1. Qin’s military service system and the establishment and administration of the army. The Qin State implemented a universal conscription system and a standing army system in counties and counties. Men who are under the age of 15 and above can be drafted at any time. The possibility of soldiers. This kind of military system ensured that the Qin State had a steady stream of troops, and the Qin army could reach a maximum of one million armored vehicles, thousands of horses and thousands of horses. The establishment of the Qin army was as follows: five men per team, fifty men as "tunnel commanders", one hundred men as "hundred generals", and five hundred men as "five hundred chiefs". The army of the Qin State was divided into two parts: the regular army and the local armed forces. The regular army included border defense, field and capital security forces, which were directly controlled by the imperial court. The local army was commanded by county lieutenants. In the war to unify China, it was the regular army that played an important role. Soldiers are called "Ruishi" or "Fighters". The county armed forces can be transferred to the central government at any time and sent to fight or guard the border, as well as to defend the capital. Therefore, the county armed forces are also a force that cannot be ignored. The power of Qin's army mobilization was entirely in the hands of the monarch. Even the recruitment of county soldiers required the monarch's order and the imperial seal to be effective. During the Warring States Period, all countries used tiger talismans to mobilize their armies, and the same was true for Qin's army.
2. The combat effectiveness of the Qin army Qin’s army has become stronger and stronger since Shang Yang’s reform. With the development of production, the weapons and equipment of the Qin army were continuously improved. At that time, weapons were divided into three categories: long-range weapons (bows, crossbows, etc.), long-range weapons (ges, spears, halberds, homs, darts, axes, hooks, sabers, etc.) and short-range weapons (swords, etc.). They are all made of bronze. Compared with the six kingdoms of Guandong, the weapons and equipment of the Qin State are greatly inferior. The steel weapons of the Qin State have not yet been discovered. So how did the Qin army defeat the superior with the inferior? From the inspection of unearthed weapons, it was found that Qin bronze weapons adopted advanced production technology and made a lot of improvements. For example, with the improvement of the crossbow machine, an advanced weapon commonly used during the Warring States Period, the range of small crossbows is 150 meters, and the range of large crossbows can reach 800 meters. Improvements have also been made to the two traditional weapons, spears and swords. According to "Kaogong Ji", spears are generally no more than three fathoms long, about 5.54 meters, while the Qin spear unearthed from the Qin Terracotta Warriors pit is as long as 6.3 meters. Swords in the Spring and Autumn Period were generally about 30 centimeters, and in the Warring States Period were 60--70 centimeters. Among the three swords unearthed in Qin, the longest was 91.3 centimeters. The arrowheads changed from a double-winged shape to a triangular shape. These unearthed weapons are green in color, have thin and sharp edges, and use chromium treatment technology. This technology was only officially patented in Germany and the United States in 1937 and 1950 respectively. Therefore, although Qin's weapons are still made of bronze, their manufacturing level has reached the peak in the history of ancient bronze casting, which is also the key to the Qin army's victory over the enemy. In order to conduct effective battles, Qin soldiers also have a complete set of battle uniforms. Regular army soldiers all wear armor and armor, which are all made of metal armor plates. Judging from the armored pottery figurines unearthed from the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit, there are three types of armor. One type consists of two parts: a shoulder and body armor. It was the main protective equipment of the Qin army at that time. The legs were wrapped with shin guards ( Trousers), or knee-length wraps (leg wraps), and the feet are tied tightly with hooks (shoes with turned-up front tips) or hens (leather boots), but lack a helmet, which is to maintain the flexibility of the whole body.
3. The fighting methods, strategies and tactics of the Qin army. With the increase in the number of troops and the improvement of weapons, the fighting methods during the Warring States Period also underwent great changes. At this time, infantry and cavalry field battles and encirclement battles replaced vehicle formation battles, and the war also became protracted, large-scale, and more cruel. For example, although Qin had a great victory over Changping, it defeated Zhao in three years and killed 450,000 Zhao prisoners. The Qin army was also sent out when they were over fifteen years old. At the end of the Warring States Period, the Qin army's arms were divided into crossbows, chariots, and cavalry. Infantry became the main combat force, and cavalry also became a separate unit. It was mainly used to cooperate with infantry for surprise attacks.
Due to the changes in fighting methods and the frequency and complexity of wars, war command has become an art, and the art of war has become more sophisticated than before. As a result, many famous military strategists and outstanding generals have been produced. For example, Wei Liao of the Qin State, a representative of the military situationists among the soldiers, was one of the famous military strategists during the Warring States Period. His military book "Wei Liao Zi" played a great role in the construction of the Qin Army, such as the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit. The formations listed are the embodiment of "introversion, extroversion, standing formation, and sitting formation" in "Wei Liao Zi·Bing Order". The wings and rear guard in Pit No. 1 are "extroverted" and the vanguard is "introverted". The "crouching armor figurines" in Pit No. 2 belong to "sitting formation" and the "standing posture armor figurines" belong to "standing formation".
4. Military merit, reward and punishment system
In order to strictly control the Qin army and run the army along Legalist lines, the Qin army also implemented a military merit reward and punishment system.
Shang Yang's reform implemented a 20-level nobility system to reward military merit. The Qin army, regardless of officers and soldiers, had achieved military merit, and their titles would be promoted step by step. According to the title, they could enjoy various feudal privileges. "Behead one head, and you will be awarded a rank." A quota system was implemented to stipulate the number of enemies killed. At the same time, Qin law also stipulates: "Those who have an army of more than a thousand men and who march north in a battle, defend and surrender, or flee from the ground" will be punished as follows: "The body will be killed and the family is disabled, and the men and women will be exposed to the officials." 11 This makes the people of Qin "have no reason but to fight". 12. The army implements the rule of "sitting in a row": if one person in a group escapes, the other four will be punished. If they can cut off one of the enemy's heads, they will be exempted from punishment. "Hundred Generals" and "Tun Commanders" must be beheaded if they cannot obtain the enemy's heads during combat. If they obtain 33 enemy heads, they will be considered to have reached the number stipulated by the court and can be promoted to one level.
In summary, due to the strict reward and punishment system, strict military organization, the command of excellent generals, appropriate strategies and tactics, sophisticated weapons and other conditions, the Qin army became a brave and terrifying force. The army of Qin Dynasty, as described by people at that time: "...the warriors with the strength of the tiger, the head of the department, the one who carries the halberd, is incomparable; the Qin horse is good, the soldiers are all, the one who searches the front and back, and the three hoofs between the hoofs is indescribable." In a few words, the soldiers of Shandong were brought into battle in armored armor. The Qin soldiers used their disciples to attack the enemy. They held heads on their left and captives on their right. The soldiers of Qin were like the soldiers of Shandong, just like Meng Ben was with the cowards. They used gravity. The pressure is like that of Wu Huo and a baby; fighting Meng Ben and Wu Huo's soldiers to attack a weak country that refuses to surrender is no different than dropping a thousand pieces of weight on a bird's egg, and it will be unlucky." 13 The ferocity of this tiger and wolf division can be seen, and its role in the unification of Qin can be seen from this, so its historical status should be affirmed.