The advantage of solar energy is 1, and the time is long: according to astronomical research results, the solar system has existed for about 5 billion years. According to the total power of solar radiation and the total hydrogen content on the sun, solar energy resources can be used continuously for 60 billion years. For the age of human existence, it is really inexhaustible.
2. Clean and safe: Solar energy is called clean energy and safe energy. It is not only pollution-free, far cleaner than conventional energy, but also non-dangerous and much safer than nuclear energy.
3, shine on the earth: solar radiation energy does not need us to mine and dig, nor do we need to transport. All over the world, mountains, islands, continents and oceans are treated equally, there is no patent at all, and it is impossible to monopolize, so the development and utilization are extremely convenient.
4. Huge quantity: the solar radiation energy reaching the earth's surface every year is about 3.63 trillion tons of standard coal, and the solar radiation energy received by the land surface also reaches 76.2 trillion tons of standard coal.
The disadvantages of solar energy are 1, low efficiency and high cost: the development level of solar energy utilization is feasible in theory and mature in technology. However, some solar energy utilization devices can't compete with conventional energy sources in general because of their low efficiency and high cost. In the future, the further development of solar energy utilization will be mainly restricted by the economy.
2. Instability: Due to the limitation of natural conditions such as day and night, season, geographical latitude and altitude, and the influence of random factors such as sunny, cloudy, cloud and rain, the solar irradiance reaching a certain ground is intermittent and extremely unstable, which increases the difficulty of large-scale application of solar energy. In order to make solar energy a sustainable and stable energy source and eventually become an alternative energy source that can compete with conventional energy sources, then the problem of energy storage must be well solved, but now energy storage is also a relatively weak link in solar energy utilization.
3. Dispersion: Although the total amount of solar radiation energy reaching the earth's surface is large, the energy flow density is very low. On average, near the Tropic of Cancer, when the weather is clear in summer, the irradiance of solar radiation is the highest at noon, and the average solar energy received is 1 000 w in the area perpendicular to the direction of sunlight; The annual average day and night is only 200w W, only about half in winter and only about 1/5 on cloudy days, so the energy flow density is very low.
Wind energy clean energy Wind energy is a kind of renewable clean energy with large reserves and wide distribution, but its energy density is low and unstable. Under certain technical conditions, wind energy is an important energy source that can be developed and utilized. Wind energy utilization is a comprehensive engineering technology, which converts the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy, electrical energy and thermal energy through wind generators. There are two main forms of wind energy utilization: wind power generation and wind power generation, of which wind power generation is the main one. Taking wind energy as power means using wind to directly drive various mechanical devices, such as a wind engine that drives a water pump to lift water.
Advantages of wind energy 1. Wind energy is clean energy, wind power generation is renewable energy, and wind power generation is energy-saving and environmentally friendly.
2. Wind energy facilities are improving day by day, and mass production reduces costs. Where appropriate, the cost of wind power generation is lower than that of other generators.
3. Most wind energy facilities are not three-dimensional facilities, which can protect land and ecology.
Disadvantages of wind energy 1. The ecological problem of wind power generation is that it may disturb birds, such as grouse in Kansas, USA, which gradually disappeared after the windmill appeared. The current solution is offshore power generation, which is expensive but efficient.
2. The utilization of wind energy is seriously restricted by geographical location, and the economy of wind power generation is insufficient in some areas: in many areas, the wind power is intermittent, and what is worse is that in Taiwan Province Province and other places, the wind power is less in summer and daytime when the power demand is high; We must wait for the development of energy storage technologies such as compressed air.
3. Wind power needs a lot of land to build a wind power plant to produce more energy. It is suitable for wind power generation in places with relatively open terrain, few obstacles or high terrain.
4. When wind power is generated, the wind power generator will make a lot of noise, so we should find some open places to build it.
5. The wind speed is unstable and the energy generated is unstable; And the wind energy conversion efficiency is low.
6. Wind energy is a new type of energy, and the corresponding equipment is not very mature. At present, wind power generation is still immature, and there is still considerable room for development.
Water energy clean energy Water energy is a kind of renewable energy and clean energy, which refers to energy resources such as kinetic energy, potential energy and pressure energy of water bodies. With the decrease of fossil fuels, water energy is a very important and promising alternative resource. River runoff contains some water energy. Modern water energy utilization mainly uses water energy to generate electricity, that is, hydropower. At present, hydropower generation in the world is still in its infancy. Rivers, tides, waves and swells can all be used to generate electricity.
Advantages of hydropower 1, hydropower is a renewable energy, which can be recycled year after year, while coal. Oil and natural gas are consumptive energy sources, which are mined year by year, and the rest is less and less, or even completely exhausted.
2. The hydropower operation cost is low, the efficiency is high, the fuel used is free, the power generation cost is low, the accumulation is large, and the investment recovery is fast. Generally, large and medium-sized hydropower stations can recover all their investment in 3-5 years.
3. Water is pollution-free and clean energy, and hydropower can also supply power as needed.
The hydropower project will improve the transportation, power supply and economy in this area, especially the development of tourism and aquaculture. Hydropower stations generally have comprehensive economic benefits such as flood control irrigation, shipping, aquaculture, beautifying the environment and tourism.
5. Hydropower investment is similar to thermal power investment, and the construction period is not long, which belongs to short-term and short-term projects. Moreover, there are few operators and managers of hydropower generation, generally less than one third of that of thermal power generation.
6. Hydropower can also control floods, provide irrigation water and improve river navigation.
The disadvantage of hydropower is 1. It is greatly influenced by topography and climate: the distribution of hydropower is greatly restricted by natural conditions such as hydrology, climate and landform. Water is easily polluted, which is influenced by many factors such as topography and climate.
2. Failure is risky: due to the flood, the dam blocked a lot of water, and natural disasters, man-made damage and construction quality may have disastrous consequences for downstream areas and infrastructure. This kind of fault may affect power supply, animals and plants, and may also cause huge losses and casualties.
3. Destroy the ecosystem: Large reservoirs cause large-scale floods in the upstream of the dam, sometimes destroying lowlands, valley forests and grasslands. At the same time, it will also affect the aquatic ecosystem around the factory. It has a great influence on fish, waterfowl and other animals.
Ocean energy clean energy Ocean energy refers to renewable energy attached to seawater. The ocean receives, stores and releases energy through various physical processes, which exist in the ocean in the form of tides, waves, temperature differences, salinity gradients and ocean currents.
Advantages of ocean energy 1. Ocean energy belongs to clean energy, that is, once developed, it has little impact on environmental pollution.
2. Ocean energy is renewable. Ocean energy comes from solar radiation energy and gravity between celestial bodies. As long as the sun, the moon and other celestial bodies are with the earth, this energy will be regenerated and inexhaustible.
3. Ocean energy can be divided into stable energy and unstable energy. The stable ones are temperature difference energy, salinity difference energy and ocean current energy. Tidal energy and tidal current energy are unstable but change regularly; What is unstable and irregular is wave energy. Tidal power stations and tidal power stations can arrange power generation and operation according to the forecast table.
The disadvantage of ocean energy 1, the best way to obtain energy is unknown, and large-scale projects may destroy natural water flow, tides and ecosystems.
2. It is difficult to develop and utilize. The ocean energy reserves in the total ocean water body are huge, but the energy per unit volume, unit area and unit length is very small. In other words, if you want to get great energy, you must get it from a lot of seawater.
Geothermal energy clean energy Geothermal energy is natural heat energy extracted from the earth's crust. This energy comes from the lava inside the earth and exists in the form of heat. This energy is the energy that causes volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Nowadays, in order to improve the utilization rate of geothermal energy, many countries adopt the methods of cascade development and comprehensive utilization, such as cogeneration, cogeneration, heating first and then breeding.
Advantages of geothermal energy 1. Geothermal energy is a reliable renewable energy, which is rich in energy.
2. Geothermal energy is widely distributed, most of which is concentrated at the edge of tectonic plates, and it is also a volcano and earthquake-prone area.
It has a wide range of applications. In addition to geothermal power generation, direct use of geothermal water for building heating, the development of greenhouse agriculture and hot spring tourism have also developed rapidly.
Disadvantages of geothermal energy 1, low utilization rate: the temperature and pressure of geothermal steam are not as high as those of thermal power generation, so the utilization rate of geothermal energy is low. The thermal efficiency of the old-fashioned generator set like Gaiseth is only 14.3%, so the cooling water consumption is more than that of ordinary power stations, and the thermal pollution is also serious.
2. Air pollution: The waste steam and waste water discharged from the cooling tower may contain toxic gases such as H2S, which should be paid attention to and treated in time to avoid polluting the air near the factory.
3. Slow regeneration of resources: Geothermal is a resource with slow regeneration. Geothermal steam production area can only be used for a period of time, and its length is difficult to estimate, which may be between 30 and 3000 years. Because more water is used than reinjection water, the use of geothermal energy to generate electricity may eventually cause land subsidence, which should be noted.
4. It is difficult to start the thermal energy industry: the exploration and development of geothermal resources is a new industry with high investment, high risk and knowledge-intensive, and the mechanism and social security system for resolving risks have not yet been established, which affects the confidence of investors and developers and the development of geothermal industry.
Bioenergy clean energy Bioenergy is a form of energy in which solar energy is stored in organisms in the form of chemical energy. It is a kind of energy with biomass as the carrier, which directly or indirectly comes from photosynthesis of plants. Among all kinds of renewable energy, biomass is unique. It is the stored solar energy and the only renewable carbon source, which can be converted into conventional solid, liquid and gas fuels.
Biomass energy advantage 1, renewable: biomass energy is converted from solar energy, and solar energy is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis of plants. The energy stored in biomass, like wind energy and solar energy, belongs to renewable energy, which can realize the sustainable utilization of energy.
2. Clean and low-carbon: Biomass energy has low content of harmful substances and belongs to clean energy. At the same time, the conversion process of biomass energy is to synthesize carbon dioxide and water into biomass through the photosynthesis of green plants, and the use process of biomass energy produces carbon dioxide and water, forming a cyclic emission process of carbon dioxide, which can effectively reduce the net emission of human carbon dioxide and reduce the greenhouse effect.
3. Substitution advantages: Biomass energy can be converted into biomass molding fuel, biomass combustible gas and biomass liquid fuel which can replace fossil fuel by modern technology. In terms of thermal conversion, biomass energy can be directly burned or converted into solid, gas and liquid fuels that are convenient for storage and transportation, and can be used in most industrial boilers and kilns that use oil, coal and natural gas.
4. Rich raw materials: Biomass energy resources are abundant and widely distributed. Under the background of the depletion of traditional energy, biomass energy is an ideal alternative energy, and it is known as the "fourth largest" energy after coal, oil and natural gas.
Disadvantages of biomass energy 1, land contradiction: biomass energy is not in harmony with agriculture and forestry in resource utilization. Energy crops have become the main body of biomass energy in many countries. However, there is a shortage of land resources in China, and there is a contradiction between energy crops and agriculture and forestry for land.
2. Backward technology: the equipment used has low technology content, too little investment in research and development, and the research and development of some key technologies has not made much progress. For example, anaerobic digestion has low gas production rate and poor automation of equipment and management; The tar problem in gasification utilization has not been solved, which affects the long-term application; The efficiency of biogas power generation and gasification power generation is low, and the problem of secondary pollution has not been completely solved.
3. Lack of relevant policies and market environment: lack of policies to support the development and encourage the production and consumption of biomass energy. At present, in the absence of certain economic subsidies, biomass cogeneration is difficult to achieve scale and its competitiveness is weak. The development of biofuel ethanol in China lacks a clear development goal, has not formed a sustained and stable market demand, and is still in the stage of "fixed sales by production and planned supply". All aspects of domestic biofuel ethanol production and sales are strictly controlled by government departments, which belong to the closed operation of policies and have not yet formed a real marketization.
Hydrogen energy is a kind of clean energy. Hydrogen has good performance, many advantages and no toxicity. Compared with other fuels, it is the cleanest when burning hydrogen. Except water and a small amount of hydrogen nitride, it will not produce pollutants harmful to the environment, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, lead compounds and dust particles. A small amount of hydrogen nitride will not pollute the environment after proper treatment, and the water produced by combustion can continue to produce hydrogen and be recycled.
Advantages of hydrogen energy 1. Among all gases, hydrogen has the best thermal conductivity, which is 10 times higher than that of most gases, so hydrogen is an excellent heat transfer carrier in energy industry.
2. Hydrogen is the most common element in nature. It is estimated that it accounts for 75% of the mass of the universe. Except hydrogen in the air, it is mainly stored in water in the form of compounds, and water is the most widely distributed substance on the earth. It is estimated that if all the hydrogen in seawater is extracted, the total heat generated is 9000 times greater than that released by all fossil fuels on the earth.
3. Among all fossil fuels, chemical fuels and bio-fuels, except nuclear fuel, the calorific value of hydrogen is the highest, which is 142 and 35 1kJ/kg respectively, which is three times that of gasoline.
4. Hydrogen has good combustion performance, fast ignition, wide combustible range when mixed with air, high ignition point and fast combustion speed.
Hydrogen itself is non-toxic. Compared with other fuels, hydrogen burns cleanest. Except water and a small amount of hydrogen nitride, it will not produce pollutants harmful to the environment, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, lead compounds and dust particles. A small amount of hydrogen nitride will not pollute the environment after proper treatment, and the water produced by combustion can continue to produce hydrogen and be recycled.
The disadvantage of hydrogen energy is that 1 is easy to explode (the concentration range is 6.2-7 1.4%).
2. It is not easy to preserve, and the process required for liquefaction is also complicated.
3. At present, no effective preparation method has been developed. If acid reacts with minerals, it needs to consume a lot of mineral resources. If electrolysis is used, why not directly use electricity as energy?
Nuclear clean energy is the use of nuclear fission or nuclear fusion in nuclear reactors to generate electricity. Nuclear power generation uses the heat generated by the nuclear fission chain reaction of uranium fuel to heat water to high temperature and high pressure, and uses the generated steam to drive a steam turbine to drive a generator. Nuclear power generation energy is huge, and a small amount of nuclear fuel can generate a lot of energy.
Advantages of nuclear energy 1. Nuclear power generation will not emit huge amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere like fossil fuel power generation, so nuclear power generation will not cause air pollution.
2. Nuclear power generation will not produce carbon dioxide which will aggravate the global greenhouse effect.
3. Uranium fuel used for nuclear power generation has no other uses than power generation.
4. The energy density of nuclear fuel is several million times higher than that of fossil fuel, so the fuel used in nuclear power plants is small and convenient for transportation and storage. A 1000 MW nuclear power plant only needs 30 metric tons of uranium fuel a year and can be transported by plane in one voyage.
5. In the cost of nuclear power generation, the proportion of fuel cost is low, and the cost of nuclear power generation is not easily affected by the international economic situation, so the cost of power generation is more stable than other power generation methods.
6. Nuclear power generation is actually the safest way to generate electricity. Comparatively speaking, in the process of mining coal, oil and natural gas, explosion and collapse accidents have claimed the lives of thousands of employees.
Disadvantages of nuclear energy 1. Nuclear power plants will produce high and low levels of radioactive waste or used nuclear fuel. Although it is small in size, it must be handled carefully because of its radiation, and it must face considerable political trouble.
2. Nuclear power plants have low thermal efficiency, so they emit more waste heat to the environment than ordinary fossil fuel power plants, so the thermal pollution of nuclear power plants is more serious.
3. The investment cost of nuclear power plants is too high, and the financial risks of power companies are high.
4. Nuclear power plants are not suitable for peak and off-peak load operation.
5, the construction of nuclear power plants is more likely to lead to political differences and disputes.
6. There are a lot of radioactive materials in the reactors of nuclear power plants. If they are released into the external environment in an accident, it will do harm to ecology and human beings.