Solar energy is the energy generated by the nuclear fusion reaction of sunspots inside or on the surface of the sun. The average solar radiation intensity in earth orbit is 1367w/㎡. The circumference of the equator of the earth is 40000km, and it can be calculated that the energy obtained by the earth can reach173,000 tw. The standard peak intensity of sea level is 1kw/m2, and the 24-hour annual average radiation intensity at a certain point on the earth's surface is 0.20 kW/m2, which is equivalent to the energy of 102000TW. Human beings depend on these energy sources for survival, including all other forms of renewable energy (except geothermal energy). Although the total amount of solar energy resources is equivalent to more than 1 10,000 times of the energy currently used by human beings, the energy density of solar energy. These characteristics of solar energy will limit its role in the whole integrated energy system. Although the energy radiated by the sun to the earth's atmosphere is only 2.2 billion times of its total radiation energy, it is as high as 173000 tw, which means that the energy radiated by the sun to the earth every second is equivalent to 5 million tons of coal.
solar thermal collector
Solar water heater devices usually include solar collectors, water storage tanks, pipes and other parts of water pumps. In addition, in winter, heat exchangers, expansion water tanks and power generation devices are needed in case the power plant cannot supply power. Solar collector is a device that receives solar radiation and transfers heat to heat transfer working medium in solar thermal system. According to the heat transfer working medium, it can be divided into liquid collector and air collector. According to the Ming method, it can be divided into two types: spotlight type and spotlight type. There is also a vacuum collector: a good solar collector will take 20 to 30 years. Starting from 1980, the collector should be maintained for 40 ~ 50 years, with little maintenance.
solar water heating system
In the early days, the most widely used solar energy was to heat water, and now there are millions of solar water heating devices all over the world. The main components of solar hot water system include heat collector, water reservoir and circulating pipeline. In addition, there may be auxiliary energy devices (such as electric heaters, etc. ) When there is no sunshine, there may also be a device for forcibly circulating water to control the water level or the temperature of electrical components and pipes connected to the load. According to the circulation mode, solar water heating system can be divided into two types:
1, natural circulation:
This type of storage box is placed above the collector. Water is heated by solar radiation in the heat collector, and the temperature rises, which leads to different water temperatures in the heat collector and the water storage tank, resulting in density difference and buoyancy. This thermosiphon phenomenon promotes the natural flow of water in the water removal tank and collector. According to the relationship with the density difference, the water flow is directly proportional to the solar energy absorption of the collector. This type has been widely used because it does not need circulating water and its maintenance is very simple.
2. Forced circulation:
The hot water system uses water to circulate between the collector and the water storage tank. When the water temperature at the top of the collector is several degrees higher than that at the bottom of the water storage tank, the control device will start the water to flow. There is a check valve at the water inlet to prevent water from flowing back from the collector at night, resulting in heat loss. The flow rate of this kind of hot water system can be known (because the flow rate from water is known), so it is easy to predict the performance and calculate the heating water quantity in a certain period of time. For example, under the same design conditions, it has the advantage of obtaining higher water temperature than the natural circulation method, but because water must be used, there are problems such as water and electricity, maintenance (such as water leakage, etc.). ) and intermittent control device, easy to damage the water. Therefore, except for large hot water systems or occasions where high water temperature is needed, forced circulation water heaters are usually used.
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Using solar energy to warm rooms in winter has been used in many cold areas for many years. Because the temperature is very low in winter in cold areas, there must be heating equipment indoors. If you want to save a lot of fossil energy consumption, try to use solar radiation heat. Most solar greenhouses use hot water systems, and some also use hot air systems. Solar greenhouse system consists of solar collector, heat storage device, auxiliary energy system and indoor greenhouse fan system. Its process is solar radiation heat conduction, which stores heat energy through the working fluid in the collector and then supplies heat to the room. The auxiliary heat source can be installed in the heat storage device, directly in the room or between the heat storage device and the room. Of course, heat energy can also be directly applied to the design of direct-heating greenhouse without double heat storage, or directly use solar energy for thermoelectric or photoelectric power generation, and then heat the room, or use it as a greenhouse through heating devices in cold and warm rooms. The most commonly used greenhouse system is a solar hot water device, which introduces hot water into a heat storage device (solid, liquid or phase change heat storage system), then drives indoor or outdoor air into this heat storage device through a fan to absorb heat, and then transports this hot air indoors; Or another liquid flows into the heat storage device to absorb heat. When the hot fluid flows into the room, the heated air is blown into the room by the fan, thus achieving the effect of warming the room.
Solar power generation
That is, solar energy is directly converted into electric energy, which is stored in a capacitor and used when needed.
Solar off-grid power generation system
The solar off-grid power generation system includes 1 and solar controllers (photovoltaic controller and wind-solar complementary controller) to regulate and control the generated electric energy. On the one hand, the adjusted energy is sent to DC load or AC load, on the other hand, the excess energy is sent to storage battery for storage. When the generated electricity can't meet the load demand, the solar controller will transmit the electric energy of the storage battery to the load. After the battery is fully charged, the controller should control the battery not to be overcharged. When the electric energy stored in the battery is released, the solar controller should control the battery not to be over-discharged to protect the battery. When the performance of the controller is not good, it will greatly affect the service life of the battery and ultimately affect the reliability of the system. 2. The task of the solar battery pack is to store energy to ensure that the load uses electricity at night or in rainy days. 3. Solar inverter is responsible for converting DC into AC for AC load. Solar inverter is the core component of photovoltaic wind power generation system. Due to the relatively backward, remote and difficult maintenance areas, in order to improve the overall performance of photovoltaic wind power generation system and ensure the long-term stable operation of the power station, high requirements are put forward for the reliability of the inverter. In addition, due to the high cost of new energy generation, the efficient operation of solar inverter is also very important.
The main products of solar off-grid power generation system are classified as A, photovoltaic module B, fan C, controller D, battery E, inverter F, wind/photovoltaic power generation control and inverter integrated power supply.
Solar grid-connected power generation system
Renewable energy grid-connected power generation system is a power generation system that directly feeds the renewable energy generated by photovoltaic array, wind turbine and fuel cell back to the power grid through grid-connected inverter without battery energy storage.
Because the electric energy is directly input into the power grid, there is no need to configure the battery, which saves the process of energy storage and discharge of the battery, can make full use of the electric energy generated by renewable energy, reduce energy loss and reduce system cost. Grid-connected power generation system can use commercial power and renewable energy in parallel as the power supply of local AC load, reducing the power shortage rate of the whole system. At the same time, renewable energy grid-connected system can play a role in peak regulation of public power grid. Grid-connected power generation system is the development direction of solar wind power generation and represents the most attractive energy utilization technology in 2 1 century.
The main products of solar grid-connected power generation system are classified as A, photovoltaic grid-connected inverter B, small wind turbine grid-connected inverter C and large fan converter (double-fed converter, full-power converter).
The basic ways of solar energy utilization can be divided into the following four categories.
(1) photothermal utilization
Its basic idea is to collect solar radiation energy and convert it into heat energy through interaction with matter for utilization. [3] At present, there are three kinds of solar collectors that are used most, namely flat plate collectors, vacuum tube collectors and focusing collectors. Generally speaking, solar photothermal utilization can be divided into low-temperature utilization (< 200℃), medium-temperature utilization (200-800℃) and high-temperature utilization (> 800℃) according to the different temperatures and uses. At present, the low-temperature utilization mainly includes solar water heaters, solar dryers, solar distillers, solar houses, solar greenhouses, solar air conditioning and refrigeration systems, etc. Medium-temperature utilization mainly includes solar cookers and solar thermal power concentrating and heat collecting devices, while high-temperature utilization mainly includes high-temperature solar furnaces.
(2) Solar power generation
The large-scale utilization of solar energy in the future will be used for power generation. There are many ways to use solar energy to generate electricity. At present, there are two kinds of practical ones.
① Optical-thermal-electrical conversion. That is, using the heat energy generated by solar radiation to generate electricity. Generally, solar collectors are used to convert the absorbed heat energy into working medium steam, and then the steam drives the gas turbine to drive the generator to generate electricity. The former process is photothermal conversion, and the latter process is thermoelectric conversion.
② photoelectric conversion. Its basic principle is to directly convert solar radiation energy into electric energy through photovoltaic effect, and its basic device is solar cell.
(3) photochemical utilization
This is a photochemical conversion method that uses solar radiation energy to directly decompose water to produce hydrogen.
(4) Photobiological utilization
The process of converting solar energy into biomass is realized by photosynthesis of plants. At present, there are mainly fast-growing plants (such as firewood forests), oil crops and giant algae.
Explanation of solar terms (in Chinese and English)
Photovoltaic matrix or array.
Solar panels are connected in series or in parallel to form a matrix.
Blocking diode
It is used to prevent reverse current. In power panel arrays, choke diodes are used to prevent current from flowing to one or several faulty or shadowed power panels (or a series of solar panels). It is used to prevent current from flowing from the battery to the photovoltaic panel matrix at night or during low current. "
Balance of photovoltaic system.
Components in photovoltaic power generation system other than power generation board matrix, such as switches, control instruments, power supply temperature control equipment, matrix support structure, energy storage elements, etc.
Bypass diode
It is a diode connected in parallel with the photovoltaic panel to provide another current path when the photovoltaic panel is blocked or fails.
Photovoltaic panel (battery) (battery photovoltaic)
The smallest component in a solar panel.
Charge monitor/meter)
A device for measuring current intensity, an ammeter.
Charge regulator (charge regulator)
"The device for controlling the charging speed and/or charging state of the battery is connected between the photovoltaic panel matrix and the battery pack."
Component (component)
Refers to other equipment needed to build a solar power generation system.
Ac DC converter
A device that converts alternating current into direct current.
Crystal (crystal)
It has a three-dimensional repetitive atomic structure.
Direct current (DC)
One of the two forms of current, usually used for battery-powered objects, such as radios, cars, laptops, mobile phones, etc.
disordered structure
Reduce and eliminate lattice restrictions, provide new degrees of freedom, and enable other elements to be placed in multidimensional space and interact with each other in an unprecedented way. This technology uses a variety of elements and composite materials. Their irregularity in position, movement and composition can eliminate the structural limitations, thus creating a new local regular environment. These new local environments determine the physical, electronic and chemical properties of these materials, thus making it possible to synthesize new materials with novel mechanisms.
Grid-connected photovoltaic (grid-connected photovoltaic)
It is a photovoltaic power generation system, which provides power to the power grid through photovoltaic panels. These systems can be operated by a power supply company or a single building.
DC-AC converter (inverter)
A device that converts direct current into alternating current.
kilowatt
1000 watt, a light bulb usually needs 40 to 100 watt of electricity.
MW (megawatt)
1100,000 watts
Photovoltaic panel (module-photovoltaic)
Photovoltaic cells are connected in series to form a power generation board.
Aofu electron company
[named after the combination of S.R. Ovsinsky (founder of United Solar Energy Company) and electronic products]-This term is used to describe our unique materials, products and technologies.
Ovsinsky effect (Ovsinsky effect)
The effect of a special glassy film changing from a non-conductor to a semiconductor under a small voltage. ..
Parallel connection method
A connection method of power generation board. This connection keeps the voltage constant, but the current increases several times.
Peak output function (peak power)
Maximum energy output for a period of time (usually 10 to 30 seconds).
photovoltaic cell
Light energy is directly converted into electric energy.
Photovoltaic cell (photovoltaic cell)
A semiconductor material that can convert solar radiation into electric energy after special treatment.
Roll-to-roll process
The process of continuously converting a whole roll of basic parts into a whole roll of products.
series connection
Connection mode of constant current and double voltage.
Solar energy (solar energy)
Solar energy.
Solar energy collector (solar energy collector)
A device that obtains light or heat energy from the sun. Solar collectors are used in solar water heater systems (usually at home), while photovoltaic collectors are used in solar power generation systems.
Solar heating (solar heating)
A technology or system that uses solar thermal energy to generate electricity. Solar collectors are used in solar water heater systems (usually at home), while photovoltaic collectors are used in solar power generation systems.
Solar power generation solar module or solar panels.
Some solar panels are composed of solar panel units.
Stable energy conversion efficiency (stable energy conversion efficiency)
Long-term ratio of power output to light energy input.
System, balance system (Systems system balance)
"Solar power generation system includes photovoltaic panel matrix and other components, which can be used in homes and commercial facilities that need controllable DC or AC power."
filmy
A thin layer of material formed on a substrate.
Volts (volts)
The unit of electromotive force. It can pass an ampere of current through an ohm of resistance.
Voltage (voltage)
The size of the potential.
Voltmeter (voltmeter)
A device for measuring voltage.
Watts
Power measured by multiplying voltage by current.