In the 13th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (28), the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's army in Chibi of the Yangtze River (now northwest of Pu Yin, Hubei Province, and northeast of Jiayu), which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
after Cao Cao basically unified the north, he trained sailors in Xuanwu Pool, and took measures against the Guanzhong area which might be in turmoil. Then, in July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, he sent more than 1, troops to conquer Jingzhou (now Hubei and Hunan) in order to unify the north and south. At that time, Sun Quan had conquered Xiakou (present-day Wuhan) from Jiangdong, opened the gateway to Jingzhou in the west, annexed Jing and Yizhou (governing Chengdu) and then developed northward; Liu Bei, who was attached to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, took Zhuge Liang as his counselor, and made a strategy of taking advantage of Jing and Yi, uniting with Sun Quan and entering the Central Plains with his strategy of longzhong, and practiced the navy and army in Fancheng. Cao Caojun's weakness, such as hard work, acclimatization, being shorter than the water war and the lack of food for his horses, strengthened Sun Quan's determination to resist Cao Cao. Sun Quan, regardless of the opposition from the Lord to send Zhang Zhao, appointed Zhou Yu as the viceroy, Cheng Pu as the deputy viceroy, Lu Su as the captain of Zanjun, led 3, elite sailors, joined forces with Liu Bei for about 5,, and went up the river to enter Xiakou.
after Cao Cao took Jiangling, he took Wen Pin, the general of Liu Biao, as the prefect of Jiangxia, and still took charge of his own troops, guarding Hanchuan (now Jianghan Plain). Liu Zhang, a priest in Yizhou, also sent troops to Cao Cao to supplement the army and began to pay tribute to the court. Cao Cao is more proud and underestimates his enemy. He doesn't listen to the advice of Jia Xu, the adviser, and sends a letter to intimidate Sun Quan, claiming that he will fight against Wu. In winter, the pro-unification army goes hand in hand along the Yangtze River.
After Sun Liu's allied troops were deployed in Xiakou, they went back to the river to meet Cao Jun and met at Chibi. Cao Jun rode in the face of the great river, lost his prestige, was newly adapted and was newly attached to Jingzhou. His fighting capacity was poor, and every disease was prevalent, so that he lost the first battle. He hurriedly retreated to the north shore and stationed troops in Wulin (now Honghu, Hubei) to confront the allied forces across the river.
Cao Cao ordered the warships to be connected, which reduced the turbulence, and facilitated the northern soldiers to board. He wanted to step up the drills and stand by for the battle. In view of the fact that the enemy is outnumbered and has been unfavorable for a long time, Zhou Yu is determined to find a quick opportunity. According to the weakness of Cao Jun's "serial ship", the Ministry of Huang Gai suggested fire attack, which was praised. Huang Gai immediately sent someone to send Cao Cao a fake letter of surrender, and then set out with dozens of ships. The first 1 ships were full of dried firewood soaked in oil, covered with cloth, put in the banner agreed with Cao Cao, and tied a light boat behind the ship, heading for Wulin along the southeast wind. When approaching the other side, Cao Jun, who was on the loose guard, rushed to watch Huang Gai come down. At this point, Huang Gai ordered the firewood to be lit, and each changed to a dinghy and retreated. The fireboat broke into Cao Jun's fleet in the wind, and suddenly it was in flames, which quickly extended to the shore camp. The allied forces took advantage of the situation to attack, and Cao Jun suffered heavy casualties. Cao Cao knew that the defeat could not be saved, so he ordered the burning of the remaining ships and led the army to retreat.
Zhou Yu and others confronted Cao Ren across the river and sent Gan Ning to attack Yiling (now Yichang). Coss divided his forces around Gan Ning. Zhou Yu led the army to rescue and defeated Cao Jun. Later, he also crossed the north bank of Jiangtun and continued to confront Coss. After Liu Bei returned to Xiakou from Jiangling, he went back to Hanshui to detour behind Coss. Coss knew that it would be difficult to stalemate again and was forced to retreat the following year.
After the Chibi War, Liu Bei won four counties, namely Wuling, Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling, and served as a shepherd in Jingzhou the following year, which laid a solid foundation for his development and entry into Yizhou. Cao Cao learned the lesson of failure, promoted the water army, controlled Jianghuai and confronted Sun Quan. In order to resist Cao, Sun Quan continued to form an alliance with Liu Bei and let him develop in Jingzhou. The tripartite confrontation between the three countries has gradually taken shape.
Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao were conceited, underestimated their enemies, made mistakes in command, and the water army was not strong, which eventually led to defeat. Sun Quan and Liu Bei calmly analyzed the situation in the face of powerful enemies, formed an alliance to fight the war of resistance, promoted the strength of the water war, and skillfully used fire to attack, creating a famous war example in the military history of China.
The Battle of Feishui
The Battle of Feishui in p>383 (now in Wabu Lake, Anhui Province, China)
The Battle of Feishui is a famous example in the history of China. It determined the pattern of long-term division in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The corrupt politics in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty triggered great social unrest, and the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jin Lang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 317 AD, established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and occupied most of the areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. In the north, there are many disputes among ethnic minority regimes. The former State of Qin, founded by the Di people, destroyed the separatist countries such as Qianyan, Dai and Qianliang successively, and unified the Yellow River basin. Later, in 373 AD, it captured Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and extended its power to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River. Fu Jian, the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, was full of ambition, hoping to wipe out the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, and unify the north and the south with the trend of "high winds sweeping away autumn leaves".
On October 18th, Fu Jian's brother Fu Rong led the Qin vanguard troops to capture Shouyang and captured Xu Yuanxi, the commander of the Jin army. At the same time, Qin Jun Mu Rongchui captured Yuncheng (now Yunxian County, Hubei Province). On the way, Hu Bin, who was ordered to lead the water army to rescue Shouyang, learned that Shouyang had been breached by Fu Rong, so he retreated to Xiashi (now southwest of Fengtai, Anhui) and waited to meet the armies of Xie Shi and Xie Xuan. Fu Rong led an army to attack Xiashi. Fu Rong Department led Liang Cheng to attack Luojian with 5, troops (in present-day Huainan East, Anhui Province), blocking the Huaihe River traffic and blocking Hu Bin's retreat. Hu Bin was trapped in Xiashi, and his food and grass were exhausted, so it was difficult to support him. He wrote to Xie Shi for emergency, but the Jin who delivered the letter was caught by Chi, and the letter fell into Fu Rong's hands. Fu Rong immediately reported to Fu Jian the lack of food and grass in Serenade, the Jin army, and suggested that he arise quickly to prevent the Jin army from escaping. Fu Jian was rewarded, leaving the army in Xiangcheng, and advancing 8, cavalry to Shouyang.
as soon as Fu Jian arrived in Shouyang, he immediately sent Zhu Xu, the former commander of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, to the Jin army camp to persuade him to surrender. After Zhu Xu arrived in the camp, he did not surrender, but provided Xie Shi with information about Qin Jun. He said: "Although there are millions of people in Qin Jun, they are still marching. If the forces are concentrated, the Jin army will be hard to resist. Now the situation is different. We should take advantage of the opportunity when Qin Jun failed to arrive in full, and launch an attack quickly. As long as we can defeat its forward troops and demoralize them, we can break the Qin million-strong army. " At first, Xie Shi thought that the Qin army was strong, and he planned to stick to it and wait for the enemy to get tired before waiting for an opportunity to counterattack. After listening to Zhu Xu's words, he thought it was very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to turn from defensive to offensive and take the initiative to attack.
in November, Xie Xuan sent a task force to attack Luojian with 5, soldiers led by Liu Laozhi, which opened the prelude to the Feishui War. Qin Jiang Liang Cheng led 5, troops to meet in array on the edge of Luojian River. Liu Laozhi suited a circuitous to Qin Jun array, cut off its way back; He led his troops to storm Luoshui and stormed the Qin array. Qin Jun panicked, barely resisted for a while, and collapsed. The main commander Liang Cheng and his brother Liang Yun died, and officers and men scrambled to cross the Huaihe River for their lives, killing more than 15, people. The victory of Luojian greatly boosted the morale of the Jin army. Xie Shi marched by land and water, reaching the east bank of Feishui (now Feihe River, south of Shouxian County, Anhui Province), setting up a camp at the edge of Bagong Mountain, and confronting Qin Jun of Shouyang across the bank. Fu Jian stood on the Shouyang rostrum, and at first glance, he saw the Jin army on the other side in neat formation and elite soldiers. Even the vegetation on Bagong Mountain felt similar to a human figure, mistaking it for a Jin soldier. He was quite alarmed and said to Fu Rong, "This is also a strong enemy. What is weakness?" This is the origin of the famous allusion "All trees and grass are soldiers".
because Qin Jun is pressing the west bank of feishui, the Jin army can't cross the river, so it has to confront each other across the bank. Xie Xuan sent an envoy to see Fu Rong, and he dared him to say, "It's a long-term plan for you to suspend your army and force the water, and it's not for those who want to fight quickly. Wouldn't it be nice if we moved less and made the Jin soldiers cross the border to decide the outcome? " Qin Jun's generals all expressed their opposition, but Fu Jian thought it was possible to play along and let the army retreat a little. When the Jin army crossed the river halfway, the cavalry would kill it again, so that victory could be achieved. Fu Rong also agreed with Fu Jian's plan, so he agreed to Xie Xuan's request and directed Qin Jun to retreat. However, the morale of the Qin soldiers was low, and as a result, they lost control as soon as they retreated, and the battle was in chaos. Xie Xuan led more than 8, cavalry and rushed to Qin Jun. Zhu Xu shouted after Qin Jun's battle: "The Qin army is defeated! Qin Bing is defeated! " Chi believed it, so he turned and ran away. Seeing that the general trend was not good, Fu Rong quickly rode to stop it in order to stabilize his position. Unexpectedly, the horse was washed down by the mutinous soldiers and killed by the pursuers of the Jin army. The loss of the Lord's chi became more and more chaotic and completely collapsed. The rout of the striker caused the panic of the follow-up troops, and it also fled in a chain reaction. As a result, the whole army fled and retreated northward. Qin Jun routed troops didn't dare to stay along the way. When he heard the jitters, he thought it was the Jin army chasing him (this is the origin of the famous allusion "jittery"). The Jin army pursued the victory and reached Cyclobalanopsis near Shouyang. Qin soldiers and horses died step by step, all over the mountains, filling the river. Fu Jian himself was wounded by an arrow, and when he fled back to Luoyang, there were only over 1, left.
the Jin army recovered Shouyang, and Xie Shi and Xie Xuan sent flying horses to Jiankang to report the good news. Xie An was playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news sent by Xie Shi, he kept a straight face, conveniently put the good news aside and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "How is the battle?" Xie An said slowly, "The children defeated the Qin people in the end." After listening to this, the guest was so happy that he didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and left. Xie An sent the guests away and went back to the inner town. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he stumbled and broke the teeth of his clogs. This is the origin of the famous allusion "broken teeth".
In the Battle of Feishui, more than 7, people were wiped out and fled in former Qin Jun. Only the 3, troops of Xianbei Mu Rongchui Department are still intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely shattered. Not only that, the temporary reunification of the north also disintegrated, and it split into more local ethnic regimes again. Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality re-emerged and established new countries respectively. Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang two years later, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the winner of this war, was unable to restore the sovereignty of the whole China, it effectively curbed the intrusion of the northern minorities into the south and created conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River.
The Battle of Feishui confirmed the long-term division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Later, Emperor Wu of the Southern Song Dynasty entered Chang 'an in 417 AD, but the generals of the army clashed in Guanzhong and gained and lost. In 45, Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty penetrated from the north bank of the Yellow River and pushed to the north bank of the Yangtze River. However, it was difficult for northerners to adapt to the southern climate, and soldiers were so sick that they could not stay for a long time. Hou Jing repeatedly rebelled, first rebelled against Beiqi and defected to Nanliang, and then rebelled against Liangzi. He was also trapped in Jiankang in 548 AD, and was soon killed by his subordinates, which was far from the goal of reunifying the whole country. It was not until 589 AD that Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Wen of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, inherited "One World" and "One District". So far, it has been 26 years since the Battle of Feishui.
The Battle of Feishui has also become a famous war example, which is recorded in military history and has a long-term influence on the war concept and decisive battle thought of later strategists.
during the period of Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, the former Qin Dynasty, which basically completed the unification of the north, and the Eastern Jin regime, which occupied Jiangzuo, launched an "amazing scale" war in Lishui, Huainan in 383 AD. This is a century-long confrontation between the brave wind of the northern country and the graceful and indifferent spirit of Jiangzuo, and it is also a cross-cutting point that determines the fate of China in the Wuhu era. The result of this war was completely beyond the expectation of many people at that time. Historical books tell us that the Eastern Jin army defeated many with fewer troops, and 8, Jin troops defeated the former Qin army, which claimed to be 97,.
This astounding war has far exceeded the impact and aftermath of the war itself, and the political situation in China in the third and fourth centuries in the Middle Ages has changed. The Battle of Feishui directly led to the disintegration of the former Qin Dynasty, and later Fu Jian, the former ruler of the Qin Dynasty, was also killed by the rebel Yao Chang. However, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was partial to Jiangzuo, continued to maintain its political power because of this war, and the Han culture was also passed down. The great division and chaos in China not only failed to end, but also intensified, and the unification of North and South was postponed for two centuries. It can be said that without the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty after the Battle of Feishui, there would be no rise of Tuoba's Northern Wei Dynasty, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which lasted for more than 16 years, could not be discussed, let alone inherited from the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the Northern Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties.
The historical influence of the Battle of Feishui is so great that people are keen on legendary accounts and ignore the real history. For thousands of years, idioms such as "the whip is cut off" and "the wind is trembling, and the grass is full of soldiers" are familiar. Fu Jian's headstrong attitude and Xie An's talk about soldiers have become the talk of countless scholars and historians. Many people believe that the battle of Feishui is a war in which contingency overwhelms inevitability. However, the Battle of Feishui is not an isolated historical event. If you want to understand the motivation, influence, process and details of the Battle of Feishui, you can't leave the general process of North-South history since the May 4th Movement. This paper attempts to explore the inevitable factors behind "accidental events", and focuses on process analysis rather than giving simple conclusions easily.
Significance:
The Battle of Feishui is a famous war in Chinese history, which took place from August to December in 383 A.D. (the eighth year of Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty). This war is a famous war example in the history of our country, in which the few win over the many and the weak win over the strong, and it has left meaningful historical anecdotes and historical sites for future generations. Idioms such as "the wind is trembling, the grass is full of soldiers", "giving the whip to cut off the flow" and "playing chess on villas" have always been popular.
Qin Jin's two armies were separated by the water, and Xie Xuan used the goading method to send someone to tell Fu Rong: Qin Jun should retreat a little and give up a battlefield on the bank of the water, so that the two armies could fight a decisive battle. At that time, all the generals in Qin Jun thought that we should stick to the water at the foot and not let the Jin army cross the river. But Fu Jian thought that hundreds of thousands of fighters could approach the water and kill it. According to Fu Jian's order, Fu Rong ordered the three armies to retreat. Unexpectedly, when he gave the order, the whole army immediately rioted and people were in panic. Zhu Xu shouted again after the battle: "Qin Jun is defeated!" As a result, Fu Jian's hundreds of thousands of troops collapsed without fighting.
Xie Xuan commanded 8, Jin troops to take the opportunity to cross the river, slashing them with knives. Qin Jun rushed for his life and tried to hold his ground, but in the chaos, the horse tripped and was killed by the Jin army. Qin Jun suffered a crushing defeat and trampled on himself, but the deceased "blocked the wild and blocked Sichuan". Fortunately, he didn't die. "Abandoning armor and escaping at night" heard "jittery" and thought that the Jin army was catching up. Along the way, "sleeping in the grass, focusing on hunger and freezing, the dead are even seven or eight." Fu Jian, too, gave up riding, fled back to Huaibei on his own, collected remnants, and routed Luoyang with a million-strong army, leaving only more than 1, down archers. At this point, Fu Jian's dream of invading China was completely shattered, and he returned to Chang 'an, and soon the country was destroyed. At the foot of Bagong Mountain, "the wind and the grass are full of soldiers" has become a spectacle in the history of war and is praised by future generations.
first, the rise of the pre-Qin dynasty and the journey of unifying the north
the five chaos began in the rebellion of eight kings at the end of the western Jin dynasty. Since the disaster of Yongjia, the Hu people in the Great Wall have stepped onto the historical stage in China, and they have successively ruled the central areas of ancient China-Guanzhong, Kanto and North China. During this period, the Han people gradually withdrew from the political arena in the north. Before the Northern and Southern Dynasties, for more than a hundred years, the northern land was divided into five lakes, with endless wars, and various forces competed for each other's strengths, such as the Huns, Jies, Bians, Qiang, Xianbei and other Hu ethnic groups, who were called Wang Jianguo. This period is known as the Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries Period.
Fu Jian, a former Qin dynasty, was a very successful monarch during the Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms period. Fu Jian ascended the throne of the former Qin Dynasty in 357 A.D. after launching a palace political revolution. During the twenty-six years from 357 A.D. to the Battle of Feishui, the pre-Qin army marched eastward and westward, and finally unified most of the north.