This period of the editor's early career
1on April 26th, 894, rudolf hess was born into a German businessman's family in Alexandria. I lived in Egypt before 15, and went back to school in Rhineland after 15. Hess studied in the German missionary school in Alexandria, the Bader-Goldys Institute of Education in Germany, Neuchatel Business School in Switzerland and Munich in Germany. When he was young, Hess was not interested in inheriting his father's mantle and getting rich in business, but he liked physics and mathematics. Hess is closely related to Karl Haushoff, a professor at Munich University and the founder of geopolitics. Haushoff's geopolitical theory has a great influence on Hess's worldview. During the First World War, Hess joined Hitler's team, participated in the wars on the western and eastern fronts successively, was seriously injured twice, won the second-class Iron Cross, was promoted to reserve lieutenant, and finally transferred to the German Air Force for service.
Edit this passage and follow Hitler.
Rudolf Hess
Hess joined the Nazi Party in July 1920 and became the 6th party member of the party. About 192 1, Hess first heard Hitler's speech at a Nazi party meeting in May, and he greatly admired his speech ability. Hess said in his article entitled "What kind of person should lead Germany to restore its former glorious status": "When all authority is gone, only one person from the people can establish authority. The deeper the dictator takes root among the masses, the more he can understand how to treat them psychologically, the less workers will distrust him, and the more he can gain support among the most active people. He has nothing in common with the masses. Like all great men, he has a great personality and will not flinch for fear of bleeding when necessary. Major issues are always determined by blood and iron. " Such an article can naturally win Hitler's joy. 1923165438+10. In October, Hess followed Hitler in a riot at Berger Brauchle Beer Shop in Munich. After the failure of the uprising, Hess fled to Austria and later returned to Germany, where he was sentenced to serve eight months in the Landesburg prison (where Hitler served his sentence). It was in this prison that Hess aroused Hitler's interest in geopolitics and recorded Hitler's masterpiece Mein Kampf. 1925 After the reorganization of the Nazi Party, Hess became Hitler's private secretary. This is the starting point for Hess to rise to the top. 1932 65438+In February, Hess was appointed by Hitler as the chairman of the Political Committee of the Central Committee of the Nazi Party. In the same year, Hess became a Nazi member of the German Parliament and was promoted to the rank of SS general. After Hitler became the German Chancellor and the Nazi Party stepped onto the stage of state power, Hess was appointed as the deputy head of the Nazi Party in April 2 1 65438. On June 29th of the same year, Hess was appointed as German Minister, in charge of everything except foreign policy and the armed forces. Hess was unconditionally loyal to Hitler. He said, "In short, Hitler is the embodiment of pure reason." People can see the piety and enthusiasm reflected in his eyes and voice when he introduced Hitler at the mass meeting through news clips. 1934, Hess said at the mass meeting: "We are proud to see a man who has never been criticized, because everyone feels and knows that Hitler is always right, and he is always right." During the Nuremberg trial, Hess still did not give up his loyalty to Hitler: "I have to admit that I have lived and worked for many years under the leadership of the greatest son born in our country's thousand-year history." 1September 24, 935, Hess mentioned the authorization to participate in the appointment of all senior Nazi officials. 1936 during the Berlin Olympic games in Germany, Hess met the duke of Hamilton in England, who was the first important person Hess sought audience with after flying to England. 1938 On February 4, when Hitler reorganized the military and political institutions, Hess was appointed as a member of the German secret cabinet meeting. 1939 On August 30th, Hess became a member of the German Defence Committee. At this time, Hess was appointed by Hitler as the successor of the head of state after Goering.
Editing this World War II career
1 September 9391day, World War II broke out in an all-round way. 1940, Nazi Germany conquered countries in western Europe and launched a large-scale air war against Britain. Hess (left)
1941May 10 In the afternoon, Hess and his wife Ilsa Hess said goodbye in a hurry and drove to Augsburg Airport in Germany accompanied by adjutant, herald, security officer and driver. Hess changed into the uniform of a junior officer of the German Air Force and left a letter for the adjutant. The letter said that if Hess didn't come back after leaving for four hours, he must give it to Hitler as soon as possible, and then fly to Scotland, England, alone on the prepared ME110 fighter plane, Central European Time 17: 45. At 23: 09 that night, Hess umbrella flying to Scotland landed near Glasgow, which is the residential area of Duke Hamilton. Surprisingly, hearing the noise of this strange plane, Walter Ramsey, a famous local engineer, said to his son, "That may be rudolf hess." As soon as Ramsey finished this sentence, he interrupted the conversation in a warning tone: "Forget what I just said and don't tell anyone about it." Ramsey himself never mentioned it again until his death. The noise of the plane crash attracted people's attention. David McClane, the farm manager, found that Hess was slightly injured and took him to the farm. Hess said to McClane in English on the road, "I'm German. I'm Captain Alfred Horn. I have a special mission here. I want to give important information to Duke Hamilton. " Hess was taken to the headquarters of Giffordshire National Self-Defense Force and Glasgow, and repeatedly said that he wanted to see the Duke of Hamilton. 1 1 In May, Hess finally met the Duke and Colonel Hamilton, who was the commander of a fighter aviation regiment of the Royal Air Force and publicly declared that he was rudolf hess. Hess explained that he was on a humanitarian mission, and the Fuehrer did not want to conquer Britain, but wanted to achieve a truce; The Fuehrer thought that Germany would win the war soon. Hess wanted to stop this unnecessary bloodshed and suggested that Germany and Britain discuss feasible peace plans and convey Hitler's peace conditions at the same time. Ask the king of England to ensure Hess's safe action and free will. From May 13 to May 15, Sir Yvonne kirkpatrick, the former First Secretary of the British Embassy in Germany, was ordered by the government to make many contacts with Hess. On June 9, Lord Simon, the British Justice, also negotiated with Hess on orders from Churchill. On September 9th, Lord beaverbrook, the British minister of aircraft production, talked with Hess before going to Moscow for negotiations on the supply of weapons and equipment. In addition, Hess was moved to the Tower of London and was actually under house arrest, which was deeply disappointing. The main questions of the riddle of Hess Fei Ying include: What is the motivation of Hess Fei Ying? Did Hess Fei Ying take the initiative or follow orders? Is Hess's flight to England purely wishful thinking of Germany, or is there some tacit understanding between Britain and Germany in advance? The mystery of Hess Fei Ying has aroused widespread concern, and a large number of unproductive books have been published one after another, but there are different opinions on the above issues. Wolff Hess, son of Hess, believes that in the late summer of 1940, Hess, with the help of Haushoff and his son (closely related to Duke Hamilton), began to draw up a plan to stop the German-British war. Once a war breaks out between Germany and the Soviet Union, Germany will eventually be forced to fight on two fronts. Hess originally planned to hold talks with the Duke of Hamilton on the neutral peace agreement in Britain, but later decided to fly to Britain in February1940+to meet the Duke of Hamilton personally. Hess made a careful plan for the trip. Hirschmi, who had been banned from flying by Hitler, asked willie Messerschmidt, the president of Messerschmidt Aircraft Manufacturing Company and a famous aircraft designer, to provide him with Me 1 10 fighters and install a long-range flight training device. He also concentrated on learning driving skills and air navigation, sorting out and collecting relevant meteorological data, marking flight route maps and preparing peace plans. Hess's letter to Hitler begins with "My Fuehrer: I will be in England when you receive this letter" and begins with "My Fuehrer, if my plan fails (I have to admit that there is little chance of success), if fate decides to go against me, then this trip will not bring you or Germany unfortunate consequences. You can break up with me at any time-just call me crazy. " The main contents of Hess peace plan are: Germany and Britain reached a compromise of global policy on the basis of maintaining the status quo, that is, Germany should not go to war with Russia for living space; Germany abandoned its colonial claims and recognized British maritime hegemony, and Britain recognized that Central Europe was Germany's interest. The current strength relationship between Germany and Britain will be maintained, that is, Britain cannot get reinforcements from the United States; Germany will leave Vichy France after the French army and navy are completely disarmed, the German Commissioner will stay in French North Africa, and the German army will stay in Libya for five years from the date of peace. Germany will establish satellite countries in Poland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and Serbia, but will withdraw from Norway, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece (except Crete) two years after the peace is realized. Germany will give up the pressure on Britain's position in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East after the problems of East, North, West and South (Austria and Czechoslovakia will obviously remain in the Third Reich) are satisfactorily solved. Germany will recognize Abyssinia and the Red Sea as British spheres of influence; Hess admitted that with Hitler's consent, he pretended to be "mentally unsound". William Scheler, an American writer, thinks Hess's motive is clear, and he sincerely hopes to make peace with Britain. In addition, "the war eclipsed him personally. During the war, managing the Nazi Party as Hitler's deputy was a boring and no longer very important position. At present, Germany's important work is to deal with war and foreign affairs ... These things put Goering, ribbentrop, Himmler, Goebbels and generals in an important position. Hess felt disappointed and jealous. Isn't it the best way to arrange peace between Germany and Britain separately in order to restore his former position beside their beloved head of state and his position at home? " According to Reese, the author of "The rudolf hess Incident", Hess was very disgusted with the large-scale air raid on London by the German Air Force in 1940, so he thought of flying to Britain to make peace with a large number of anti-war factions that he thought existed in Britain. Because of this, Hess was very moved when he heard that Haushoff felt the same way. Haushoff mentioned that Duke Hamilton was a reasonable man, and he must have hated this extremely stupid massacre. House believes that these words come from such a person, and they must be inspired by heaven to fly to Britain as a messenger of peace, meet with Duke Hamilton, and then he will introduce King George. The current British government will be overthrown and replaced by a political party that hopes for peace. Hess insisted on not dealing with the ruling clique. Because this group will do anything to stop him. Perhaps in order to downplay the influence of Hess's flight to Britain, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill quoted Shi Si in his memory and concluded that Hess incident was a medical incident, not a criminal incident, and should be handled as such. The Soviet Union always thought that after Hess flew to Britain, there had been some in-depth negotiations or planning, and Germany and Britain jointly attacked the Soviet Union, but the plan eventually aborted. The secret KGB documents recently released by the Soviet Union show that Hess fled to Britain as a result of British deception. British intelligence agencies falsely promised to reach a peaceful solution through negotiations and tricked Hess into Britain. On the eve of Hitler's attack on the Soviet Union on June 22nd, 194 1, Hess missed the opportunity to persuade Britain to sign a peace treaty with Germany. These top secret documents include two top secret reports of Englishman Kim philby as a Soviet spy. Philby obtained information through his friend, British diplomat Tom dupre, and reported to the Soviet intelligence personnel in London on May 22, 194 1: Hess wrote a letter to Duke Hamilton before flying to England, but this letter was intercepted by the British intelligence department; Hess believes that there are powerful anti-Churchill factions in Britain, and they want to use him to fly to England to make peace with the Germans. Therefore, before Hess landed in Scotland on May 194 1, British intelligence knew Hess was coming to Britain. In addition, in the middle of May 194 10, Hitler read the letter sent by his adjutant Hess and asked calmly, "Where is Hess now?" And secretly inform Goering and ribbentrop (please note that Goebbels and Himmler's authors were not informed), because Hess agreed that if the task goes well, he would send a telegram to him in menstruation, Zurich. On may 1 1, Hitler didn't receive a word from Hess all day, and his doubts about the success of Hess's mission were increasing day by day. In the afternoon, after Goering and ribbentrop came to Berghoff Villa in Upper Salzburg, Hess's deputy was arrested. 12 in may, Hitler's hope that Hess might succeed was dashed, so he arranged for Dietrich, the news director, to issue a communique, ordering borman to exercise Hess's functions and powers, and asked Hoff about the details of Hess Fei Ying. On the night of May 12, German radio broadcast a communique saying that Hess had disobeyed the take-off order and had not returned yet. Hess "left his chaotic letters and unfortunately showed signs of insanity, which made people feel that party member Hess was probably the victim of paranoia", so Hess may have crashed somewhere. The communique did not reveal that Hess had flown to Britain to make peace. 13 in may, after the British government claimed that Hess landed in Scotland and suffered minor injuries, Hitler pointed out to a senior Nazi party official in Salzburg, "Hess left me (referring to the author who invaded the Soviet Union) at the moment when commanders could receive orders at any time to start the most difficult military action. How can I expect my generals to obey this order when my senior political leaders leave the battlefield according to their own plans? " Therefore, the party should erase Hess's name from memory. In view of the "terrible" emotion of the German people in explaining the Hess incident, Hitler and Goebbels decided to publish the second communique on the evening of May 13. According to the communique, "Hess seems to be in an illusion, which makes him feel that he can promote the understanding between Britain and Germany by taking personal actions among the British people he used to know." "The National Socialist Party deeply regrets that this idealist has become a victim of this catastrophic illusion. However, this will not affect the continuation of this war imposed on Germany. " Wolff Hess thought that Hitler and Goebbels didn't seem to want to block the back door, so he actually admitted that Hess "knew more about the Fuehrer's many peace plans than anyone else." Now that Hess has defected, the Hess family is finished. Actually, it is not. 19411kloc-0/0 On February 2, Hess's father died, and Hitler sent a private message of condolences to Hess's mother. On this basis, borman concluded that Hitler had nothing to do with the Hess family, and then sent a message of condolence. To sum up, it can be considered that Hess Fei Ying is not taking the initiative, but executing orders; "Insanity", "madness" and "hallucination" are all excuses that the Nazis sought to get rid of the embarrassment caused by Hess's mission failure. However, Hess's mission is only known by a few Nazi dignitaries such as Hitler, Goering and ribbentrop. As for the specific date of flying to England, Hess decided for himself. Through the analysis and study of a large number of facts, Wolff Hess concluded that Hess Fei Ying was a trap set by British intelligence agencies. It is a very important fact that when Hess flew to Scotland, Duke Hamilton was on duty at Tenghaus Air Force Base on the west coast of Suge, and he got the relevant information through radar. Before that, the Duke of Hamilton flew into the air to observe himself.
Edit this prison life
Rudolf hess in the Nuremberg trial
10 8, Hess and other war criminals were tied together and brought to Nuremberg for trial. On June 1 946+1October1,Hess was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal. In July, Hess was transferred to Spandau Allied Military Prison in West Berlin and became prisoner No.7. With the release of speer and others in June 1966+00, Hess, the only remaining prisoner in Spandau Prison, became "the loneliest person in the world". Spandau Prison is managed by/kloc-0 prison directors from the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France, and 30 guards from various organizations take turns to guard it. All related funds shall be borne by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. From 1960 to 10 to 1984, taxpayers paid more than 26.5 million Deutsche Mark for this * * *. Hess's prison life is very regular: get up at 7 am, get up, wash, eat breakfast and read books; Walking, dinner; At about 22 o'clock in the evening, I took off my glasses and turned off the lights. According to the communication and visiting regulations, Hess is allowed to read three designated German newspapers, and his family can provide four books as reading materials every month. Since 1978, there have been 1 TV sets indoors. However, Hess's understanding of the outside world is still limited. Newspapers and articles about the Third Reich, Nuremberg and Spandau were cut in advance because Hess was not allowed to listen to news broadcasts or watch programs about contemporary history. Hess is allowed to write a letter to his family once a week. The length shall not exceed 1300 words, and all correspondence shall be checked by the warden; Receive 1 family visits once a month (twice in February, 1 hour), and each visit must be submitted to the prison two weeks in advance, which will be approved or rejected by the warden. The Wolff Hess family fought for Hess's release for a long time. Hess claimed that he would not ask for forgiveness because "my reputation is more important to me than freedom".
The editor of this paragraph was killed.
In order to enable Hess to "enjoy his old age" in prison, governments all over the world specially built a small summer villa for him in the garden of Spandau Military Prison. The furnishings in the room are simple: several chairs, a table, a wooden stool for sleeping and an oil lamp for Hess to read the newspaper. Specialized doctors and nurses come to give him a physical examination every day. Because Hess was old at that time, the doctors also made an emergency plan code-named "self-contradiction" for him. That is to say, when Hess is critically ill or has an accident, this scheme will start and give him special care. Hess's prison in Spandau was guarded by soldiers from Gome, the Soviet Union, Britain and France who won World War II in turn. August 1987 is the duty month of American soldiers, and everything here is as calm as before. /kloc-One day in August of 0/7, Hess asked the jailer who was guarding him to let him breathe fresh air outside the villa, but after a while he went into his cabin alone. However, around 3 pm, the prison alarm suddenly sounded, and the "contradictory" emergency plan really came in handy. 1At the end of 1997, Eugene Byrd, the former warden of Spandau Prison, had a meeting with the reporter of Russian News and Abdullah, the chief nurse who carried out the "contradictory" emergency plan that year. Abdullah recalled: "On that day, I received an emergency call arranged in advance. My first reaction was that Hess had an accident. Then, I hurried to Spandau prison, and the gate of Spandau prison was a mess. At first, although the guards knew me and I was authorized to enter there freely, they wouldn't let me in. After some argument, they finally let me in. I didn't have time to get angry with them, so I flew to Hess' villa. When I opened the door, I found that Jordan, the soldier guarding Hess, was pressing on Hess in a very strange way. Obviously, this is not Hess's heart massage. So I hurriedly pushed Jordan away, but Hess had stopped breathing and saw a rope wrapped tightly around his neck like a snake. As a medical worker, as long as patients have a chance, I will not give up. So, after I untied the rope around Hess's neck, I rescued him according to the "contradictory" emergency plan and called Jordan next to me to help me. But he stood there motionless and just shouted to me,' It's no use, this old ghost is finished'. As a result, this' contradictory' emergency plan ended in failure. After a while, Hess's body was carried to the British hospital. "1On the night of August, 987, an official statement shocked the whole world: rudolf walter richard hess hanged himself with a cable in prison at the age of 94. After the news came out, Hess's son immediately called to ask about the situation. Eugene Byrd, the former warden of Spandau Prison, invited him to the office of Spandau Prison and told him what happened here. Investigators said that when Hess finished walking, he went into his cabin alone. Before entering the house, he told the soldiers that Jordan should not follow him, he wanted to take a nap. Jordan, who was guarding him, stayed outside for about half an hour. Suddenly, he felt something was wrong and quickly pushed the door open. Unexpectedly, what caught his attention was this scene: I saw a cable hanging on a window, and Hess stuck his head in it and hanged himself.
Edit the death truth of this paragraph.
It is officially claimed that Hess hanged himself in his villa in Spandau Military Prison in Berlin on August 1987, at the age of 94. However, at that time, there were traces of rope winding around Hess's neck many times, and the ligature marks were parallel, so many people thought that Hess's death was not simple. After Hess's death, his family asked his lawyer to ask Spandau Prison to hand over all Hess's personal belongings, including Hess's notebook. However, Spandau Prison and the villa where Hess stayed have long been razed to the ground, and all Hess' personal belongings have disappeared without a trace. According to the authorities in power at that time, they demolished them to prevent Nazi remnants from making waves, and Hess's family could take Hess's body away. During Hess's public autopsy, James Cameron, a British forensic doctor, confirmed that Hess hanged himself with a cable. Abdullah said: "This is absolutely deceptive, because I saw that the cable was still connected to the socket. The rope around Hess's neck was definitely brought from the outside. " And Hess's family can't accept this reality. When Hess's son asked for a second autopsy, Hess's body was transported to Munich. Munich Institute of Forensic Medicine conducted the second autopsy on Hess on August 2 1, 1987. Experts found that there are signs that the rope has been wound around the neck of the deceased many times, and the ligature marks are parallel, without any traces of suicide. This is murder. And Hess's son Wolff Hess also said: "I am convinced of the results of the second autopsy. Because this year, my father may be released from prison by Amnesty. 1987 In the spring, my father told me, "The Soviets want to let me out, but the British want to kill me. "Indeed, for many years, the international community has been calling on the four governments to release Hess in a humanitarian spirit, but they have all been opposed by the Soviet Union. However, after Gorbachev, the new leader of the Soviet Union, came to power in 1987, Moscow released news that they might release Hess. Then in April 1987, German newspapers reported that Gorbachev had officially admitted that Hess was about to usher in a free life. There must be a lot of scruples about investigating the mystery of Hess' death. As the founder of the Nazi Party, Hess has an extraordinary influence among the German right-wingers. 1946 In late September, the court continued to interrogate Hess. When Hess denied guilt, an American lawyer stood up and showed a systematic list of Nazi organizations. The list showed that Hitler's designated successor was Hess first, and then Goering. According to the report, even if Hess was really desperate at that time, it was impossible to hang himself. Because he was suffering from rickets at that time, he was simply a helpless person, and he needed help to button his clothes and tie his shoelaces. Then, how can such a person break a long cable, tie a knot and put it around his neck? Wolfgang Span, a professor of pathology at the Munich Institute of Forensic Medicine, once said: "If the deceased hanged himself, the direction of the ligature marks on the neck after the rope was tightened must be upward, but we found that the ligature marks on the neck of the deceased were parallel. I bet that the deceased didn't die of suicide. "Hess was imprisoned for 42 years (65438+May 0945-65438+August 0987, 17). He was the longest-serving and highest-ranking Nazi war criminal who started the Second World War.
Edit the mystery of Fei Ying in this paragraph.
The truth of the mystery of Hess' solo flight to Britain is likely to be known only after the British archives are made public. However, the relevant files of Hess's trial sealed in Britain will not be decrypted until 20 17.
Edit the books related to this paragraph.
The main English publications about Hess are: The rudolf hess Incident edited by Reese, rudolf hess: An Uninvited Messenger by James Lise, Hess and His Mission by Joseph Hutton, The Motivation of Mission: The Inside Story of Hess Flying English by Douglas Hamilton, The Loneliest Man in the World by Eugene Byrd and My Father rudolf hess by Wolff Hess.