The second one says byers.
In the process of using a computer, it is inevitable to deal with BIOS and CMOS on the motherboard. Let me introduce the common sense in this respect first.
Basic Input/Output System
BIOS, the basic input and output system of microcomputer, is a ROM chip integrated on the motherboard, which stores the most important basic input and output programs, system information settings, power-on self-check programs and system startup boot programs of microcomputer system. You can see the BIOS ROM chip on the motherboard. The superior performance of a motherboard depends on the advanced BIOS management function on the motherboard to some extent. In the BIOS, there are mainly:
1.BIOS interrupt program
That is, BIOS interrupt service program. It is a programmable interface between the software and hardware of microcomputer system, and it is the lowest software in the computer. It is used to connect the function of program software with the hardware of microcomputer. The BIOS is the same for different operating systems installed on the same computer. It can be considered that BIOS is the same part of various operating systems. The management of peripheral devices such as software, hard disk, CD-ROM, keyboard and monitor by DOS/Windows/ Unix operating system is based on the system BIOS. Programmers can also directly call BIOS interrupt routines through interrupts such as INT 5, INT 13.
2.BIOS system setup program
The configuration of microcomputer components is put in a readable CMOS RAM chip, which stores the information of system CPU, soft hard disk drive, display, keyboard and other components. After shutdown, the system supplies power to CMOS through the backup battery to keep the information in it. If the configuration information about the microcomputer in CMOS is incorrect, it will lead to the decline of system performance and the failure of software and hardware of the system. A program named "System Setup Program" is installed in the BIOS ROM chip to set the parameters in CMOS RAM. This program can be accessed by pressing a key or a group of keys at startup, which provides a good interface for users to use. This process of setting CMOS parameters is also called "BIOS setting" or "CMOS setting". Newly bought microcomputers or systems with new components generally need BIOS settings.
3. After power-on self-test.
After the microcomputer is turned on, the system will have a process of checking the internal equipment, which is completed by a program commonly known as POST. This is also a function of BIOS. The complete POST self-check will include CPU, 640K basic memory, 1M extended memory, ROM, motherboard, CMOS memory, serial and parallel ports, graphics card, hard disk and floppy disk system and keyboard test. If problems are found in the self-inspection, the system will give prompt information or whistle warning.
4. Number four. The BIOS system starts the boot program.
After completing the POST self-check, ROM BIOS will search for effective boot drivers such as software and hard disk drive, CDROM and network server according to the boot order in the CMOS settings of the system, read the boot record of the operating system, and then hand over the system control to the boot record, thus completing the system boot.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
CMOS (originally referred to as complementary metal oxide semiconductor, a raw material widely used in manufacturing integrated circuit chips) is a read-write RAM chip on the motherboard of a microcomputer, which is used to save the hardware configuration of the current system and the user's setting values of some parameters. CMOS can be powered by the battery of the motherboard, even if the system is powered off, the information will not be lost.
CMOS RAM itself is just a piece of memory, with only data storage function, and the setting of various parameters in CMOS should be completed through the setting program mentioned above. The early CMOS setup program resides on floppy disk (such as IBM's PC/AT model), which is very inconvenient to use. Now the CMOS setup program is solidified in the BIOS chip, and the system can be set conveniently by entering the CMOS setup program through a specific key when booting.
At present, the general capacity of CMOS RAM is 128 bytes, up to 256 bytes. In order to maintain compatibility, all BIOS vendors set the CMOS RAM format with the first 64 bytes of MC 1468 18A in their own BIOS, and add their own special settings in the extended part. Therefore, BIOS chips from different manufacturers are generally not interchangeable. Even if they are interchangeable, CMOS information should be reset after the exchange to ensure the normal operation of the system.
BIOS upgrade
At present, the BIOS on motherboards above Pentium level mostly uses electrically erasable Flsah memory ROM as the carrier, which brings great convenience for BIOS upgrade.
Flash Memory is a new type of nonvolatile memory, which is translated into flash memory in Chinese. The patent was applied by Toshiba Corporation of Japan in 1980, and was first published in the international semiconductor academic conference in 1984. It has high speed, can be electrically erased on the whole chip, low power consumption, high integration, small size and high reliability, and does not need backup battery support.
Therefore, using flash memory to store the BIOS program of the motherboard makes the BIOS upgrade very easy. At present, Pentium and Pentium II motherboards generally use flash memory as BIOS chips.
1. Flash BIOS upgrade
At present, well-known motherboard manufacturers, such as ASUS and Haiyang, generally take the following measures to upgrade the BIOS for users:
(1) Set a jumper on the motherboard to select the FLASH ROM state, and put it in the protection state at ordinary times to make the BIOS indestructible. When upgrading, jump to the rewritable state, and you can update the BIOS like writing RAM.
(2) There is a program to rewrite FLASH ROM in the drive disk attached with the board, which can be easily upgraded and backed up.
BIOS .
(3) New BIOS programs are often compiled and circulated in the market or put on the Internet for motherboard users to download.
? Universal flash BIOS upgrade process
Generally, there is a jumper switch about Flash ROM on the motherboard, which is used to set the read-only/read-write status of BIOS.
(1) Make a system disk without configuration. SYS and AUTOEXEC. BAT file, and copy the Flash ROM upgrade tool program. This utility program is usually provided by the driver disk attached to the motherboard. The flash BIOS upgrade tool program has the following main functions:
◇ Save the current BIOS to a file.
◇ Update BIOS block from file.
Other functions (advanced functions)
(2) Prepare the program data of the new BIOS. Generally, it needs to be downloaded on the Internet or BBS. Before upgrading, please check the serial number and date of BIOS data to ensure that it is newer than the BIOS you are using. At the same time, check whether it is the same product line as the BIOS you use. For example, the BIOS of TX chipset is not suitable for VX motherboard to avoid compatibility problems.
(3) After shutdown, find the jumper switch on the motherboard about the read-write status of Flash ROM and set it to writable (enabled or written) status.
(4) Restart with the prepared system disk and run the upgrade tool program.
(5) First, select the save function to save the original BIOS data to a floppy disk and save it as a file for restoring the original BIOS when the upgrade fails. Then load a new BIOS data disk, choose to update BIOS data, enter the file name of the new BIOS, and complete the BIOS upgrade.
Note: Some BIOS upgrade tools only upgrade the main module. If the new BIOS is found to be very different from the original BIOS, a prompt will be given, and it is suggested to upgrade the whole BIOS (including BIOS startup module and PnP ESCD parameter area) with corresponding options.
(6) After upgrading, remember to change the jumper on the motherboard about Flash EEPROM back to read-only status.
(7) Restart to enter the BIOS setting state to complete the BIOS parameter setting.
? Flash ROM upgrade without upgrade conditions
Motherboards with miscellaneous brands often do not have the above three upgrade conditions. Although the popular Flash ROM is used, there is no jumper that can be set to rewrite status, so Flash ROM is no different from old ROM and EPROM. There is no driver disk, no rewriting tool, and of course there will be no new BIOS program to upgrade.
Generally, you can borrow tools and programs from other motherboards, such as Awdflash.exe, a gadget from Award Company, whose full name is Flash Memory Writer V5.3.0 After the program runs, the internal code and date of the motherboard BIOS will be displayed, and then the name of the upgrade file will be asked. After entering the name, the program will ask whether to back up the existing BIOS. After typing y or n (if you choose y, you need to back up the file name), the program will ask for confirmation again. After confirmation, the program will back up the existing BIOS (if Y was selected just now), and then start writing a new BIOS. A write progress indicator will appear on the screen. If the flash ROM is unwritten, or the new BIOS file does not match the motherboard, an error message "Erasing the chip failed!" Will appear. .
The BIOS upgrade file can be backed up from the new motherboard of the same model, that is, use the above tools to back up the BIOS of the new motherboard as the upgrade file of the old BIOS.
The most difficult thing is this third question. How to make Flash ROM writable? There are generally three options for the Flash ROM of the motherboard, 5V, 12V and programmable EPROM. It stands to reason that the type of Flash ROM cannot be adjusted casually. At this point, jump the jumper to the EPROM file and run the upgrade tool program after booting. After the progress indicator is finished, turn off the computer, jump the jumper back to 5V, restart the computer, and the BIOS update is completed.
Note: Attention should be paid to upgrading the BIOS: first, there must be supporting upgrade tools and files, and you can't use them indiscriminately; Secondly, due to the fast reading speed and slow writing speed of Flash ROM, it takes more than ten seconds to upgrade, and you must not restart or shut down during this time; Third, the BIOS should be shut down immediately after the upgrade, and the Flash ROM should be put back into the protection state to avoid the BIOS being damaged. In addition, Awdflash.exe cannot have Emm386 and similar programs running in memory.
2.2 Post-treatment. BIOS upgrade failed.
(1) Processing method with BIOS backup
Failure to upgrade the Flash BIOS will often cause the system to be paralyzed and unable to start. In this case, the BIOS content can only be recovered by the solidified boot block in the BIOS.
Insert the floppy disk for BIOS upgrade into the startup floppy disk drive, turn on the computer, and then run the BIOS upgrade tool program to rewrite the whole BIOS with the help of BIOS backup on the floppy disk.
The BIOS boot block of some motherboards only solidified the driver of ISA graphics card. If you use a PCI graphics card and it doesn't display after the upgrade fails, you should consider replacing the ISA graphics card.
(2) No BIOS backup method.
If there is no BIOS backup before the upgrade, the BIOS upgrade will fail. At this time, it is impossible to restore the machine by soft methods, because the machine can't be started at all. What should I do in this situation?
First, find the BIOS ROM of the same motherboard model, and make sure that the BIOS information in it is the same as yours (because it is generally difficult to update successfully with other BIOS Roms). Turn off the power and pull out the original BIOS ROM chip on the motherboard. Be very careful not to break the pin. Gently insert the good BIOS ROM chip, not too deep, as long as it can be turned on; Set the jumper on the motherboard that controls updating BIOS information to be valid (invalid by default, that is, protected); Start the machine and let the system run in real mode, that is, there is no program like HIMEM. SYS or EMM386.EXE in memory; Pull out the good BIOS ROM chip and insert the "bad" BIOS ROM chip. At this time, you can't turn it off, because you need to use the BIOS information that resides in the memory (hot plug is the taboo of maintenance, but it is the only way out, but as long as you are careful, there will generally be no problem); Run the BIOS upgrade program and follow the steps specified in the motherboard manual until the update is successful. At this time, you should pay attention to see whether the number of bytes prompted to update is equal to the size of your BIOS ROM block (the size is included in the motherboard manual, such as ASUS's 128KB, that is, 1FFF bytes). If they are equal, the update is generally successful; Finally, exit the program, shut down and restart (not hot start). As long as the startup is successful, you are declared finished.
CMOS settings
A large amount of data of computer hardware configuration and setting is stored in CMOS, which is a prerequisite for the normal start-up and work of the computer. If these data are lost or improperly set, it will not work properly, but it will not start and work. Therefore, for the safe use of computers, it is very important to correctly set and protect the data in COMS.
Because a CMOS setup program is often only applicable to one or several types of motherboards, even the same type of motherboards may have different configurations, so readers must learn and adapt to local conditions. There are detailed CMOS(BIOS) settings in the motherboard general manual. As long as you carefully read, digest and complete the settings one by one, you can finally complete all the settings and make the system run normally and efficiently. Here are some parameters that are difficult to set with * * *.
1. Setting method of integrated peripheral port on motherboard
At present, some peripheral ports are integrated on the motherboard of microcomputer. Take the setup program of AWARD BIOS as an example to briefly introduce it.
The settings of integrated ports on old motherboards are generally scattered in "standard COMS settings", "BIOS function settings (or advanced CMOS settings)" and "chipset function settings (or advanced chipset settings)", and the "integrated peripherals" option is added to the BIOS of motherboards above Pentium level to set the integrated ports on the board. Common options are as follows:
◇ On-board FDD controller floppy drive interface
◇ On-board PCI IDE enables PCI IDE interface.
The above two items are used to set the use status of the floppy disk controller and IDE controller on the motherboard, and the setting value can be enabled or disabled. When the floppy drive is connected to the floppy drive interface on the motherboard or the hard disk and CD-ROM drive are connected to the IDE interface on the motherboard, it should be set to Enabled；; If you want to use the interface on the multi-function card instead of the floppy drive interface on the motherboard, this item should be set to disabled. If the machine is broken and you suspect that there is something wrong with the interface circuit on the motherboard, you can set this item as disabled and try to add a multi-function card.
◇IDE HDD block mode Hard disk (data) block transfer mode
This item refers to transmitting the data of a set number of sectors at a time at each interruption, so as to improve the speed of accessing the hard disk. Only when the configured hard disk supports block mode can it be set to work in block mode, otherwise, it should be forbidden to work in this mode to avoid errors in hard disk access. The setting value of this parameter is not exactly the same in different BIOS versions, and it is generally automatic/optimal/disabled. When AUTO is selected, the reported value of the hard disk automatic detection function will be used as the number of sectors for data transmission; If optimal is selected, the optimal default setting value is taken as the number of sectors; If Disabled is selected, the mode is disabled. In some BIOS versions, the number of sectors per transfer is given in the selected value. For example, the setting values in the BIOS of ASUS P2L97AGP motherboard are: HDD MAX, Disabled, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, where the numbers represent the number of sectors that can be set. The appropriate setting depends on the configuration of the machine. If the hard disk does not give specific instructions, try several times to find out the appropriate setting. For some hard disk products, although it works faster when it is set to block transfer mode, there may be problems when it works with some software or hardware, so it can only be set to disable.
◇IDE PIO mode Parallel input and output mode of IDE hard disk interface.
PIO (programmed input/output programmable input/output) is a series of host transmission standards formulated by SFFC (Small Form Factor Committee), which are PIO mode 1, PIO mode 2, PIO mode 3, Pio mode 4 and Pio mode 5 respectively, and the data transmission rate of each standard is different. Pay attention to the PIO mode supported by the hard disk itself when setting, in order to work normally. For example, a hard disk only supports PIO mode 3 (data transfer rate is11Mbps), but it is set to PIO mode 4 (data transfer rate is 16.6MBps) in CMOS parameters, resulting in frequent errors and frequent crashes. After resetting to PIO mode 3, it will resume normal operation.
In the BIOS setup program, this item can generally be set to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and AUTO. If you don't know the performance parameters of the hard disk, you can set it to AUTO first, and then make further adjustments according to the actual situation.
◇ Setting of onboard serial port or serial communication port on onboard UART motherboard.
This item is used to set the I/O port address and interrupt channel number of serial port (COM port). At present, computers above Pentium level generally have two serial ports, which need to be set separately. This item is set automatically, because it belongs to system resource allocation and has little to do with equipment performance, so it is best to set it automatically by the system to avoid conflicts.
When setting manually, it is suggested that port 1 be set to 3F8/IRQ 4 (the former is the address of I/O port and the latter is the interrupt number), that is, COM 1, and port 2 be set to 2F8/IRQ 3, that is, COM2. If you want to configure a built-in modem (mode card), you should set the corresponding serial port on the motherboard to be disabled and reserve resources for the mode card.
◇ On-board parallel port Settings of parallel printing port on motherboard.
When set to 378/IRQ7, it is the first parallel port, which is the most commonly used setting. It should be noted that this setting may conflict with the sound card when it is changed. For example, when it is set to 278/IRQ5, it may conflict with some commonly used sound cards.
◇ Parallel port working mode◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇9671
The working mode of parallel port can be set to standard mode (namely Noraml or SPP mode), EPP mode, ECP mode and EPP+ECP mode.
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) is a parallel interface standard developed by Intel, Xircom, Zenith and other companies, which aims to realize two-way communication between external devices. 199 1 Many laptops produced in the future have EPP ports.
ECP (Extended Function Port) is a parallel interface standard developed by Microsoft and HP. It has the same high-speed and bidirectional communication ability as EPP, and can use DMA (direct memory access) in multi-task environment, and the required buffer is not large, so it can provide more stable performance.
The ECP/EPP port can support the rate of 300 KB/ sec. In 1993, both EPP and ECP specifications are included in the IEEE 1284 standard. If the computer is equipped with ECP or EPP parallel port, using DCC (direct cable connection) networking can reach about one-third of the Ethernet rate 10 megabit.
The specific setting value of this project depends on the specific peripherals connected. Only when the motherboard and connected peripherals support EPP or ECP can they be set to EPP or ECP mode, otherwise an error will occur. For example, when an inkjet printer is connected to the parallel port on the motherboard, it often makes mistakes when it is set to EPP or ECP mode, and then it works normally after it is changed to normal mode. The reason is that the printer does not support EPP and ECP modes.
~ ◇USB controller
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a new generation interface standard jointly launched by Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and NT (Northern Telecom). Motherboards using Intel 82430VX and HX and later chipsets can support USB specifications, but most users have not used USB devices yet, so this item should be set to be disabled.
2.PNP/PCI parameter setting method
Various motherboards use different chipsets, so the setting of PCI parameters is very different. The following describes commonly used parameter settings.
◇PCI slot IRQ sets PCI slot interrupt request number.
This project can be automatic or manual. Manual settings can be selected according to the values given in the motherboard manual, but attention should be paid to avoid conflicts. Automatic settings are usually optional.
◇ Set the PCI IDE interface interrupt request number.
Set the IDE interrupt request number connected to PCI. For example, PCI primary IDE (primary IDE interrupt number) and PCI secondary IDE (secondary IDE interrupt number). Allow automatic setting and manual setting. Automatic settings are usually optional.
◇ PCI IDE trigger type or PCI IRQ is activated by setting PCI IDE trigger mode.
This setting is the setting of sampling mode of PCI bus interrupt control signal. Generally, there are two options: Edge (pulse edge trigger) and Level (level trigger). Which method to adopt can be determined according to whether PCI card has special requirements. In general, if there is no special requirement for PCI card, this item can be set as grade, that is, grade control mode.
◇ Control resources by setting resource control mode.
This item is used to set the allocation method of system resources. You can choose auto mode or manual mode. When automatic mode is selected, the BIOS will automatically detect and allocate IRQ and DMA channels. When manual mode is selected, IRQ and DMA channels are set by users themselves. Generally speaking, this project can be set to automatic mode.
What this project really wants to solve is a problem of how to "share" resources. In the design of PCI motherboard, PCI cards are often allowed to enjoy some interrupt resources in the machine exclusively. But in fact, there are still many cards that use ISA bus. In order to make the original ISA bus slot use interrupt resources, BIOS settings add settings similar to Legacy ISA to the available interrupts of PCI bus, so that interrupt resources can be reserved for ISA bus. If an interrupt conflict occurs when installing an ISA sound card or a decompression card in the machine, you can set the bus available interrupt to the traditional ISA or NA state and try again. Some BIOS programs (such as ASUS T2P4) intuitively use "Slot x IRQ" to indicate that the interrupt channel associated with PCI slot X is set. When it is set to the interrupt number, it means that the interrupt is used by the PCI slot. When it is set to NA, it means that the PCI slot is idle, and of course it will not occupy the interrupt channel. When set to Auto, it means that the interrupt channel number is automatically assigned by BIOS. In certain settings, the unused PCI slot should be set to NA, and the slot to be used can be set to Auto.
◇PCI IDE IRQ maps to
This item should usually be set to PCI-ATUO. It is of great significance to insert IDE (hard disk) cards with non-PCI bus into the motherboard, because if the settings are incorrect, the card or system may not work normally. When the IDE multi-function card with non-PCI bus is plugged into the motherboard, this item can be set to ISA or mapped to ISA.
◇ main IDE INT#:A
◇ secondary IDE INT#:B
These two items are used to set the interrupt priority of two IDE interfaces. A has higher priority than B. Generally speaking, A is selected for the main IDE (IDE 1 port) and B is selected for the secondary IDE(IDE2 port). ..
Irqxx used by ISA (IRQ-x is assigned to)
This item is used to set whether the IRQ channel is only allocated to ISA bus. Xx is 3 to 15. Optional values are no/ICU and YES. This item is essentially to manually allocate the IRQ resources occupied by PCI and ISA bus. Unless it is confirmed that the ISA card uses IRQ x x you should choose NO/ICU to automatically allocate IRQ resources to PCI and ISA bus cards.
Dma x used by ISA (DMA-x is assigned to)
This item is used to set whether a DMA is only allocated to ISA bus, and x is 1, 3, 5, etc. Optional values are no/ICU and YES. This item is essentially a manual allocation of DMA resources occupied by PCI and ISA buses. Unless it is confirmed that an ISA card uses DMA x, NO/ICU should be selected, so that DMA resources can be automatically allocated to cards on PCI and ISA bus.
◇PCI delay timer
Refers to the response delay of PCI bus, which is related to the performance of motherboard. The values of various motherboards are different, and the selectable setting values are generally 32, 64, 128, etc. , in PCI clock. The smaller the value, the faster the response. Generally, the user manual will give a default value suitable for this machine. If it is greater than the default value, it will affect the speed, and if it is less than this value, it may lead to less PCI bus response.