I. Background of Economic Development in the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan
From the perspective of the world economic structure, the global economy is in a period of deep adjustment after the financial crisis, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, the performance of major developed economies is different, the economic recovery of the United States, the economic recovery of the European Union and Japan is weak, and the major emerging economies are in a period of recovery and adjustment, and there is still great uncertainty in the overall world economy. Secondly, the competitiveness of science and technology has become the commanding height of world economic competition. Both developed and developing countries regard scientific and technological innovation and emerging industries as the breakthrough of economic transformation. A new round of industrial transformation is ready to go, which will have a far-reaching impact on the global industrial structure. Third, energy and climate change have become important factors to promote the global economic restructuring. As the world enters the dawn and start-up period of green industrial revolution, China is expected to become a participant, initiator, innovator and leader of green industry. Fourth, with the establishment of various regional economic cooperation organizations, the world trade pattern has shown complicated characteristics.
From the perspective of domestic economic development, the prominent feature of China's economic development since the Twelfth Five-Year Plan is the transformation of economic development to the "new normal". Overall, macroeconomic indicators performed well, but deep-seated structural contradictions remained outstanding.
First of all, the economic growth rate has been significantly reduced and the economic structure has been significantly improved. From 20 10 to 20 14, the economic growth rate decreased from 10.4% to 7.4%; Great changes have taken place in the industrial structure. The proportion of the secondary industry in GDP dropped from 46.7% to 42.6%, and the tertiary industry rose from 43.2% to 48.2%. The ratio of the secondary industry to the tertiary industry is reversed. [ 1][2]
Secondly, the overall scale of employment has expanded, and the characteristics of employment structure transformation are outstanding. During the period of 20 10-20 14, the overall employment scale rose from 76 10/00000 to 773 million (an increase of more than 10000). The scale of urban employment has greatly increased, from 347 million to 393 million (an increase of 46 million), and the proportion of urban employment has increased from 45.6% to 50.8%. The scale of rural employment has dropped significantly. The industrial distribution of employment continues to show obvious changes. During the period of 20 10-20 13, the employment proportion of the primary industry decreased from 36.7% to 3 1.4%, and the employment proportion of the tertiary industry increased from 34. 1% to 38.5%. The employment contribution of the service industry increased significantly, with a net increase of 33 million people. The ownership departments of employment continue to diversify.
Third, the overall price level is at a stable low level. Among them, the consumer price index tends to be reasonable on the whole, from 5.3% of 20 1 1 to 2% of 20 14; The producer ex-factory price index is deflation, and it is-10.9% in 20 14 years, which reflects the objective reality of economic structure and should be paid attention to.
Fourth, foreign trade has developed steadily, and the proportion of foreign trade surplus in GDP is in a reasonable range. Despite the impact of the global financial crisis, the trade in goods continues to show an increasing trend, with the export and import of goods increasing from $65,438+0.58 trillion and $65,438+0.40 trillion in 2065,438+04 to $2,265,438+0 trillion and $65,438+0.965 trillion respectively. The export and import of service trade increased from US$ 654.38+0702 billion and US$ 654.38+0922 billion to US$ 222.2 billion and US$ 382.65438+00 billion, respectively, and the service trade deficit continued to expand. The proportion of net exports of goods and services in GDP dropped from 3.7% to 2. 1%, which had a negative pulling effect on the economic growth during the period of 20 10-20 14, reflecting the objective reality that China's foreign trade was affected by external demand and changed from a higher growth rate to a lower growth rate.
From the international comparison, China's macroeconomic indicators are excellent. During the period of 20 1 1-20 14, economic growth, new employment in cities and towns and stable prices. Especially in the post-financial crisis era, under the conditions that the world economic situation is more complicated, the economic recovery of developed countries is difficult and tortuous, the economic growth rate of emerging market countries is slowing down, and the downward pressure on China's economy is obviously increasing, it is not easy for China to achieve such achievements in major macroeconomic indicators. In addition, during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the structural adjustment was obvious, the promotion of scientific and technological innovation to economic growth was enhanced, energy conservation and emission reduction achieved certain results, and the elasticity coefficient of energy consumption to economic growth decreased significantly. These achievements have also laid a solid foundation for the economic development during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period. However, during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China's economic development still faces many challenges. From the external environment of economic development, the uncertainty, instability and insecurity of the international environment still exist, and the unfairness and imbalance of global development still exist, which has external uncertainty on the external demand driving force and structural adjustment of China's economic growth.
Judging from the domestic conditions of economic development, the basic driving factors for promoting economic structural transformation still need to be consolidated, and the problems of imbalance, uncoordinated and unsustainable economic development are still outstanding. First of all, the leading edge of developed countries in the field of scientific and technological innovation is still remarkable. Although China's scientific and technological innovation ability has been significantly enhanced, its overall competitiveness still lags behind that of developed countries, and the innovation-driven growth model has not yet been formed. The institutional environment for innovation-driven development still needs to be greatly improved. Secondly, the income distribution pattern has not changed fundamentally, and the income distribution gap between residents is large, which has become an important constraint factor for economic restructuring. In addition, the constraints between economic development and energy security, resource supply, ecological environment, natural disasters and climate change are more prominent.
Second, the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" economic development goals
Generally speaking, during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, China's economy initially entered a "new normal" development mode, which is a "shift period" of economic growth rate, a major "adjustment period" of economic structure and a "consolidation period" of economic growth mode transformation. Following this economic development trend, China's economic development entered the "new normal" development track during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period: the "relatively stable period" of medium and high-speed economic growth; The "deep adjustment period" of economic transformation; The "new growth point cultivation period" characterized by innovation-driven and green-driven growth; The "significant optimization period" of income distribution; Based on the population distribution pattern, economic development and the carrying capacity of resources and environment, the regional coordinated development "system construction period and foundation consolidation period"; The "upgrading period" of new urbanization development characterized by efficient, inclusive and sustainable development; The comprehensive strategy of "bringing in" and "going out" with creating value as the core is moving towards the "appreciation period" of the high-end global value chain; And the "promotion period" to comprehensively improve the level of opening up and improve the ability to participate in global governance. The main economic development goals include the following aspects.
-Maintaining medium and high-speed economic growth and macroeconomic stability. The GDP grew at an average annual rate of about 7%, 40 million new jobs were created in cities and towns, the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns was controlled within 5%, the overall price level was basically stable, the balance of payments was basically balanced, and the quality and efficiency of economic growth were significantly improved. The GDP and the per capita income of urban and rural residents doubled from 20 10. The per capita GDP level is gradually approaching the level of high-income countries and has entered the stage of a higher-income and affluent society.
-Significant progress has been made in structural adjustment. Vigorously promote the simultaneous development of industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. The agricultural foundation has been further consolidated, the comprehensive grain production capacity has been further improved, and the construction of a new socialist countryside has achieved remarkable results; Industrialization was basically realized and the industrial structure was obviously optimized; The level of informatization has been greatly improved; Strategic emerging industries have become new economic growth points; The proportion of added value of service industry in GDP has increased by 4 percentage points, and the proportion of service industry employment in total employment and service trade in total trade has also increased accordingly; The pulling effect of consumption on economic growth has been further enhanced.
-Innovation-driven development capability has been significantly improved. Expenditure on research and experimental development accounts for 2? 5%; The ability of independent innovation has been significantly enhanced, and the number of invention patents per 10 thousand population has increased to 7; The comprehensive strength of basic science and cutting-edge technology research has been significantly enhanced, and a number of scientific and technological achievements with great influence in the world have been achieved. Actively cultivate an innovation-driven economic growth model, and the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to economic growth has risen sharply, entering the ranks of innovative countries.
-The ability of regional coordinated development has been continuously enhanced, and new urbanization has been vigorously promoted. Improve the overall strategy of regional development, effectively implement the strategy of main functional areas, and further enhance the coordination of regional development. Promote the optimal development of the urban system, with the urbanization rate of permanent residents reaching about 60% and the urbanization rate of registered population reaching about 45%; The income gap between urban and rural residents has further narrowed, and basic public services cover urban and rural populations.
-The breadth and depth of opening to the outside world are constantly expanding. By actively participating in the world economy, opening wider to the outside world, cultivating new advantages in China's economic competition and creating an "upgraded version" of opening up, the pattern of mutual benefit and win-win has been further formed.
-Reform has been deepened. The "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period is a crucial period and a deep-water area for reform. Accelerate the transformation of government functions, improve government credibility and administrative efficiency, insist that the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation, deepen the reform of fiscal and taxation, household registration system, monopoly industries and other important areas and key links, vigorously develop mixed ownership, and realize the coordination and unity of effective market and promising government.
Third, the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" economic development ideas
(A) benefiting farmers and strengthening agriculture, speeding up agricultural modernization and building a new socialist countryside
China is a populous country with a population of 65.438+36 billion, and China must support itself. In the stage of rapid urbanization, the stable development of agriculture and rural areas is not only the premise of China's stable economic development, but also the foundation of national economic security and social stability. Developing modern agriculture is the cornerstone of new rural construction.
1? Enhance the ability of food and food security.
To ensure national food and food security, we must implement the national food security strategy based on China, ensuring production capacity, moderate import and scientific and technological support. We must be self-reliant, ensure food rations, do a good job in building food security capabilities, attach importance to the quality of agricultural products and food safety, and change the mode of agricultural development.
2? Accelerate the strategic adjustment of agricultural industrial structure
The strategic adjustment of agricultural structure is the organic combination and benign interaction of industrial structure, demand structure, factor structure (including employment structure) and organizational structure adjustment, optimization and upgrading, and it is also the process of perfecting the modern agricultural industrial system through the integration and interaction of three industries.
3? Promote agricultural science and technology innovation
Put the promotion of agricultural science and technology innovation and the enhancement of independent innovation ability of agricultural science and technology in a prominent strategic position, and promote the transformation of agricultural industry from resource-based to knowledge-based and technical.
4? Constructing the basic system of new agricultural management
Improve the basic management system in rural areas. Improve rural land laws and regulations and related policies, stabilize and improve rural land, forest rights, grasslands and other property rights systems, standardize, orderly and fairly improve the circulation of contracted management rights of agricultural management resources, enhance economies of scale, and protect farmers' right to possess, use and benefit agricultural resources.
5? Raise farmers' income level
Strengthen guidance and support, improve farmers' professional skills and income-generating ability, do everything possible to broaden the channels for farmers to increase their income, and promote the sustained and rapid growth of farmers' income.
6? Perfecting the system and mechanism of new rural construction
Improve the system and mechanism, and form a new type of relationship between workers, peasants and urban areas that promotes agriculture through industry, brings rural areas through cities, benefits workers and peasants, and integrates urban and rural areas. Improve the management level of township village planning, scientifically compile township village planning, and rationally arrange the spatial layout of township construction, cultivated land protection, industrial agglomeration, village layout and ecological conservation within the county. Promote the comprehensive improvement of rural environment, control non-point source pollution such as pesticides, fertilizers and agricultural films, and comprehensively promote the prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding pollution. Strengthen the protection of rural drinking water sources, comprehensive improvement of rural rivers and comprehensive control of water pollution. Strengthen the supervision and management of soil pollution prevention and control. Implement rural cleaning projects, carry out centralized and contiguous remediation of rural environment, and prohibit the spread of urban and industrial pollution to rural areas. Expand the coverage of public finance in rural areas, strengthen rural public services, establish and improve the rural medical and health service network, provide farmers with safe and affordable basic medical services, improve the rural social security system, and gradually improve the security standards. We will comprehensively strengthen the infrastructure construction of agricultural and rural development, strengthen the construction of rural public cultural and sports facilities, and improve the construction and management mechanism.
(2) Optimize the industrial structure, promote the upgrading of the industrial structure and enhance the core competitiveness of the industry.
Accelerating the transformation of economic structure is the basic task of accelerating the transformation of economic development mode during the thirteenth five-year plan period. In terms of demand structure, make economic development rely more on domestic demand, especially consumer demand, optimize investment structure and improve investment efficiency; In terms of industrial structure, make economic development rely more on service industry and strategic emerging industries, and vigorously develop circular economy and green industries; Promote new industrialization, new urbanization, agricultural modernization and ecological civilization, and promote economic transformation and upgrading and green development.
1? Improve the demand structure
Take expanding residents' consumption as the focus of expanding domestic demand, increase the adjustment of income distribution, and realize the synchronization of residents' income growth and economic development. Optimize the consumption environment, support and standardize the development of e-commerce and promote green consumption. Promote the transformation of residents' consumption structure, implement the paid vacation system for employees, and guide and encourage tourism and leisure consumption, cultural consumption and sports consumption; Optimize the development environment of life service industry and vigorously develop old-age services. Investment demand is still an important pillar of China's economic growth, and it is also the support for the development of new industrialization, informationization and new urbanization. Optimize the investment structure, give full play to the guiding role of government investment, develop mixed ownership, lower the threshold of private investment, and support private investment in basic industries, infrastructure, municipal public utilities, social undertakings and other fields. On the basis of improving the quality and efficiency of investment, we should maintain a reasonable investment scale and seek more combinations of investment and consumption.
2? Optimize the industrial structure and promote the upgrading of the industrial structure
Accelerate the formation of a benign interaction mechanism between industrialization and informatization, vigorously develop strategic emerging industries, accelerate the upgrading of manufacturing industry, and further promote the development of modern service industry. Adhere to the transformation of traditional industries with information technology and advanced and applicable technologies, vigorously promote the deep integration of industrialization and informatization, and the benign interaction between industrialization and urbanization, and lead industrialization and informatization to improve the level of urbanization. Vigorously promote the coordinated development of urbanization and agricultural modernization and give full play to the leading role of industrialization and urbanization in agricultural modernization. Take enterprise technological transformation as a strategic task to promote industrial transformation and upgrading, intensify efforts to eliminate backward production capacity, save energy and reduce emissions, and merge and reorganize enterprises to promote the overall upgrading of the entire industrial chain.
3? Vigorously develop strategic emerging industries and promote the healthy development of advanced manufacturing industry.
Vigorously develop strategic emerging industries, promote the healthy development of advanced manufacturing industries, create new advantages in industrial competition, and cultivate new highlights in economic growth. According to the requirements of taking a new road to industrialization, the manufacturing industry must closely combine the cultivation of strategic emerging industries with the promotion of accelerated upgrading of the manufacturing industry, actively promote major technological breakthroughs, accelerate the growth of emerging industries into leading and pillar industries of the national economy, and effectively improve the core competitiveness and economic benefits of industries; Implement major national science and technology projects and concentrate on breaking through key core technologies in key areas such as high-end equipment, system software and key materials; Facing the future development and global competition, we will formulate industrial development factor guidelines and technology roadmap, and establish a number of manufacturing bases with global influence.
4? Further promote the development and growth of the service industry.
Take the development of service industry as a strategic focus, and constantly improve the proportion and level of service industry. Improve the institutional environment for the development of the service industry, implement policies and measures conducive to the development of the service industry, improve the policy of changing business tax to value-added tax, enhance the vitality of various service enterprises, and constantly expand new space for the development of the service industry. Develop producer services, promote the integrated development of producer services, manufacturing and modern agriculture, and reduce the entry of private economy into producer services. Vigorously develop the export of service trade, build a fair and competitive service trade market environment, and promote the liberalization and facilitation of international service trade.
5? Promote and support the development of large, medium and small enterprises.
Continuously improve the development environment of small and medium-sized enterprises and enhance their viability, competitiveness and sustainable development ability; Small and micro enterprises are the new force of development, the main channel of employment and the important source of innovation. [3] To support the development of small and micro enterprises, especially small and micro enterprises of science and technology.
6? Promote green and low-carbon development and accelerate the development of environmental protection industry.
Accelerate the development of resource-saving and environment-friendly industries, increase energy conservation and consumption reduction, strictly enter the threshold of energy and material consumption, promote clean production and pollution control, popularize key energy-saving technologies, equipment and products, and improve the efficiency of energy resources utilization. We will improve the incentive and restraint mechanism, explore new mechanisms and models such as contract energy management, voluntary agreement on energy conservation, carbon trading and emission trading, and enhance the ability of industrial sustainable development. We will increase investment in the central budget and support for special funds for energy conservation and emission reduction, continue to arrange budget expenditures for state-owned capital operations, and support key enterprises in implementing energy conservation and environmental protection projects.
(C) to build an innovation-driven economic growth model and accelerate the construction of an innovative country
Implementing the innovation-driven development strategy is the fundamental support to enhance the comprehensive national strength and national competitiveness, the inevitable requirement to adapt to the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the scientific and technological support to achieve the goal of "two hundred years" and the core supporting factor for China's current transformation of economic growth model. To implement the innovation-driven development strategy, we should coordinate the three planning outlines of science and technology, education and talents, solve the major scientific and technological problems that affect China's future development, and lay the foundation for China to move from a big country in science and technology to a strong country in science and technology.
1? Enhance the ability of scientific and technological innovation
Constantly improve the national scientific and technological innovation system, and establish a scientific research system, a national innovation system and a knowledge innovation system from a global perspective. Plan and promote innovation with a global vision, improve the original innovation, integrated innovation, introduce digestion and absorption ability in innovation and scale innovation, and pay attention to collaborative innovation.
2? Accelerate the reform and development of education.
The foundation of building an innovative country is education. The goal of a strong education country is to improve the quality of education at all levels, change the traditional examination-oriented education model, narrow the urban-rural and regional differences in the level of education development, and improve the educational satisfaction of all people.
Follow the requirements of the development of the times, the laws of education and the all-round development of students' body and mind, conscientiously implement the development strategy of quality education, and build a learning society with all-people learning and lifelong learning. We will comprehensively deepen the reform of the education system, innovate the entrance examination system, various school-running systems, education management systems and student training systems, continuously improve the quality of education, and optimize and improve the education system. Reform the teaching content, teaching methods and quality evaluation, actively explore the quality education mode, change the examination-oriented education mode, and comprehensively improve the education quality of all kinds of education.
3? Perfecting the strategy of strengthening the country through talents
Finding, cultivating, using and uniting outstanding scientific and technological talents is the most important task in implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. To speed up the formation of an innovative talent team with large scale, innovative spirit and daring to take risks, we should make good use of it, attract and cultivate it. Strengthen the introduction and training of talents and strengthen international exchanges and cooperation. [4]
(4) Optimize the pattern of coordinated regional development and implement new urbanization.
Scientifically plan the overall strategy of regional development, effectively implement the strategy of main functional areas, realize the pattern of complementary economic advantages among regions, clear orientation of main functions, efficient use of land space and resources, and adaptation of population distribution and economic development to the carrying capacity of regional resources, and realize the equalization of basic public services in different regions. Adhere to the new urbanization road with China characteristics, scientifically formulate the urbanization development plan, and bring the new urbanization construction into the road of efficient, inclusive, sustainable and healthy development.
1? Improve the overall strategy of regional development
Give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, give full play to the comparative advantages of different regions, promote the allocation efficiency and fair allocation of production factors, deepen regional cooperation, promote the benign interaction and mutually beneficial development of regions, and gradually narrow the regional development gap.
2? Effectively implement the strategy of main functional areas
Optimize the pattern of land space development, effectively implement the development strategy of main functional areas, realize orderly development, efficient development, coordinated development and sustainable development, and build a pattern of land space development that is compatible with economic development, population distribution and resource carrying capacity.
3? Promote efficient and inclusive growth of urbanization and build a scientific system for large, medium and small cities.
China is still in the stage of rapid urbanization. It is predicted that the urbanization rate of China will exceed 60% in 2020. The development of urbanization is the engine of China's economic development, which helps to expand consumption, stimulate investment and promote emerging industries, and is the driving force for the adjustment of demand structure. It is also an important driving factor to crack the urban-rural dual structure and release greater domestic demand potential, and it is also the basis for promoting coordinated regional development.
4? Improve infrastructure construction, promote urban system construction, and strengthen regional coordination and benign interaction.
Infrastructure construction such as transportation, energy and communication is the basis for optimizing urban system and promoting regional coordinated development. In the field of energy, we will continue to improve the infrastructure for cross-regional allocation of electricity and oil and gas resources and vigorously develop a clean energy industry system. In the field of transportation, according to the principle of moderate advance, relying on the national "five vertical and five horizontal" comprehensive transportation corridor, we will strengthen the construction of weak links in the external transportation backbone network of the eastern and central urban agglomerations and accelerate the construction of the external transportation backbone network of the western urban agglomerations. Implement the national "two horizontals and three verticals" urbanization strategic pattern, and promote the connection of transportation infrastructure between regions, between regions and between urban and rural areas. Coordinate the overall layout of information network and build the next generation national information infrastructure.