Pencil is a special pen for writing and sketching, which has a history of more than 400 years. Among them, there are many kinds of pencils for sketching.
stage of development
The first stage, the birth of graphite: at this time, the "graphite pencil stick" is still in the primitive stage of writing;
1564, a black mineral-graphite was discovered in a place called barodale, England. Soon, some local shepherds found that they could mark their sheep with graphite. Inspired by this, people cut graphite blocks into small strips for writing and painting. But graphite strips are easy to get dirty and break. 176 1 year, German chemist Faber solved this problem: he first ground graphite ore into powder, washed it with water to remove impurities, and got pure graphite powder; Then he mixed sulfur, antimony, rosin and other substances into graphite powder; Then this mixture is heated and solidified and pressed into the shape of a pen, which is the earliest prototype of a pencil.
The second stage, the birth of wooden pen container: after a hundred years of development, the "pencil" at this time entered the primary stage of its own evolution, and a wooden pencil rod appeared, which became a semi-finished product of the "pencil", mainly used in the market, and users needed to cut it again before using it;
From today's perspective, the "pencil" invented by Comte is actually just pencil lead. The task of putting a wooden coat on pencil lead was completed by an American carpenter named William Monroe in 18 12. The machine invented by Monroe can cut standardized battens with a length of 5 to 18 cm, and dig a groove just suitable for pencil lead in the middle of the battens. Pencil lead was put into the groove, and then two pieces of wood were closely bonded to make the first pencil rod in the modern sense. Until today, this is still the standard process of making ordinary pens.
In the third stage, the birth of the pencil with a cap: With the widespread use of pencils, a series of problems of the traditional pencil rod were exposed, which brought people a lot of troubles, such as unsanitary use, easy breaking of the nib, difficult carrying, etc., which brought new challenges to the progress and development of the pencil industry, and the appearance of the pencil with a cap solved the development bottleneck of the modern pencil industry in product innovation.
origin
1662, the world's first pencil factory-Shidelou pencil factory was built in Nuremberg, Germany. Later, F. Kaster, a German, founded Faber Kaster Graphite Pencil Factory in Nuremberg. The lead core was made by heating with sulfur, antimony and other binders and mixing with graphite, which made the manufacturing technology of graphite pencil rod take a big step forward. N·J· Kant of France used the method of washing graphite for the first time to improve the purity of graphite, and bonded graphite with clay to make a refill. This method is called Kong Defa. It laid the foundation of pencil industry. Later, after repeated experiments, Comte, a French chemist, switched to clay as a reinforcing agent, making the refill stronger and more wear-resistant than before, and this method is suitable for any graphite mine and is still in use today. William Monroe, an American carpenter, embedded a black lead into a wooden strip with a groove, and then spliced the two wooden strips together to make the world's first pencil rod.
classify
Morphological classification
Pencil types include: "log pen", "sharpening pen" and "pencil with cap".
"Ordinary penholder" means that the pencil factory uses a wooden pole to hold pencil lead down. This pencil can only be used after the consumer cuts off the nib; In addition, there is a small eraser at the end of the ordinary pencil rod, which can be used to erase mistakes in reverse when writing mistakes, which is more convenient and invented by American painter Oman.
"Pencil sharpener" is a pencil semi-finished product that processes the pencil shaft into a certain length of nib for sale.
A pencil with a cap is a combination of a pencil shaft and a cap.