What are the classifications of glass bottles and cans packed in glass?

Hollow glass products can be sealed with a lid or a plug, and can contain various materials quantitatively. Widely used as packaging containers for beverages, alcohol, chemicals, medicines, stationery and cosmetics. Glass bottles and cans are transparent, easy to clean, good in chemical stability, pollution-free to contents, high in air tightness, excellent in storage performance, rich in modeling and decoration, recyclable and rich in raw materials. However, glass bottles and cans are easily broken and have a large weight-volume ratio. These shortcomings are gradually improving with the development of technology. The output of glass products is the highest in glass bottles and cans. 1980, the world output of glassware was 68Mt, of which the output of glass bottles and jars was 40.8mt. From 2000 BC to 500 BC, people were able to manufacture hollow glassware. After the use of blowpipes in 200 BC, oil production and wine-making industries used insulating glass as containers. During the Roman Empire, the demand for glass containers increased, and most of the products were round-bottomed, which had to be supported by iron frames or wooden frames. Later, due to the development of glass blowing mold, a flat-bottomed bottle without support was made. From 5th century to 65438+5th century, pressing, drawing and blowing technologies have made great progress, which laid the foundation for the mechanization of glass manufacturing. 1867, Siemens Brothers of Germany applied the continuous melting tank kiln with regenerator to the glass industry, making it possible to produce glass bottles and cans on a large scale. 1880 ~ 1890 invented the molding technology of making wide-mouth bottles by pressure blowing and small-mouth bottles by blow blowing (see glass making). The first bottle-making machine driven by motor appeared in 1900. 1904 ~ 1905 American M.J. Owens invented the full-automatic vacuum bottle suction machine. Starting from 19 10, the dropper began to develop. 19 14 years, semi-automatic blowing-blowing process is mature. 1925, Hadford-Empel Company of the United States successfully developed a discrete bottle-making machine, which was produced by blowing-blowing method, and later developed into pressure-blowing method. This determinant bottle-making machine is still the main model used so far, and it is gradually developing in the direction of multi-unit and multi-drop. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, China used a blowpipe to blow hollow glass containers. Modern glass industry was formed in 1904 ~ 1908. Established in 193 1, Shanghai Jinghua Glass Factory is the first factory in China to continuously manufacture glass bottles and cans by using transverse flame, horseshoe flame regenerator and automatic bottle making machine. After 1950s, a number of large modern bottle-making factories were built. In the 1980s, the biggest progress in the production of glass bottles and cans was the lightweight of glass bottles, which could save raw materials and fuel, improve production speed and reduce transportation costs. There are many kinds of glass bottles and cans, and there are also many kinds of classification methods. ① According to appearance, there are general bottles and cans, bottles and cans with handles and tubular bottles and cans. , the capacity is 1ml ~ 25l. ② According to the bottom shape, there are round, oval, square, rectangular and flat bottles and cans, most of which are round. (3) Bottles and cans with wide mouth, small mouth and spout according to the size of the bottle mouth. A jar with an inner diameter of more than 30mm and no or few shoulders is called a jar, which is often used to hold semi-fluid and powdery or massive solid objects. Bottles with an inner diameter of less than 30mm are called small-mouth bottles, which are often used to hold various fluid items. (4) According to the matching form of bottle mouth and bottle cap, there are continuous thread bottle mouth, cork bottle mouth, pouring bottle mouth, crown bottle mouth, rolled bottle mouth, plastic bottle mouth, spraying bottle mouth, pressing-unscrewing bottle mouth, side sealing-prying bottle mouth, glass stopper frosted bottle mouth, handle bottle mouth and tubular bottle mouth. The size and tolerance of the bottle mouth are standardized. ⑤ According to the use requirements of bottles and cans, use bottles and cans once and recycle them. Used bottles and cans, discarded once; The recycled bottles and cans can be recycled many times. ⑥ According to the molding method, there are molding bottles and control bottles. The molded bottle is made by directly molding molten glass in a mold; The control bottle is made by pulling molten glass into a glass tube and then processing and molding. ⑦ According to the color of bottles and cans, there are colorless, colored and milky white bottles and cans. Most glass bottles and cans are clear and colorless, which can keep the normal image of the contents. Followed by green and brown. Green general drinks; Brown is used for medicine or beer. They can absorb ultraviolet rays and help protect the contents. The United States stipulates that the average wall thickness of this color glass bottle can should make the light wave transmittance with the wavelength of 290 ~ 450 nm lower than 10%. Some commodities, such as cosmetics, vanishing cream and ointment, are packed in opaque glass bottles and jars. Raw materials and chemical components Glass batch for bottles generally consists of 7 ~ 12 raw materials. There are mainly quartz sand, soda ash, limestone, dolomite, feldspar, borax and lead-barium compounds. In addition, there are auxiliary materials such as clarifiers, colorants, decolorants and opacifiers (see glass manufacturing). Coarse particles are difficult to melt completely in time; If the particles are too fine, scum and dust will easily be produced during the melting process, which will affect the melting and block the regenerator of the melting furnace. The suitable particle size is 0.25 ~ 0.5 mm In order to make use of waste glass, broken glass is usually added, and its dosage is generally 20 ~ 60%, up to 90%. The chemical composition of glass bottles and cans varies with their use requirements, molding methods, molding speed, technological characteristics and raw material varieties. Most bottles and jars are made of soda-lime silicate glass. The main components of soda-lime silicate glass are silicon dioxide, sodium oxide and calcium oxide. Proper amount of Al2O3 and MgO can reduce the crystallization tendency of glass, enhance its chemical stability and mechanical strength and improve its formability. The chemical composition of soda-lime bottle glass in most countries in the world is: SiO 270 ~ 74%, Cao and MgO 10 ~ 14%, Na2O and K2O 13 ~ 16%, Al2O31.5 ~ 2. When making colorless glass bottles and cans, the content of Fe2O3 in quartz sand is very low (generally around 0.03%). In ordinary soda-lime glass, when Cr2O3 and Fe2O3 are added, the glass is emerald green, and when sulfur carbon or MnO2 and Fe2O3 are added, the glass is brown. Bottles and cans containing drugs need high chemical stability and are made of borosilicate glass. High-grade cosmetics bottles are usually made of crystalline glass containing lead, barium or zinc, and some are made of opaque glass. Fluoride is usually used as a sunscreen. Quality requires that glass bottles and cans have certain performance and meet certain quality standards. ① Glass quality: pure and uniform, without sand, stripes, bubbles and other defects. Colorless glass has high transparency; Colored glass is uniform and stable in color, and can absorb light energy with a certain wavelength. ② Physical and chemical properties: It has certain chemical stability and does not interact with the contents. It has certain impact resistance and mechanical strength, can withstand heating and cooling processes such as washing and sterilization, can withstand filling, storage and transportation, and can remain intact when encountering general internal and external stress, vibration and impact. ③ Molding quality: maintain a certain capacity, weight and shape, with uniform wall thickness and smooth mouth, ensuring convenient filling and good sealing. No bending deformation, unsmooth surface, unevenness, cracks and other defects. Manufacturing technology The manufacturing of glass bottles and cans mainly includes batching, melting, molding, annealing, surface treatment and processing, inspection and packaging. ① batching: including raw material storage, weighing, mixing and batch transportation. The batch is required to be evenly mixed and the chemical composition is stable. (2) Melting: The melting of bottles and cans of glass is mostly carried out in a continuous flame tank furnace (see glass melting furnace). Generally, the daily output of cross-flame tank kilns exceeds 200t, and the large-scale ones reach 400 ~ 500 t, while the daily output of horseshoe-flame tank kilns is mostly below 200t, and the highest melting temperature of glass is 1580 ~ 1600℃. The energy consumption of smelting accounts for about 70% of the total energy consumption of production. Energy can be effectively saved by taking measures such as overall insulation of tank kiln, increasing the volume of checker bricks in regenerator, improving the distribution of material piles, improving combustion efficiency and controlling the convection of molten glass. Bubble in molten pool can improve the convection of molten glass, strengthen the process of clarification and homogenization, and increase the output. Using electrothermal flux in flame kiln can increase output and improve quality without increasing furnace. (3) Molding: the molding method is mainly used, the small-mouth bottle is molded by blowing-blowing method, and the wide-mouth bottle is molded by pressing-blowing method (see glass manufacturing). Control laws are rarely used. Modern glass bottles and cans are widely produced by high-speed automatic bottle-making machine. This bottle-making machine has certain requirements on the weight, shape and uniformity of the material drops, so the temperature in the material tank should be strictly controlled. There are many kinds of automatic bottle-making machines, among which determinant bottle-making machine is the most commonly used. The material drops of this bottle-making machine obey the bottle-making machine, not the material drops of the bottle-making machine, so it has no rotating parts and is safe to operate. Any branch can be stopped for maintenance alone, without affecting the operation of other branches (Figure 1). The determinant bottle-making machine has a wide range and great flexibility, and has been developed into 12 group, double-drop or triple-drop molding and microcomputer control. (4) Annealing: The annealing of glass bottles and cans is to reduce the residual permanent stress of glass to an allowable value. Annealing is usually carried out in a mesh belt continuous annealing furnace, and the highest annealing temperature is about 550 ~ 600℃. The mesh belt annealing furnace (Figure 2) adopts forced air circulation heating, which makes the temperature distribution in the cross section of the furnace uniform and forms an air curtain, which limits the movement of longitudinal airflow and ensures the uniform and stable temperature in all areas of the furnace. ⑤ Surface treatment: Generally, glass bottles and cans are coated at the hot end and cold end of the annealing furnace. Hot-end coating is to put the molded bottles and cans in an environment of vaporized tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride or butyl tin tetrachloride in a hot state (500 ~ 600℃), so that these metal compounds decompose and oxidize on the surface of the hot bottles and cans to form an oxide film, thereby filling the microcracks on the glass surface, preventing the occurrence of microcracks on the surface and improving the mechanical strength of the glass bottles and cans. The cold end coating is made of monostearate, oleic acid, polyethylene emulsion, silicone or silane. Spray it on the surface of bottles and cans at the outlet of annealing furnace at a temperature of about 100 ~ 150℃ to form a lubricating film to improve the wear resistance, lubricity and impact strength of bottles and cans. In production, cold end coating and hot end coating are often used in combination. 1l or more, some of the large-capacity bottles and cans have foam polystyrene or polyethylene film sheaths on their surfaces. The sheath has thermal shrinkage, which tightens the bottle body after heating. Tough and elastic, shock-proof and friction-resistant, no fragments fly out when the bottles and cans are broken, which can avoid personal injury. Reagent bottle, sample bottles and perfume bottles with glass stoppers are ground and plugged with mortar or emery and water. High-end cosmetics and perfume bottles are often polished to eliminate mildew spots and increase luster. High-grade wine bottles or artistic decorative bottles and cans are corroded by hydrofluoric acid, resulting in diffuse light and delicate feel. In order to print trademarks and decorations on the glass surface, glass glaze can be coated on the surface of bottles and cans by painting, screen printing, decal processing, etc., and baked at 600℃, and the glaze and glass are fused to form a permanent pattern. If organic pigments are used for color decoration, they only need to be melted and baked at 200 ~ 300℃. ⑥ Inspection: Find out the defective products and ensure the product quality. The defects of glass bottles and cans can be divided into two categories: the defects of glass itself and the molding defects of bottles and cans. The former includes bubbles, stones, stripes and incorrect colors; The latter are cracks, uneven thickness, deformation, cold spots, wrinkles and so on. In addition, the weight, capacity, dimensional tolerance of bottle mouth and bottle body, internal stress resistance, thermal shock resistance and stress relief should also be checked. Beer bottles, drinks and food bottles. Can't adapt to visual inspection, because they have fast production speed and large batch. At present, there are automatic inspection equipment, such as preselector (to check the shape and dimensional tolerance of bottles and cans), bottle mouth detector, crack detector, wall thickness detection device, extrusion testing machine, pressure testing machine and so on. ⑦ Packaging: There are corrugated box packaging, plastic box packaging and pallet container packaging. It's automated. Corrugated box packaging uses the same carton from empty bottle packaging to filling sales. /news/detail/17012.html Plastic boxes used for plastic box packaging can be recycled. Pallet container packaging is to arrange qualified bottles into a rectangular bottle array, move them to the pallet and stack them layer by layer, and then package them after reaching the specified number of layers. Generally, it is also wrapped in plastic film, heated to shrink it, tightly wrapped into a solid whole, and then bundled, also known as thermoplastic packaging.