Eating milk was once a symbol of poverty.
Undeniably, in the long history, milk has been with human beings for the longest time, which is closely related to daily life, and its importance is second only to water. The fresco in a temple in Babylon, Cuba, 6000 years ago is the earliest historical record of human obtaining and drinking milk, but according to archaeologists' speculation, as early as 12000 years ago, humans began to tame cattle as livestock and used milk as an important food source. Around 4000 BC, the ancient Egyptians used milk as a sacrifice. Hassall, the god of fertility and love in Egyptian mythology, has an ox head. In recent years, archaeological excavations in Switzerland and other places show that Europeans have begun to master the technology of making cheese with milk.
In the Old Testament, milk was mentioned 47 times. God promised Israel a land flowing with milk and honey. In fact, in many parts of Central Asia, until quite late, the number of cows owned by a person was the main criterion for measuring his wealth.
Although milk and cheese are always associated with the quality of life, this was not the case in the Middle Ages. /kloc-before the 0/9th century, milk was a high-risk food because there was no safe means of disinfection and preservation. Milk directly squeezed out is often contaminated by bacteria, and a few hours in hot season is enough to make milk go bad. Therefore, for hundreds of years, milk and cheese known as "white meat" have been the main food sources for the poor, while the rich have stayed away from them. Eating dairy products often is even considered as a sign of poverty.
Kyle Poirot, who lived at the end of 13, once mentioned in his famous travel notes that Genghis Khan's team carried milk powder as food during a long March. This is probably the earliest record of milk powder. However, when western navigators explored the new continent, in order to solve the nutritional problem, they adopted a more primitive and stupid method: taking cattle on the road. 1493, when Columbus sailed to America for the second time, he learned the lesson of the last voyage and took the cows with him. When Protestants began to immigrate to the American continent in large numbers, British law even stipulated that every ship bound for the New World must strictly follow the standard of one cow for every five passengers. When the ship arrives at the port, the captain has the right to sell these cows on the spot to earn extra money for himself.
16 1 1 year, the Jamestown colony in the United States welcomed the first batch of cows. Before these cows were transported to the American continent, the mortality rate of local newborns remained high because of the lack of milk. In order to protect these precious cows, Sir Delaware, the colonial ruler at that time, even introduced laws to protect cows.
Industrial production and sales make it a "perfect food"
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, industrialization increased the number of professional women, and the decrease of breastfeeding correspondingly increased people's demand for milk. Therefore, how to make urban residents drink safe milk has become a problem considered by many inventors.
1856, American Jill Borden obtained a patent license for the production of condensed milk. In the process of making condensed milk, Boden found a way to extend the shelf life of milk. For example, boiling at high temperature can kill bacteria in milk, adding sugar can inhibit the reproduction of bacteria, and degreasing has the same effect. The need to extend the shelf life of food in the civil war made Boden really rich.
Scientific and technological progress and social development are constantly promoting the prosperity of dairy industry. 187 1 year, when louis pasteur, a Frenchman, solved the problem of wine deterioration, he invented the pasteurization method which is still widely used up to now: heating the liquid to a certain temperature (50 degrees Celsius for wine and 72-75 degrees Celsius for milk) can not only kill the harmful bacteria in it, but also retain the beneficial ingredients and taste in it to the maximum extent. It is no exaggeration to say that without Pasteur, there would not be such a prosperous global dairy market today, and the per capita milk consumption in the world would never reach 100 kg.
/kloc-at the end of 0/9 century, the appearance of trains made the transportation of liquid milk more convenient; In the 20th century, the appearance of refrigerator made the preservation of milk more convenient. By 1900, drinking milk has become a daily habit of American and European urban residents, and a complex transportation system has been established to deliver milk from farms to residents' doorsteps. Milk broke away from the attribute of "natural thing" and became a commodity for industrial mass production, transportation and sales.
The outbreak of World War I made the market demand for dairy products soar, and canned milk and condensed milk were used to improve the nutritional imbalance of soldiers. The agricultural producing areas of the United States, Britain, Spain and France have responded to the call and produced a large number of canned dairy products; During the war, a large number of women went out to work, which also reduced breastfeeding on a large scale and increased the amount of milk for babies. In addition, this period is also the period when marketing and advertising appeared. Milk advertisers skillfully use immature nutrition-at first, they claimed that milk is rich in phosphoric acid, followed by protein, riboflavin and vitamin A; Later, it was found that vitamin D can strengthen the absorption of calcium and prevent rickets. It was publicized that milk contains vitamin D, but milk is not rich in vitamin D..
In 19 18, Irma mccollum, the inventor of vitamin A and an American food scientist, said: People who drink milk are taller, live longer and are more aggressive. This statement has affected the whole society's cognition of milk. The output of dairy products in the United States increased by one-third in the following ten years, and milk was gradually shaped into a "perfect food".
"Swill milk" promotes food safety supervision
The quality and safety of domestic dairy products market has attracted people's attention, and there have been serious quality and safety problems of dairy products in foreign history. The solution of these problems has promoted the improvement of relevant quality standards and supervision system.
1842 or so, a large number of immigrants flooded into new york, and a large number of newborns were born. Many young mothers cannot feed their children with their own milk, and the demand for milk is increasing day by day. At this time, a kind of "children's sanitary milk" appeared in the market, which was advertised as "nutrition is better than breast milk". However, since then, the mortality rate of children in new york is very high, and all premature babies have drunk this kind of "children's sanitary milk".
Through investigation, Leslie Pictorial found that dairy merchants feed cows with distiller's grains in order to produce more milk. And keep the cows in a narrow space and adopt the strategy of reducing the activity of the cows for breastfeeding. Many cows are rotten and even sick, but the milk of these sick cows is still used to supply the market. Leslie Pictorial published a series of articles on the topic of "Big Exposure of Milk Trading", showing the public the shady situation of swill milk.
Celebrities in political and economic circles have put pressure on * * * to rectify the dairy market. Subsequently, Pasteur disinfection method was popularized in new york dairy enterprises; 1906, the United States passed the first food and drug law, which established a unified quality inspection standard for food and drugs including milk.
19 At the end of the 20th century, milk quality and safety problems also appeared in Britain. 19 14, Britain started the "Clean Milk Campaign", which tested milk and divided it into three grades. This movement promoted the inspection and standard setting of British milk.
Before 1950s, in France, a big consumer of dairy products, milk was transported to retailers in iron drums and then bottled by retailers. Until 1950, France * * * forced every city with a population of more than 20,000 to sell bottled milk sealed with wax. Since then, the sale of bottled or boxed milk has become more and more popular.