Small and medium-sized enterprises generally have their own shortcomings such as small scale, weak strength, and weak ability to resist risks. Taking the "specialized, specialized, innovative" development path is the need to improve the overall quality of small and medium-sized enterprises and is the key to realizing the realization of my country's industrial organization. The need for structural upgrading is the need to upgrade traditional industries and cultivate emerging industries, as well as to develop new business formats and innovate new models. Adhering to the development path of "specialization, specialization, innovation" is a realistic way for the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises to achieve professional development, refined management, unique technology and lasting innovation.
1. The practical significance of small and medium-sized enterprises taking the development path of "specialization, specialization and innovation"
The practical significance of small and medium-sized enterprises taking the development path of "specialization, specialization and innovation" is reflected in four aspects: One is the need to improve the overall quality of small and medium-sized enterprises. The development of specialized and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises can promote the application of new technologies by small and medium-sized enterprises to vigorously develop specialized production, actively integrate the technologies, products and collaborative supporting systems of large enterprises, form a reasonable market division of labor with large enterprises, and enhance the resistance of small and medium-sized enterprises to risks. capabilities and the ability to adapt to economic forms, accelerate business innovation and innovation of cooperation models, better expand its own development space, and fill gaps in the market. The second is the need to optimize and upgrade the industrial organization structure. Our country's industrial organization structure is still unreasonable, mainly due to the relatively low industrial concentration in some industrial fields with high economic scale requirements. At the same time, the development vitality of small and medium-sized enterprises needs to be further enhanced. Promote the formation of a number of internationally competitive large groups in the economies of scale industry, support the development of a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises with the characteristics of "specialization, specialization, specialization and innovation", which will help our country to form a coordinated development of large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises as soon as possible, and make resource allocation more efficient. Industrial organizational structure. The third is the need to upgrade traditional industries and cultivate emerging industries. The development of "specialized, special and innovative" small and medium-sized enterprises can strengthen the structural transformation of enterprises, apply advanced technology, new processes, new materials, and new equipment to transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate strategic industries, and accelerate the upgrading of technology and products. Improve the proportion of advanced and creative brands, save energy and reduce emissions, and support high-growth and small and medium-sized enterprises to become bigger and stronger. The fourth is the need to develop new business formats and innovative models. In the emerging industries of information consulting and modern logistics, small and medium-sized enterprises are very active in innovation. A large number of new technologies, new products, new services, and new business models originate from small and medium-sized enterprises.
2. Policy orientation for small and medium-sized enterprises to follow the development path of "specialization, specialization, innovation"
The Chinese government regards promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises as a way to maintain the stable and rapid development of the national economy, maintain people's livelihood and society We will provide key support for major and stable strategic tasks, and actively encourage and support small and medium-sized enterprises to follow the development path of "specialization, specialization, innovation" through a number of measures. The Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Law, which was implemented in 2003, stipulates that the state formulates policies to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to develop new products according to market needs, adopt advanced technology, production processes and equipment, improve product quality, and achieve technological progress. Guofa [2009] No. 36 document "Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" proposes to support small and medium-sized enterprises to increase investment in research and development, develop advanced and applicable technologies, processes and equipment, develop marketable new products, and improve product quality. quality. Guofa [2012] No. 14 "Opinions of the State Council on Further Supporting the Healthy Development of Small and Micro Enterprises" first stated the concept of "specialized, specialized and innovative". The document proposed that innovative, entrepreneurial and labor-intensive small-scale enterprises should be supported. For the development of micro-enterprises, small and micro-enterprises are encouraged to follow the path of "specialization, specialization, innovation" and coordinated development with large enterprises, and accelerate the transformation from factor-driven to innovation-driven.
In 2011, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released two plans, the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" and the "Industrial Transformation and Upgrading Plan 2011-2015." my country's first special plan for small and medium-sized enterprises proposed at the national level - the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" takes the specialization and new development path of small and medium-sized enterprises as one of the basic principles to promote the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period. . The plan regards the development direction of "specialization, specialization and innovation" as an important way for small and medium-sized enterprises to transform, upgrade and change their development methods, and further improve the development level of "specialization, specialization, specialization and innovation" and industrial clusters as the main way to promote the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period. One of the tasks is to support the concentrated development of specialization, refinement, distinctiveness and novelty of small and medium-sized enterprises as the focus of promoting the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, establish a close division of labor and cooperation between enterprises, and strive to form a "specialized, special and innovative" small and medium-sized enterprises. "A new pattern of competitive development.
The "Industrial Transformation and Upgrading Plan (2011-2015)" puts forward the goals and tasks of further enhancing the development vitality of small and medium-sized enterprises. By continuing to implement the small and medium-sized enterprise growth project, we will promote small and medium-sized enterprises to follow the development path of "specialization, specialization and innovation". The plan believes that from the industrial field Look, adhering to the path of "specialization, specialization, innovation" is also an important task that is imperative and urgent for industrial small and medium-sized enterprises to achieve transformation, upgrading and healthy development.
3. The practice of promoting small and medium-sized enterprises to take the path of "specialization, specialization, specialization and innovation"
There is no unified standard for "specialization, specialization, specialization and innovation" of small and medium-sized enterprises. Many places start from actual work. , carried out the formulation and identification of "specialized, special and new" standards for small and medium-sized enterprises, and some places have also carried out the identification of "specialized, special and new" products, and then supported the manufacturing enterprises of corresponding products. Twelve departments in Shanghai issued the "Opinions on Accelerating the Innovation-driven and Transformative Development of "Specialized, Specialized, Special and New" Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, and formulated trial standards for "Specialized, Specialized, Special and New" small and medium-sized enterprises, including general standards and special standards, stipulating that "specialized, special and new" small and medium-sized enterprises The growth rate of operating income of "Jingtexin" small and medium-sized enterprises in the current year is not less than 25%, or the average growth rate of operating income in the past two years is not less than 15%. Liaoning Province and Jiangsu Province have respectively formulated methods for identifying "specialized, special and new" products (technologies) for small and medium-sized enterprises.
In accordance with the relevant national policy guidance and the actual needs of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, various localities have successively regarded promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the direction of "specialization, specialization and innovation" as their focus, and strive to promote small and medium-sized enterprises through identification, support and other measures. Enterprise transformation and upgrading. Shanghai stipulates that small and medium-sized enterprises that meet general standards and a special standard will be included in the list of "specialized, special and new" small and medium-sized enterprises, which will be dynamically managed and reviewed every year. At present, there are 1,008 "specialized, special and innovative" small and medium-sized enterprises in Shanghai, mainly distributed in manufacturing, computer services, software and other industries. 67% of them have reached the top ten in the country's market segments or the top in Shanghai's market share. Five. These enterprises enjoy relevant policy support. According to statistics, Shanghai's special funds to support small and medium-sized enterprises reached 270 million yuan in 2012, funding 360 technological transformation and innovation projects. Haidian District of Beijing proposes to encourage various entities to build "specialized, specialized and new" industrial parks focusing on key areas of industrial development in Haidian District, and to support "specialized, specialized, special and new" industrial parks to improve service functions, introduce key projects and enterprises, and conduct annual new projects. Increased investment will provide loan interest discounts and incentives for operating units, and rent subsidies will be provided to key innovative enterprises, key cultivation enterprises of the "Ten Hundreds, Thousand Projects", and enterprises under the "Thousand Talents Plan". Liaoning Province and Jiangsu Province organize the identification of "specialized, special and new" products and technologies, and include them as key financial support objects. Through identification, publicity and support, they will increase the visibility and market influence of the identified products and bring into play the role of the certified product manufacturers. Demonstration role, encourage and guide small and medium-sized enterprises in the province to independently innovate, develop "specialized, special and new" products, apply "specialized, special and new" technology, and improve product quality, market competitiveness and overall quality of the enterprise. Anhui Province has 1,251 small and medium-sized enterprise development projects in 2013, with a total investment of 24.7 billion yuan. It will strengthen the cultivation of 500 "specialized, special and innovative" enterprises and 1,000 growing small enterprises. Qingdao has issued measures for the identification of "specialized, special and new" products (technologies) for small and medium-sized enterprises, established a financial leasing business reward and compensation mechanism based on free credit ratings for small and micro enterprises, and encouraged small and micro enterprises to bundle with large and medium-sized enterprises to issue collective notes, etc. 7 This measure will give priority support to the financing needs of "specialized, specialized and innovative" enterprises. 4. It is increasingly difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to take the road of "specialization, specialization and innovation"
At present, the basic characteristics of my country's small and medium-sized enterprises relying on low labor costs and external demand have not changed. Small and medium-sized enterprises generally lack management, brand, technology and funds. Problems with core competitive factors such as raw materials, labor prices, and RMB exchange rate changes are still significant. In particular, uncontrollable factors such as raw materials, labor prices, and RMB exchange rate changes have a greater impact on the company's long-term production and operations, and the development model faces challenges. In terms of manufacturing development, China's status as the world's manufacturing base is being challenged by developed and developing countries. Developed countries continue to introduce manufacturing improvement measures led by the new generation of technological revolution. In terms of manufacturing cost advantages, developing countries have already shown their manufacturing cost advantages by optimizing their investment environment and improving their manufacturing levels. Under such conditions, my country's traditional processing trade enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, such as small and medium-sized manufacturing, are facing huge challenges. The traditional methods of foreign trade processing, cluster development, and grouping to expand business opportunities have gradually become difficult to achieve results. These situations show that it is gradually becoming more difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to take the path of "specialization, specialization, innovation".
The limitations of small and medium-sized enterprises taking the initiative to choose the "specialized, special and innovative" development path are increasing. The four areas of "specialization, precision, specialness, and novelty" are both unique and different. The unique thing is that these fields are dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. Most of the small and medium-sized enterprises in these fields face the same external environment and development conditions. Moreover, for an enterprise or a product (technology), these four fields often have problems. coincide. The difference is that "specialization, precision, specialness, and innovation" as the four development directions are not exactly the same. The so-called "specialized" means that its development direction is to achieve specialized production or provide specialized services, which is very dependent on specific users, specific products and technical fields. For example, there are some small businesses at the bottom of the supply chain that focus on niche areas, or companies that specialize in providing special materials or accessories and consumable parts for certain types of products or certain companies. The so-called "fine" means that its development direction is to carefully design, manufacture, serve and create high-quality products. For small and medium-sized enterprises, these all require investment, whether it is research and development of technology, purchase of technology, investment in new equipment or introduction of new talents. Investment, otherwise without high value-added technological competitive advantage, we can only adopt a low-cost strategy and continue the old low-end path. The so-called "special" refers to the main direction of specialization. This concept is relatively general, because whether it is unique craftsmanship, technology, formula, or cultural and historical characteristics, geographical environment, and ethnic characteristics of the population, these all require more attempts and opportunities. The concept of “new” is more general and basically refers to the category of emerging technologies and emerging industries. These fields are usually closely related to high technology and require continuous innovation to maintain their “new” characteristics.
5. Suggestions for small and medium-sized enterprises to take the path of "specialization, specialization, innovation"
At present, my country's economic growth is slowing down, relative overcapacity has intensified, and the production and operation costs of small and medium-sized enterprises have increased and The problem of insufficient innovation capabilities is more prominent. Small and medium-sized enterprises must firmly establish the concept of taking a special and new development path and adhere to the development direction of specialization, refinement, distinctiveness and novelty. It is recommended that small and medium-sized enterprises should take the initiative to pursue a new development path of specialization and build competitive advantages on the basis of maintaining innovation capabilities. At the same time, we must avoid going it alone and actively join regional clusters and industry clusters to achieve scale collaboration or supply chain collaboration to enhance risk resistance.
In terms of building competitive advantages on the basis of maintaining innovation capabilities, it is recommended that small and medium-sized enterprises establish innovative concepts and proactively achieve "professional, refined, unique and new" development. "Specialization" means focusing on industries or products, avoiding the diversification and dispersion of resources, and consolidating professional and technical leadership in specific fields, specific customer groups, product technologies, and regional markets. "Precision" means to continuously realize technology and product upgrades, serve and promote downstream product and technology upgrades, upgrade from manufacturing to service, upgrade from energy-consuming and polluting to energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and upgrade from low-end processing to high-end R&D. "Special" means maintaining the uniqueness of unique technologies, copyrights, patents, product performance, functions, packaging, styles, services, etc., constantly enriching and improving the brand connotation, constantly increasing the goodwill of the brand and corporate image, and winning long-term recognition from customers. . "New" means to actively pay attention to the development trend of professional technology, strive to achieve one generation of research and development, one generation of manufacturing, one generation of sales, timely launch of new products and new technologies, timely adoption of new management, design, manufacturing, sales and service models, and maintain its own Advancement in professional and technical fields, maintaining the advancement of corporate management concepts and management models, and establishing long-term competitiveness.
In terms of joining regional clusters and industry clusters to achieve scale collaboration or supply chain collaboration, it is recommended that small and medium-sized enterprises actively participate in regional clusters and industry clusters, actively enter the supporting systems of large enterprises, and enhance their ability to resist risks. The first is to unite in areas and regions suitable for development. At present, many regions are actively guiding small and medium-sized enterprises with regional development advantages to develop as a group and enter the park as a group, thus promoting the integration and improvement of small and medium-sized enterprises in the region, realizing the aggregation of industrial resources, and improving the technical level and product service capabilities. The second is to cooperate with large enterprises with certain competitiveness. Small and medium-sized enterprises in the manufacturing industry generally focus on primary products and products with low added value. In supporting cooperation with large enterprises, the profit margins are not large. Especially when large enterprises experience large fluctuations in their production and operations, the normal production of small enterprises The impact on operations is greater.
To support small and medium-sized enterprises, it is necessary to strengthen leading enterprises with international competitiveness. Large enterprises can drive and activate the resources of many small and medium-sized enterprises in accordance with market rules, and form a cluster array with key enterprises as the core and further extending the industrial chain. Only then can we form sufficient capabilities to withstand the epidemic. The risk of a fall in foreign trade and economic downturn is to maintain the long-term competitiveness of regional specialty industries.