Can the same engineering company that has done the basic design still do the next stage of EPC?
EPC project management system: EPC is the acronym for Engineer, Procure, and Construct in English. Its Chinese meaning is to be responsible for the "design, procurement, and construction" of a project, which is similar to the commonly known meaning of general project contracting.
General contracting: General project general contracting refers to the project responsible for the design, purchase of equipment, transportation, insurance, civil engineering, installation, debugging, trial execution, and finally the unit is handed over to the owner for commercial execution. The entire process is called a project general contracting.
EPC and general engineering contracting have similar meanings.
There is also an explanation in general engineering contracting: EPC in design, procurement and construction is the abbreviation of English Engineering, Procurement and Construction. Engineering means "design". When "design" is understood, the meaning of Engineering is quite different from Design, which can also be understood as "design". Generally speaking, Engineering refers to the design of the mechanisms and processes of machines, devices, devices, systems, etc. based on scientific and engineering principles in manufacturing, processing, etc.; while Design refers to the spatial division, functional layout, and layout of buildings and structures. The connection between various parts, as well as the appearance are designed and treated aesthetically and artistically. It can be seen from this difference that design-procurement-construction contracts are generally not suitable for the procurement of construction projects.
Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC)/Turnkey Project General Contracting, that is, the project general contracting enterprise undertakes the design, procurement, construction, trial execution services, etc. of the project in accordance with the contract, and is responsible for the contracted project. Fully responsible for quality, safety, construction schedule, and cost.
Engineering (engineering design)
Procurement (device procurement)
Construction (hosting the construction)
Foreign engineering companies (domestic called This is the model in which the design institute) is responsible for carrying out projects for the owners, and is responsible for all three stages; the EPC (fully functional engineering) company and the project management company. At present, there is an overall surplus of design and construction forces in our country. There is a phenomenon of "more monks and less rice" in both the design team and the construction team. However, the force specializing in full-process project management is very weak. It can provide owners with full-process project management services and full-functional project contracting. There are only a few capable engineering companies and they are underdeveloped. Taking the water conservancy construction industry as an example, although there are some general contracting companies, most design and construction units do not yet have the ability to independently carry out full-process general contracting of full-function projects. The reasons for this current situation are, first, insufficient understanding that full-process project management can create considerable benefits for projects and owners. Practice has proven that full-process project management is a high value-added service activity and the service that can best create value and benefits for owners. Second, there is insufficient understanding that project management requires high knowledge and skills, that is, project management needs to be professional. There are quite a few owners and supervisors in China who believe that project management is very simple and can be managed by anyone, so they are unwilling to entrust professional engineering contracting companies to implement project management. In order to quickly reverse this situation, we must vigorously cultivate EPC full-featured engineering companies or project management companies in our country. my country's large design institutes are in the best position to transform into EPC full-featured engineering companies or project management companies. Because design plays a leading role in project construction, design institutes have concentrated talents and rich human resources. Transforming a group of backbone design institutes into engineering companies with full EPC functions is an important and urgent task in the current reform of the project management system.
Engineering project management is a plan management method developed in the late 1950s.
In 1957, the American DuPont Company applied this method to device maintenance for the first time, which significantly reduced the maintenance downtime from 12 hours to 7 hours. In 1958, the Americans applied the basic theory of engineering project management in the design of the Polaris missile, making the design stage more efficient. The completion period was shortened by two years, and thereafter the concept of engineering project management attracted great attention. At present, Western developed countries have formed a relatively complete scientific system in engineering project management.
With the sustained and rapid development of our country's economy, the Ministry of Construction, the State Planning Commission, and the Economic and Trade Commission intend to issue the "Guiding Opinions on Further Implementing General Contracting and Engineering Project Management" and "Engineering Project Management" as soon as possible. (Service) Measures" to formulate the implementation details of general engineering contracting and project management (services), standardize its basic practices, and further promote its scientific, standardized and legalization, thereby guiding the development of my country's general engineering contracting and project management work , improve the level of project management and integrate with international practices.
Project manager (PM) has become a golden profession in our country in the new century, and the professional qualification certification of project managers has begun a pilot project. In order to achieve my country's new development in the 21st century and improve my country's industrial competitiveness, it is necessary to analyze and study the current development status of the scientific system of project management at home and abroad, understand and master the internationally accepted models, procedures and standards, learn from each other's strengths, offset weaknesses, and keep pace with the times. . This has important practical significance for Chinese enterprises, especially petrochemical enterprises.
1. Overview of foreign engineering project management
1.1 The main forms of foreign engineering project management at present
The engineering project management of foreign enterprises mainly includes project management contracting (Project management contracting) Management Contractor (abbreviated as PMC), Project Management Team (abbreviated as PMT) and Construction Management (Constriction Management abbreviated as CM) and other forms.
(1) Project Management Contracting (PMC)
PMC refers to the project management contractor who, on behalf of the owner, conducts full-process and all-round project management of the project, including the overall implementation of the project. Planning, project definition, project bidding, selection of EPC (EPC is the abbreviation of Engineering Procurement Construction in English, that is, design, procurement, and construction general contracting) contractors, and overall management of the design, procurement, and construction processes, generally not directly involved in the project Specific work during the design, procurement, construction and trial execution phases. PMC fees are generally calculated based on the formula of "working hours, profits, and rewards."
PMC is an extension of the owner's organization. It is responsible for the overall planning and execution of the plan from the definition stage to the entire production process, and is consistent with the owner's goals and interests.
For large projects, owners often choose PMC contractors for project management contracting because the project organization is relatively complex, the technology and management are difficult, and a lot of overall coordination is required. As a PMC contractor, they generally pay more attention to systematic and organizational operations based on their own experience, that is: the owner first entrusts an international engineering company with considerable strength to provide comprehensive management contracting for the project; secondly, the project is divided into two stages. The first stage is called the definition stage, and the second stage is called the execution stage. In the project definition phase, the PMC’s task is to manage the early stages of the project on behalf of the owner, that is, to conduct multi-faceted program management (Program Management) of the project, such as effectively completing the preparation work for the early stage of the project (FEL); assisting the owner Obtain project financing; manage technology sources and integrate technology between devices; manage many contractors and suppliers participating in the project (especially interface coordination and management) to ensure consistency among project contractors and interactivity. During the execution phase, the general contractor is responsible for the detailed design, procurement and construction work. During this phase, PMC is responsible for the management, coordination and supervision of all projects on behalf of the owner until the project is completed.
In both stages, PMC reported its work to the owner in a timely manner, and the owner sent a small number of personnel to supervise and inspect the PMC's work, striving to minimize the total cost during the entire life cycle of the project.
PMC can be divided into three types:
① It manages the project on behalf of the owner and also undertakes some EPC work for external and public facilities. This method has high risks for PMC, and the corresponding profits and returns are also high.
② Manage the project on behalf of the owner and complete all work in the project definition phase, including basic engineering design, ±10 cost estimation, project bidding, selection of EPC contractors and major equipment suppliers, etc.
③ As an extension of the owner’s management team, it is responsible for managing the EPC contractor without undertaking any EPC work. The risks and rewards of this approach are relatively small. The contract structure of PMC is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 PMC contract structure diagram
ABB LUMMUS believes that the main differences between the PMC method and the EPC method are as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 The main differences between the PMC method and the EPC method
Comparison content PMC EPC
Professional scope of work and specific project implementation of services
Guarantee that professional standards are met and projects are implemented using good and skilled techniques
Business expense reimbursement for a fixed lump sum
Act as owner's agency or on behalf of independent contractors
There is no progress guarantee to guarantee the completion date
(2) Project Management Team (PMT)
PMT refers to the project managers and owners of engineering companies or other project management companies** * Form a project management team together to manage the project. In this way, the project management service provider acts more as a consultant to the owner, and the project progress, cost and quality control risks are smaller. The contract structure of PMT is shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2 PMT contract structure block diagram
(3) Construction management (CM)
Carry out construction management on behalf of the owner . The contract structure is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 CM Contract Structural Block Diagram
1.2 The setting, functions and means of foreign project management organizations
In order to make the company organization more effective for the project For services, most engineering companies adopt a matrix project management mechanism with project management as the core. The project manager responsibility system is implemented, which means that based on the establishment of permanent professional institutions, a temporary, comprehensive and rigorous project management organization is established according to the project to specifically organize and implement project construction. The company's permanent professional functional departments are responsible for dispatching qualified personnel to the task force and providing professional guidance and assistance to the personnel sent to the task force, but do not interfere with the work of the task force. The task force personnel should report to the project manager and their respective departments at the same time. Report work. Adopting a matrix project management model not only facilitates the training of professionals and improves professional standards, but also facilitates the deployment of professionals, ensuring that professionals' working hours are fully utilized and improving labor productivity. At the same time, multiple professionals are assigned to a certain project to facilitate collaborative work and comprehensive assessment of the performance and abilities of professionals.
Large engineering companies not only have good project management systems and mechanisms (see Figure 4), but are also supported by advanced project management technologies and methods.
In a typical project management organization, the technologies and methods used include the following aspects:
(1) Project Manual (Project Manual)
(2) Project Management Program File (Project Procedure)
(3) Project Regulations (Guideline/Specification)
(4) Project Management Database
(5) Advanced Computer System and network system
(6) Integrated project management software
Figure 4 Block diagram of project management mechanism
Both the United States and Canada implement registered engineers (PE) system, only design files signed and approved by registered engineers can be effective. The PE examination adopts a national unified proposition and unified examination. Those who pass the examination can register and practice in each state.
In the United States, there is no registration system for project managers, and the company is responsible for identifying project managers. Although the Project Management Institute (PMI) in the United States also conducts project manager training in the United States, companies do not organize employees to participate in unified training. Company employees can sign up voluntarily.
2. The main differences between my country’s engineering project management and developed countries
At present, compared with foreign developed countries, the engineering project management of my country’s survey, design, construction, supervision and other construction enterprises mainly includes: Gaps in the following aspects:
(1) Most survey, design, construction, and supervision companies have not established organizational structures and project management systems corresponding to general engineering contracting and project management. Except for a very small number of design units that have transformed into international engineering companies, most of the design units that carry out general contracting business have not established project control department, procurement department, construction management department, trial execution (start-up) department and other organizational structures, but only set up a second The first-level organization, the general engineering contracting department, cannot meet the requirements of general engineering contracting in terms of service functions, organizational systems, technical management systems, and talent structures. Supervision companies generally limit their service areas to the construction phase supervision of professional projects. The organizational structure, technical standard system and talent structure cannot meet the requirements for full-process and all-round project management services.
(2) Most designers, construction managers, and supervisors have not established systematic project management work manuals and work procedures. Project management methods and means are relatively backward, and they lack advanced engineering project computer management systems. The design system, procedures, methods, etc. are also not in line with internationally accepted models. Foreign countries generally have high-level information management technology and computer application technology. The implementation and management of engineering projects are supported by a strong basic database. High-level CAD-aided design systems and integrated project management systems are widely used and are widely used in projects. plays an important role in the implementation of the project.
(3) The scientific and technological innovation mechanism is not sound, and no emphasis is placed on technological development and the application of scientific research results. Enterprises generally lack internationally advanced process technology and engineering technology, do not have their own patented technology and proprietary technology, and their ability to independently carry out process design and basic design also needs to be strengthened. However, foreign countries attach great importance to technology development and are especially good at cooperating with research institutions to transform patented technologies into process design and basic design to form their own technological advantages.
(4) There is a serious shortage of high-quality talents in enterprises, including professional and technical leaders, project leaders, and comprehensive talents who are technical, legal, business-savvy, and fluent in foreign languages. In particular, there is a lack of high-quality talents who can manage projects in accordance with internationally accepted project management models, procedures, and standards. There is a lack of complex high-level projects that are familiar with project management software and can control the five major aspects of progress, quality, cost, materials, and safety. Manage talent.
(5) The number of engineering companies with international competitiveness is too small. Currently, there are only a few international engineering companies in the chemical and petrochemical industries, and their business scope is narrow, and their share of the international contracting market is small. The total annual turnover of Bechtel Corporation in the United States is US$13 billion, while the total turnover of my country's foreign engineering projects in 2001 was only US$8.9 billion, which is less than that of an engineering company in the United States.
These foreign companies have a wide range of business areas, involving multiple majors, and are all multinational companies. Their external turnover accounts for about 50% of the total turnover, and some are even higher. They have strong risk resistance capabilities, among which EPC general contracting accounts for the total business volume. 60 to 85, and has strong financing capabilities and is highly competitive in the market.
(6) The laws and regulations regarding general engineering contracting and project management are not perfect. Except for the "Interim Measures for Engineering Contracting Companies" issued by the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Construction in 1984, there are currently no relevant regulations on general contracting and project management.
(7) The market for general engineering contracting and project management is not well developed. Most project owners with state-owned investment as the main body are unwilling to use general engineering contracting and project management methods to organize project construction due to their own interests. .
3. Discussion and suggestions
3.1 Training content of construction project management discipline
In order to popularize, promote and improve modern project management in the China Petroleum Corporation industry Knowledge level, China's State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Training Center entrusted China National Petroleum Corporation Engineering Design Co., Ltd. to set up a training center station (hereinafter referred to as "CNPC Training Center Station"), which is fully responsible for its modern project management knowledge within the scope of China National Petroleum Corporation. Correspondence training business. As the only designated examination registration institution for China's PMP (Project Management Professional) qualification certification, the China State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Training Center has been commissioned by the American Project Management Institute (PMI) since 2000 and is committed to promoting the American PMP qualification certification system in the country. Organize and implement PMP qualification certification and examination.
The purpose of modern project management knowledge correspondence training is to comprehensively introduce the modern advanced project management discipline system with the "Project Management Knowledge System Guide" released by the American Project Management Institute (PMI) as the core to meet the needs of projects The requirements for the National Professional Qualification Certification Examination for Managers involve the five major processes of project management and related knowledge, specifically:
(1) Project and modern project management (2) Project process and project management process ( 3) Project organization management and project manager (4) Project integrated management (5) Project scope management (6) Project time management (7) Project cost management (8) Project quality management (9) Project human resources management (10 ) Project communication management (11) Project risk management (12) Project procurement management
3.2 Promote the development and application of project management software and establish a scientific engineering project management system
Engineering Director Contracting and project management is a complex and systematic process. During the project construction implementation process, it is necessary to quickly process a large amount of data, promptly display whether there are any deviations in the current project implementation results (progress, cost, quality, etc.), provide managers with decision-making basis and guide the next step of work. Such a huge workload can only be advanced computers and information technology to complete. Therefore, the application of management software is one of the important means and symbols for implementing general engineering contracting and project management and achieving integration with international management models. The promotion and application of management software will definitely bring the level of project management in our country to a new level.
Since general engineering contracting and project management are based on systems engineering, cybernetics and information theory, and adopt the principle of earned value, information integration technology and matrix management structure, they are highly specialized and scientific. , market-oriented means to implement dynamic, quantitative management and effective control of the entire construction process such as project implementation progress, costs, quality, resources, finance, risks, and safety to achieve the best investment benefits. At present, engineering companies and project management companies in industrially developed countries have established their own engineering project management systems. Therefore, it is recommended to organize experts from various fields to conduct in-depth research on the project management system to guide general contracting companies and project management companies to establish and improve their project management systems. At the same time, an assessment system for the enterprise's project management system has been established to promote the improvement of the overall level of project management.
3.3 Pay attention to the risk management of engineering projects
How to conduct risk analysis is a common concern among domestic workers engaged in engineering project management and engineering project management research.
Our country is in its infancy in this regard. The summary of experience and lessons learned in risk analysis and evaluation lacks systematicity and scientificity. The research field of risk analysis of engineering projects is almost still in a blank state, and the risk analysis of most engineering projects is still qualitative. stage, there is a lack of systematic and quantitative analysis methods. Risk management is still new.
American businesses’ attitudes toward risk management have undergone revolutionary changes. Risk management has penetrated the enterprise, and all large companies have appointed a vice president responsible for risk management and a senior risk manager. A "risk culture" is developed and accepted as a significant cost of running a business. This approach and its operating model are worth learning from.
The New Basel Accord [1] drafted by the Bank for International Settlements requires banks in various countries engaged in international business to manage debt and business risks. This means that effective risk management methods will be extended from the banking system to private and public sectors. Our country lags behind the West in reducing risks to an acceptable level through institutional constraints. This has prompted prompts from international experts. Therefore, a cultural change is needed - the project management system must actively take risks and manage risks, rather than relying on traditional methods such as risk avoidance and other passive defense strategies. Simply grafting a risk management system onto an existing system is superficial and dangerous. Therefore, we must pay attention to risk remedial courses, especially risk remedial courses in engineering project management [2].
3.4 Do a good job in talent training
(1) Continue to play the role of industry associations, universities and existing international engineering companies, and strengthen the training of professional engineering project management teams intensity. It focuses on imparting knowledge on the design system, procedures, methods and management of internationally accepted models, so that the execution mechanism of our country’s design units can be accelerated to be in line with internationally accepted models; it also teaches how to transform a group of qualified design and construction supervision companies into engineering general managers. Relevant knowledge of contracting and project management companies; train technical and managerial personnel with work experience, and cultivate a large number of project managers, design managers, procurement managers, construction managers, and financial managers needed by general engineering contracting companies and project management companies. As well as contract, planning, cost estimation and control, material control, financing, risk and insurance, claims, quality, safety and other professional technical management talents to meet the needs of the current domestic and foreign engineering construction markets [3].
(2) Combine domestic training with foreign practical training, summarize and promote the successful experience of engineering companies entering the international market, sign personnel training contracts with foreign engineering companies, and train targeted personnel for the company Various professional and management talents.
(3) Add project management courses to relevant majors in colleges and universities, popularize project management knowledge, and cultivate reserve professional talents.
3.5 Transform and support a group of general engineering contracting and project management enterprises
(1) Encourage qualified large-scale engineering design and construction enterprises to adjust their structures and improve their capabilities through transformation and reorganization functions, enrich human resources, and become an international engineering company with design, procurement, construction (construction management), and start-up functions as soon as possible. Large-scale design enterprises with construction management capabilities should be provided with policy support when applying for corresponding construction contracting qualifications; large-scale construction enterprises with design capabilities should be provided with policy support when applying for corresponding design qualifications.
(2) Transform and cultivate a number of engineering project management enterprises. Qualified engineering consulting, design, construction, supervision, bidding agency and cost consulting companies can become professional engineering project management (services) by enriching corresponding engineering project management professionals, establishing and improving organizational structures, and improving the project management system. enterprise. Appropriate policy support should be provided to engineering project management companies when applying for consulting, design, supervision, bidding agency and cost consulting qualifications.
(3) It is recommended that authoritative departments identify a group of key supporting enterprises from the existing large-scale design, construction, and supervision enterprises with better conditions and stronger strength to enhance their international competitiveness and actively explore the international market. .
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First, catch the baby wave You can do or not do newbie tasks such as profit. The mission system in RO is very complicated, but upgrading mainly depends not on missions, but on killing monsters.
I’ll give you a rough guide:
First fight Polly Rabbit, Green Cotton Worm to JOB10, and go to turn 1.
Then go to the right side of Feiyang to hunt mushrooms. After reaching level 26, you will receive the mission of the Paradise Group (weapons will be given to you after completing it, for novices). You must accept it at level 26. The task is to fight the evil skeleton warriors and waves in Feiyang's zombie cave. Polly.
Then the ant hole reaches 40.
At level 40, you will receive another mission from the Paradise Group (the second time you will receive weapons), and the mission is to fight the orcs.
Once you reach JOB40-50, you can move to level 2. It’s not clear yet what month and day the next phase of Xiong Xiong QQ Xiong Xiong’s number distribution will be. As long as you pay attention to QQ Xiong Xiong’s official website, you can still get it.
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If exports decline further
We do not rule out the possibility of regulatory devaluation
However, exchange rate policy is the last resort means
After all, China is still outperforming
Reckless devaluation will cause dissatisfaction or even boycott from countries with trade deficits
There will probably be no action in the short term
It is not ruled out that it will depreciate slightly after a while or even***
But in the long run
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