessment procedures; In 20 10, the overall level of China's standardization reached the level of moderately developed countries. After about five years of efforts, the overall level of China's standardization reached the international advanced level, and the technical standards in key fields reached the international leading level. Key Projects In the coming period, the main tasks and key projects of China's standardization work are: (1) Strengthen agricultural standardization, fully support the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthen the construction of agricultural standardization system and improve agricultural output and quality around the goals of promoting rural economic development, increasing farmers' income and increasing agricultural efficiency. Key projects: quality and safety standards for agricultural products, animal and plant epidemic prevention standards, detection standards for toxic and harmful substances, safety control standards for agricultural inputs, good standards for production and processing of agricultural products, quality standards for deep processing and high value-added agricultural products. (2) Accelerate the formulation of food and consumer goods safety standards to ensure people's health and safety ... >>