The Tianjing Rebellion and Shi Dakai's departure forced Taiping Army to change from strategic attack to defense. The Qing army took the opportunity to counterattack, captured many places in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, rebuilt camps in Jiangnan and Jiangbei, and besieged Tianjing. Hong Xiuquan entrusts with an important task, regains national prestige and promotes young generals such as Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng. 1858 In August, Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng called generals from all walks of life to hold a military meeting in Zongyang, Anhui. Qi Xin, an army of all walks of life, broke through Pukou, wiped out more than 10,000 enemy troops in one fell swoop, and defeated the camp in Jiangbei again. 165438+ 10, more than 6,000 elite Xiang troops were annihilated in sanhe town, Anhui province, forcing the Qing army to withdraw from Anqing, thus stabilizing the situation in the upper reaches of Tianjing.
1859, Hong Rengan put forward "a new chapter of senior minister". Advocate "unification of power" and oppose "party alliance"; Open the way, "up and down the situation." Follow the example of the west and set up industrial, mining, transportation and financial undertakings; Allow private investment and employment of labor; Reward the folk skills of making utensils, allow their patents to be sold by themselves, trade freely between China and foreign countries and exchange equally, and set up schools, hospitals and social welfare institutions. As a political program in the later period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, New Chapters of Shangshu has obvious capitalist tendency. 1860 in the first half of the year, Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng wiped out the Jiangnan camp and opened up the southern Jiangsu base area. 186 1 September, Anqing fell. In May of the following year, Chen Yucheng defeated Shouzhou and died after being captured. The western front of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is in irreparable danger.
After the Second Opium War, foreign invaders colluded with the Qing government to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom resolutely fought bravely against the invaders, and successively hit Chang, Chang 'an Army and Chang 'an Street Army, killing them and dealing a heavy blow to the aggressors. After the fall of Anqing, the Taiping Army's base areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang also fell, leaving only Tianjing and its surrounding small areas. At this time, there is a shortage of grain and grass in Tianjing and no reinforcements outside, and the situation is becoming increasingly critical. Li Xiucheng put forward the idea of "not letting the city go" and created another base area, which was rejected by Hong Xiuquan. 1June, 864, Hong Xiuquan died of illness. /kloc-in July of 0/9, Xiang army dug a tunnel and smashed the city wall with gunpowder. After fierce street fighting, Tianjing fell. Most Taiping troops died heroically, and a few broke through. Young Heavenly Kings and Hong Rengan were captured in Jiangxi and sacrificed heroically. Li Xiucheng was captured when he broke through Tianjing and was killed by Zeng Guofan. The rest of the Taiping Army moved to the north and south of the Yangtze River until 1868.
This unprecedented peasant war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the history of China lasted for more than 17 years, covering 18 province, shocking the whole of China, and finally failed under the joint strangulation of the Qing government and foreign invaders.
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The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was a large-scale peasant uprising in modern China, which occupied half of China at the time of its vastest territory. Therefore, it has the remarkable characteristics of that era. On the other hand, Hong Xiuquan borrowed Christianity, a new religion introduced from western religions at that time, which also made ordinary people feel fresh. This may be related to the people's desire for change at that time.
The theoretical program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is included in several books, such as Song of Saving the World by the Original Way, Training of Awakening the World by the Original Way and Training of Awakening the World by the Original Way. However, surprisingly, although Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom claimed to combine Western Christianity, China Confucianism and peasant egalitarianism, it actually knew nothing about Christians. In fact, all his thoughts originated from Liang Fa, a missionary from China at that time, and his advice to the world. Later, some foreign missionaries learned about it and tried to tell him the truth of the Bible, but Hong Xiuquan denounced it as heresy. Hong Xiuquan's non-Christian and non-Confucian "Trinity" thought was very attractive to the people in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society at that time.
"China Land System" is the revolutionary program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to solve the distribution of means of production and products, which embodies the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish the old feudal land ownership and is the ideological crystallization of the peasants' anti-feudal struggle for thousands of years.
Senior Minister's New Chapter is the first political program in China with the will to develop capitalism put forward by the late King Hong Rengan. However, due to the harsh surrounding environment objectively, the subjective disregard for the peasant class did not play the expected role.
Another view holds that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has essential defects and rational retrogression under the appearance of progress. Politically, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a combination of theocracy and kingship. The DPRK is not only strict in class, but also does whatever the king wants to officials, even exceeding the imperial court under the constraint of Confucianism. Culturally, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom completely overthrew the inherent traditional culture and hated traditional intellectuals. After Hong Xiuquan and Wang Dingdu arrived in Tianjing, their lives were corrupt, the political discipline of the imperial court was disordered, and the Holy Spirit was randomly sealed. Institutionally speaking, the programs such as "Heavenly Mind" and "Senior Minister's Essays" are just on paper, and they have never been seriously implemented and have not achieved any results. As for the so-called "opening imperial examinations to women" and other progressive policies, most of them only exist in the legends of unofficial history.
This regime is very critical in history, and its "advanced nature" has not been recognized by historians; The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is regarded as another cruel regime based on oppressing human nature. Hong Xiuquan himself is not considered to understand Christian teachings. All his policies have not been successfully implemented. In fact, this is more inclined to a peasant violent regime.
Edit the economic system of this paragraph.
Sound bank system
The financial system is the first economic system founded by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. This system came into being with jintian uprising and Taiping Army, until the Taiping Revolution failed, and the sacred library system disappeared. When the Taiping Army was founded, the "Three Stores" system played an important and positive role in ensuring the contribution of the troops, attracting poor peasants to participate in the revolution, and ensuring military discipline. After the capital Tianjing, Hong Yang and others brought the economic life of urban people into the supply scope of the holy library. Moreover, it was once required to apply the principle of "selfless wealth" to the people, which was too much and violated the objective laws of social and economic development. This is obviously wrong and infeasible, and its negative effects are gradually exposed.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom organized military forces in both urban and rural areas. The local government has a military commander for every13,000 in-laws cadres, and has jurisdiction over Shi Shuai, the brigade commander and the commander. The leader of the most basic organizational unit is called the Second Sima. According to the regulations, there is no sacred library from all armies to Ersima. In "China", there is a "general holy library" to take charge of property. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Tianjingqi, the capital of Tianjingqi, set up a "general holy treasury" and a "general holy grain" in its central organization, each with four official assistants, and "the posts are the same as those of procurators". Team equipment coding officer. Let it go.
The data sources of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Scripture Library include the following five aspects: first, at the beginning of the uprising, he was holding the silver grain and clothes given to the holy treasury by all the people of God; The second is to defeat the Qing army or conquer the spoils captured by towns; Third, the contribution of urban and rural people in various places and the property obtained by sending large donations to the rich and pioneers; Fourth, the income of "Parker", local tax and industrial and commercial tax; The fifth is the raw product of white drake. The hundred-style yamen and craftsman camp located in Tianjin City are one of the important sources of information in the holy library.
The sacred storehouse supply system based on the principle of selfless wealth played an important and positive role in the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution. First of all, it attracted poor peasants to take part in the uprising. Secondly, the "Three Stores" system ensured the supply of Taiping Army and inspired the fighting spirit of Taiping Army. Military families are in Tianjing, and there is a holy library to solve life problems. Therefore, they have no worries and can concentrate on "killing demons and taking cities" and fighting for the great cause of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Third, all the seized items were handed over to the holy library, which ensured the Taiping Army's good discipline and harmonious military-civilian relations. The fine discipline of Taiping Army was famous in the peasant uprising, especially in Qianlang. Fourthly, in Tianjing, a city surrounded by the Qing army for a long time, it is of special significance to implement the supply system of the holy library. The storage system has played a great role in defending Tianjing, Zhenjiang and other military towns, sharing weal and woe between the army and the people, and stabilizing the people's hearts.
From the stage of historical development, when private ownership is still in the ascendant, any egalitarian thought and system that wants to change this objective trend can only be a beautiful and naive fantasy of the exploited. If it is required to be implemented in practice for a long time, it will undoubtedly regress to obstacles and destruction. Judging from people's ideology, the concept of private ownership for thousands of years can never be changed because of the preaching that the possession of gold and silver is forbidden in Taiping rules and regulations, the imperial edict of the king of heaven and the imperial edict of the king of the east require that "public interest is above everything else" Although farmers have a strong anti-feudal revolution, because they are farmers, they have strong private ideas and desire to get rich. They are dissatisfied with the egalitarian supply system. Therefore, the implementation of the sacred library system is facing more and more subjective and objective difficulties. It should carry out reasonable reforms with the development of the situation, and transform the payment system in the early days of the uprising into a relatively perfect financial system to meet the new needs. However, there is no material to prove that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made major changes to this, but let it evolve on its own and was finally destroyed and deteriorated.
First of all, the feudal privilege thought and material enjoyment of the leadership order of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were excessive. After Hong Xiuquan made his capital in Tianjing, he claimed to be the Lord of all nations in the world, and Tianjing was called "Little Paradise". The grand palace is extremely magnificent. Although there is a sacred treasury dedicated to dealing with property, there are no restrictions on kings and senior officials, which is undoubtedly a violation of the principle of the treasury system. This shows that in the top leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, feudal hedonism is so strong. In Wei Changhui's eyes, the sacred library also has the principle of equality and public library, which is just the private wealth of feudal emperors and the internal library controlled at will! Although Hong and Yang verbally talked about the truth of "saving money and loving the people", after entering big cities, the extravagant wind of enjoying, ostentation and extravagance and wasting public property grew like a plague.
Edit other systems in this section.
On the Distribution System of Living Materials
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reorganized rural social organizations according to the establishment of Taiping Army, namely, army, division, brigade, pawn and second Sima.
On the reward and incentive system of officials at all levels
Officials at all levels in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can be divided into three types: DPRK officials, military officials and local village officials. It is stipulated to be promoted once a year and once every three years.
With regard to education and the judicial system
Education in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is carried out in the form of religion, and every twenty-five households have a chapel, which also doubles as a school. In the judicial aspect, the "celestial eye system" stipulates that each army has two "criminal law" officers, one is the chief officer and the other is the deputy officer, and Shi Shuai and Lu Shuai are concurrently appointed. However, where there are civil and criminal proceedings among the people, it will be adjusted by the Second Sima at first. If it can't be solved, it must be reviewed step by step.
Historical achievements
First, the heaven-earth system and the new chapter on senior management promulgated by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement are great creations of the peasant class, which have given them certain material benefits and reflected their strong desire for freedom and equality. The Land System of China is the first programmatic document involving politics, military affairs and economy in the history of China peasant war, and it is also the first concrete plan of the peasant uprising army on land distribution in history, which embodies the idea of equality and plays a certain role in promoting it. Senior minister's new chapter criticizes the foundation and suppresses the end, respects science and technology, advocates the establishment of enterprises, advocates industrial and commercial profits and encourages private capital, which is in line with the requirements of the historical trend. Its plan to develop capitalism reflects the end of advanced China people seeking truth from the West.
Second, after the capital Tianjin, actively implement foreign trade policies and carry out normal foreign trade. The foreign trade policy is positive development, equality and mutual benefit, and independence, which is in stark contrast to the Qing government's closed door, servility and humiliation of the country. Tough attitude towards opium imports. 1854 when talking about trade in a letter to the British ambassador, Yang wrote: "Not only Britain trades, but all countries trade. All the seas are brothers, and the matter of building a port will be decided later, and things that harm people will be banned. " Give the intruder a blow. 1863, Shanghai Port exported12 million pounds of tea, double that of 1858. 1862 Shanghai declared 180 ships, the import tariff revenue of Shanghai Port was 337010/4, and the revenue of the two terminals was 5 1960, which was extremely prosperous.
Third, initially undertake the task of opposing imperialism and feudalism. Ever since jintian uprising got up, he has pointed the finger at the Qing Dynasty. Ideologically, he pointed the finger at Confucius and Mencius, the spiritual pillar of the feudal dynasty, opposed the feudal hierarchy and advocated equality. The anti-feudal struggle of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom dealt a heavy blow to the rulers of Qing Dynasty. As for the anti-imperialist struggle, the banner is also very clear. Walter, the captain of the foreign guns team, and Blaude, the French prefect, died by the sword of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom soldiers. 1862, a foreign invader came to Nanking and suggested to Hong Xiuquan that China should be divided equally after defeating the Qing army. Hong Xiuquan immediately sternly retorted: "I am fighting for China, and I intend to focus on the overall situation; If things are equally divided, the world laughs; No, lead a ghost into the country. " This fully reflects its patriotic stance.
Fourth, it accelerated the decline and collapse of the Qing Dynasty and even the whole feudal system. The rule of the Qing dynasty was even more stormy.
Fifth, the first national liberation movement in Asia reached its climax in the middle of19th century. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the anti-colonial struggles of the people of Persia, Indonesia, India and other countries influenced and promoted each other, and * * * dealt a blow to western colonialists.
The reason for the rise of editing this paragraph
1. Corrupt feudal rule and heavy exploitation led to the intensification of class contradictions. After the Opium War, in order to pay war reparations, the Qing government stepped up its search for people's fat and paste. Rule is more corrupt. Corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry also took the opportunity to blackmail the people. The hard-working masses who could not stand this kind of suffering revolted one after another.
2. The invasion of foreign capitalism has brought new disasters to the people of China.
3. Serious natural disasters. From 1846 to 1850, floods, droughts, pests and diseases in Guangdong and Guangxi regions continued, and the working people fell into the predicament of hunger and death.
The reason why editing this paragraph failed.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom finally failed. There are too many reasons for this.
Subjective reasons: First, due to the limitations of the peasant class. Although the "celestial eye system" was put forward, at that time, it was a fantasy and impossible to realize; The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement was vigorous, but China was still a feudal society.
The second is a strategic mistake. For example, after jintian uprising, he lingered around Zijing Mountain for a long time, lacking enterprising spirit; After the uprising, we did not do everything possible to win over intellectuals, and we could not unify anti-Confucius and winning over intellectuals; After making its capital in Tianjin, go north alone.
Objective reason: the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign governments. This is a new situation that has never been encountered in any peasant war in the history of China. 186 1 year, Empress Dowager Cixi authorized Zeng Guofan to govern the military affairs of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. In this way, the front-line Qing army against Taiping Army was all under the unified command of Zeng Guofan. Zeng Guofan sent to lead the main force of Xiang, only to stay in Peiping and Tianjin; Li Hongzhang was sent to lead the Huai army to attack Suzhou and Changzhou with the "Chang Shengjun" commanded by an Englishman Gordon. Zuo was sent to lead some Xiang troops to attack Zhejiang. The British and French invaders helped the Left with mixed reactionary forces.
In addition, the laws and regulations of the kingdom of heaven are quite strict, and the criminal law is also cruel. Whoever breaks the dogma will be sentenced to death, which violates the original revolutionary salvation and humanitarian purpose.
In a word, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was a great peasant revolutionary war against feudalism and aggression in China's modern history. However, due to the limitations of class and times, the peasant class could not lead the China revolution to victory.
On the Rise and Fall of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was a great anti-feudal and anti-aggression peasant movement in China's modern history, and it was also the peak of China's peasant war for thousands of years. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom persisted for 14 years, and its influence expanded to 18 province, severely punishing Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. Because it happened in the era of the alternation of the old and the new after the Opium War, the times gave it new content and significance, that is, while opposing feudalism, it also shouldered the task of opposing foreign aggression; At the same time, some leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom advocated learning from the West and developing capitalism in China, which was advanced at that time.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement lasted 14 years, and its development experienced a tortuous process from the beginning to a certain scale, to prosperity, to division and decline, to a short-term revival in the later period, and to total failure.
Judging from the development process, the prosperity of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement mainly includes its outbreak, northward movement, capital establishment, consolidation of political power and military expeditions to the east, west and north.
185 1 year 1 month1day, which happened to be Hong Xiuquan's 38th birthday. Hong Xiuquan led the masses to announce the uprising in Jintian and establish the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the magnificent Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement began.
Then, the Taiping Army went north, and in the autumn of the same year, it captured Yongan. Taiping Army reorganized in Yong 'an. Hong Xiuquan once called himself "the king of heaven" before this. In Yong 'an, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom promulgated the calendar. 185 1 year 65438+February 17, Hong Xiuquan issued an imperial edict: Yang is the east king, Xiao Chaogui is the west king, Feng Yunshan is the south king, Wei Changhui is the north king, and Shi Dakai is the wing king. The initial formation of the central government organization of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is of great significance to strengthening leadership and developing the contingent. The imperial edict also stipulates that all kings under the heavenly king system belong to the eastern king system. Yang actually mastered the military and political power of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
After a short adjustment, the Taiping Army struggled to break through under the siege of the Qing army. After that, Taiping Army attacked Guilin. Taiping army besieged for a month, but failed to conquer it, so it transferred to Quanzhou, and then moved to Changsha, Wuchang, Zhenjiang and other important towns. Along the way, the Taiping Army resolutely suppressed and cracked down on the lackeys who maintained reactionary rule, burned down the yamen, grain books, title deeds, and even knocked out the Buddha statue and Kong Qiu memorial tablet, which made a sweeping sweep of the feudal rule order and was deeply loved by the people. Page 27 1 of the third volume of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom mentions that "in order to grab clothes and distribute them to the poor, ... it means rent-free and tax-free for the next three years". Even opponents have to admit that the Taiping Army has arrived, "all government troops will attack" and "villagers help thieves fight everywhere". (selected from the third volume of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Thieves' Sentiments) Therefore, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising developed rapidly.
1853, 19 In March, the Taiping Army attacked the outer city of Nanjing and beheaded Lu Jianying, the governor of Liangjiang. On the 20th, the Taiping Army captured the inner city and killed General Hou Xiang of Jiangning. Completed the purpose of occupying Nanjing. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Nanjing its capital, changed Nanjing into Tianjing, and formally established a regime against the Qing Dynasty.
After the capital was established, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom promulgated the "celestial system" and abolished the land ownership of the feudal landlord class. According to the principles of "all fields are cultivated, and all people work together" and "uneven everywhere", land is distributed equally to households according to population and age, regardless of gender. Regarding the distribution of products, according to the principle of "everyone in the world is not private, and everything belongs to the owner", each household has enough rations and the rest belongs to the sacred warehouse. However, it is impossible for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to establish an ideal society in which "the tiller has land, the eater has food, the wearer has clothes, and the money is used to earn money, which is uneven everywhere and hungry". There is a passage in China's Land System: "All fields are divided according to population, regardless of gender, ... Let the world enjoy God's great blessing, fields can be cultivated together, and clothes can be worn together ..." This passage fully reflects the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish feudal land ownership. This is the ideological crystallization of the anti-feudal struggle of the peasant movement for thousands of years. This scheme of absolute average distribution of products violates the law of social development and cannot arouse farmers' enthusiasm for production. It's just a fable, it's impossible to achieve.
Less than half a month after the Taiping Army entered Tianjing, the Qing army established Jiangnan Camp and Jiangbei Camp near Tianjing to besiege Tianjing.
1853, Taiping Army went north to Beijing. However, due to the great difference in strength, the Northern Expedition failed. General of the Northern Expedition was killed and Li was arrested. (Records of Taoist Priests and Immortals, p. 163)
At the same time of the Northern Expedition, Taiping Army carried out the Western Expedition. 1853, the Western Expedition Army captured the important town of Anhui and Hubei and entered Hunan. 1855, Shi Dakai commanded the marked army to defeat the Xiang army at the mouth of Poyang Lake, then entered Jiangxi, quickly captured a large area of land, and consolidated the Tianjing revolutionary base camp.
1856, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom marched eastward, captured Yangzhou, and breached the camp in Jiangbei. Later, he joined forces with the Western Army in Shi Dakai, destroying the Jiangnan camp and lifting the siege of Tianjing. At the same time, it also broke the southeast financial road of the Qing government.
After the Northern Expedition, the Eastern Expedition and the Western Expedition, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached its heyday militarily.
The prosperity of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom dealt a heavy blow to the feudal reactionary forces and won the hearts of the people.
But it's a pity that xing will soon decline. There are many reasons for this.
The movement before 1. disintegrated the leadership. According to the third chapter of Modern History of China, on the way to the north, Feng Yunshan, king of the south, was shot to death on June 3rd, 1852, and Xiao Chaogui, king of the west, was wounded and died on September 2nd, the same year. The Taiping Army lost two important leaders.
2. The consolidation of the base camp in the medium term has split the core of the leadership. After the capital was Tianjing, Yang mastered most of the military and political power, and the "Dongfu Group" was the most powerful. The power struggle between these groups has become increasingly fierce. 1September, 856, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom leading group was publicly separated. According to the photocopy of Li Xiucheng's self-report, Yang's arrogant tendency is increasingly serious. He is "arrogant, but he doesn't know how to avoid it". 1856 In August and September, the Jiangnan camp was defeated and the siege of Tianjing was temporarily lifted. Yang took the opportunity to further expand his power, "forcing the heavenly king to seal Hou in the east for a long time." Hong Xiuquan ordered Wei Changhui to arrive in Tianjin on September 1 and surrounded East Wang Fu. His family were killed the next day. With the scuffle in Beijing the day after tomorrow, more than 20,000 outstanding generals and soldiers of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom died. After Wei Changhui took control of Tianjing, he monopolized the military and political power. In June 65438 +065438+10, Hong Xiuquan ordered Shi Dakai to kill Wei Changhui and more than 200 of his confidants, ending Wei Changhui's two-month rule in Tianjing. After that, Hong Xiuquan forced Shi Dakai to escape, and Shi Dakai was completely annihilated after being besieged by the Qing army. This is the turning point of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom from prosperity to decline, which is called "Tianjing Rebellion" in history.
Some people think there are several fundamental reasons:
1. The curse was laid at the beginning of the early period, and the East King occupied absolute military and political power, which led to his ambition expansion and wanted to replace the King of Heaven.
2. * * production of "Tianmu System in China". For example, the principle of sharing farmland, clothing, food and money is everywhere, and no one is not warm enough, which only applies to farmers, businessmen and soldiers at the lower level. For the top leaders, it is much better to eat, dress and live with the money used by a few people every day than the lower people. The inequality of the system also led to the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
3. The rulers are increasingly corrupt and divorced from the people. According to "Modern History of China", after the Taiping Army entered Nanjing, it immediately started building, expanded the Governor's Office of Liangjiang into the Heavenly Palace, demolished a large number of houses, and used thousands of male and female workers. "It took half a year to make it, which is extremely magnificent." It was destroyed by the fire. 1854, rebuilt on the original site, Lin Yuan Palace has a radius of more than ten miles, which is "resplendent" and "unparalleled". The buildings in East Wang Fu are also "extremely exquisite and pleasing to the eye". To shoes, clothes, horses, etc. , are extremely luxurious. In addition, Tianwang constantly selected folk women to enter the palace. These conditions show that the life of the leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom became very luxurious and corrupt after they entered Tianjing.
According to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the relationship between the leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom gradually alienated. The original "sleep and eat, love the same flesh and blood" has become "separated from each other and suspicious of each other", and the sectarian color is becoming increasingly obvious. Hong Xiuquan spent a lot of energy on religious theology writing, divorced from the practice of struggle and the masses.
4. The infighting and distrust of leaders are also one of the reasons for the failure.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also had a short revival in the later period. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom leadership group split, the situation was frustrated. Hong Xiuquan promoted Chen Yucheng and Li Xiu, young generals who fought bloody battles with the Qing army for many years, to become generals of various armies. They led the Taiping Army to fight hard and saved the crisis.
According to the second chapter of Modern History of China, in August 1858, Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng called generals from all walks of life to hold a military meeting in Zongyang Town, Anhui Province, and decided to adopt the policy of joint operations to jointly lift the siege of Tianjing by the Qing army. In September, Chen and Li joined forces in Chuzhou, attacked Pukou, defeated Jiangbei Daying again, annihilated more than 10,000 people and occupied Jiangpu. The victory of fighting in Pukou area opened the traffic between Tianjing and Jiangbei, and lifted the blockade of Tianjing by the Qing army in Jiangbei.
While Taiping Army attacked Jiangbei Camp, Li, the main force of Xiang Army, took advantage of Jiujiang to attack Anhui, which matched Luzhou's throat sanhe town. 165438+1At the beginning of October, Chen Yucheng heard that he had marched westward from Jiangpu, and went straight into Baishishan and Jinniuling in the southeast of sanhe town, bypassing the rear road of Xiang Army. Li Xiucheng came to help on orders from Hong Xiuquan. The Taiping army stormed in the fog, and Li was in a panic. He tried his best to break through, but he couldn't get out. After fierce fighting, Taiping Army destroyed all the camps of Xiang Army, killed more than 400 civil and military officials including Zeng Guofan's younger brother and thousands of Xiang Army, and Li committed suicide. This was a great blow to Zeng Guofan's Xiang army. He had to admit: "The defeat of Sanjiang wiped out nearly 6 thousand Xiang troops, which was not a disaster, and the morale of our city was not good." (Selected from the Complete Works of Zeng Letters, Volume 7. The study said, "Nearly 6,000 is actually about 3,000."
After sanhe town's victory, the Taiping Army's morale rose again. Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng led the troops to attack 56 points, and the Qing army that besieged Anqing was defeated without fighting, and the northern part of Anhui was returned to the Taiping Army. In the south of Anhui, from 1858 to 65438+February, Li Shixian defeated the Qing army in Ningguowan town, which reversed the unfavorable situation. In Jiangxi, Yang Fuqing captured Jingdezhen in February 1858 and 65438+, and defeated Zhang Department of Xiang Army many times, which contained the troops of Xiang Army. At this time, the situation in the upper reaches of Tianjing has stabilized. This is a short-term revival in the later period. But because the vitality is too serious, the revitalization will soon die out.
There are two reasons for the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement:
1. Subjective aspects. This is a peasant war without the leadership of advanced classes.
2. objective aspects. Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded to stifle the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. This is a new situation that has never been encountered in any peasant war in the history of China. The strength of Taiping Army and Qing Army is far from each other, and there is no advanced weapons and equipment.
The tragedy of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom fully shows that due to the limitations of class and times, the peasant class cannot lead the China revolution to victory. To overthrow the reactionary rule of the Qing government, it is necessary to overthrow it in one breath and not give it a recovery period. While opposing feudalism, we should also oppose capitalist powers. Only by opposing feudal and capitalist forces can we accomplish the task of saving the country and the people. Later, the development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's revolutionary road drew lessons from the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Revolution of 1911 and won the final victory. The brilliant achievements of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom will always inspire the people of China.
A major mistake in editing this passage of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
One is the unity of politics and religion, the chaotic power system and the contradiction between theocracy and imperial power.
Second, worship God, even if you die.
Third, the capital is Tianjing, and the feudal system is gradually corrupt.
Fourth, the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition were like hooligans; Late in the battle, missed the opportunity. There was a major mistake in strategy.
Five, the dream of an ideal society, the interweaving of reality and dreams.
Sixth, loneliness, internal discord.
Seven, national chaos, social management confusion.