Jiangnan Canal can be divided into north section, middle section and south section according to its topography and hydrological conditions.
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① The Collected Works of Quan Zai, Volume 47, On the Flood in Jianghuai.
② Collection of Han Changli, Volume 19, Preface to Sending Poems to Luzhou.
③ biography of fan Xiangyu, the history of song dynasty.
The northern section is from Zhenjiang to Wangting, and the terrain is inclined from northwest to southeast, among which Zhenjiang to Danyang has the highest terrain and many Ganglong areas. The flow direction of canal water in this section is also divided by Danyang. The whole river section is generally irrigated by river water in flood season to facilitate navigation; When the water is low in winter and spring, the water level of the Yangtze River is low, and it often suffers from insufficient water. In order to control the water flow, maintain the water depth of the waterway and facilitate the diversion of water, weirs (dykes) were set up at the north and south ends of this reach in history to control the water quantity. The initial period of the weir gate is unknown in the literature, but Ding Maodai, south of Zhenjiang, was set up in the Jin Dynasty at the latest. Before Song Chunhua (99), four weirs, including Jingkou, Lucheng, Benniu and Wangting, had been installed on the canal in this section to store water in stages and maintain navigation. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, these weirs have been built in every generation, or changed into weirs, or abandoned and re-weir, and it was not until the late Qing Dynasty that they were gradually destroyed. Among the above-mentioned weir gates, especially due to the change of the main channel of the Yangtze River near Zhenjiang, the entrance of the canal is often threatened by silt carried by the river tide, so the entrance of the canal has to be changed frequently. Historically, there were five canals near Zhenjiang that entered the estuary, namely Dantu Kou, Jianbi Kou, Ganlu Kou, Xiaojingkou and Dajingkou. Before the Sui Dynasty, the entrance of the canal was in Dantu, and the Yangtze Bridge in Yangzhou was opposite the riverside, with a river surface of 4 miles wide. Later, because the river area south of Yangtze Bridge is a continent, it is called Guazhou because of its shape like a melon. After Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, the area of sandbanks became wider and wider, and the houses on it gradually became the traffic throat of the north and south of the Yangtze River. At this time, the river surface has been narrowed to more than 2 miles. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), Qi Han moved to the secretariat of Runzhou, saying, "The north of the state is separated by the river, and the boat goes around Guabu, and it is sixty miles far back, and it is windy and windy." (2), he invited him to cross the river for 2 miles at Jingkou Daixia, and opened the Yilou River in Pumpkin Zhoupu, Yangzhou, which is 25 miles long, that is, it reached Yangzi Town, and set up Yiluodai. It shows that since the beginning of Kaiyuan, the riverbank sandbars on the Yangzhou side have been silted up and integrated with the north bank. In order to reduce the risk of wind and waves of the tanker sailing in the river, the entrance of the canal in Zhenjiang has been moved from Dantukou to Jingkoudai. During the Song Dynasty, the river surface of Guazhou Ferry was still 18 miles. In the early years of Qing Daoguang (around 182), the width of the river was only seven or eight miles. At that time, the riverbank was close to the foot of garlic mountain, Beigushan mountain and Xiangshan mountain in Zhenjiang, and Jinshan and Jiao Shan were isolated islands in the river. However, with the gradual northward migration of the main channel of the Yangtze River, the banks of Guazhou area began to be washed away in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. According to "The Continuation of Guazhou Records", Guazhou City "collapsed more and more year by year" after the tenth year of Daoguang (183), and by the first year of Guangxu (1875), Guazhou City had become a big river, and residents moved to Sili Port, north of the old city, which is today < P > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
② Wu Tongju: The Complete Book of Jiangsu Water Conservancy Jiangnan Canal.
Guazhou Town. During this period, the bank of Zhenjiang was increasingly silted up, and Runzhou was extended eastward. Jinshan was originally in the center of the northwest of Jingkou, and in the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869), "the rising sand was directly connected to the south bank, but Shannan was not connected to the boat". Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the sandy beach in Jinshan has been silting up eastward and northward, which caused Dajingkou and Ganlukou to be silted up in the 193s and built into streets. Although Xiaojingkou was not completely silted up, it was no longer navigable. Today, the northern end of Zhengrun Prefecture has been extended to the old Guazhou city on the north bank of the past, and the new Zhengrun Beach formed at its eastern end has reached the river east of Jiao Shan, approaching the mouth of Dantu. Therefore, the Jiangnan Canal has to be changed to enter the river from the new port of Jianbi Town, and Dantu Port can only pass through ordinary small fleets.
another outstanding problem in the operation of this section of the canal is to maintain the dredging of Lianhu Lake. Due to the high terrain and narrow valley of Zhendan Canal, it brings certain difficulties to shipping. At the end of Sun Wu's reign, this canal was repaired, but it failed because "Du Ye (Dantu) and Xiaoxin (Qua) all cut off the ridges and ridges, and their skills were hard". When Emperor Huidi was in the Western Jin Dynasty, Chen Min was under the control of Jiangdong, and your brother stopped Malinxi, which was gathered into a lake by the water of Gaoli and Changshan 84 schools. It was called Lianhu in history, also known as Qua Houhu, and its function was mainly to store water and transport goods. The Qua Xinfengtang, which was established by Zhang Min, the internal history of the later Jin Dynasty, at the beginning of Daxing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was connected with the geography of Lianhu Lake and irrigated more than 8 hectares. Only in this way can this section of the canal have a water storage reservoir. As the saying goes, "One inch of the lake is a foot of the river" (3), which is beneficial to the smooth flow of shipping and irrigation of farmland.
However, in Guangde and Yongtaizhong, Tang Daizong (763-766), due to the dike built by strong families along the lake, which cut across 14 miles and took the lake land for farmland, the lake became narrower and there was nowhere to store water, and it rained a lot in autumn and summer. The fertile fields in Danyang, Yanling and Jintan counties were often submerged. In case of kangyang, the seedlings near the lake are irrigated without water. The transportation of the eastern capital of Tang Dynasty, Jianghuai and other roads in Henan led Liu Yan and Runzhou to reopen the Lake of Danyang for irrigation. "Naturally, the river will not dry up.". In the Five Dynasties, after the mutiny at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Doumen of Lian Lake was abandoned, and in the first year of Yuan Dynasty in the Southern Tang Dynasty (937), it was known that Lu Yanzhen of Danyang County had deepened Lian Lake and made Doumen for irrigation.
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(1) The County Records of Guangxu Dantu, Volume 13, Sichuan.
(2) Wu Zhi, Taiping Yu Lan.
③ The History of Song Dynasty: Seven Rivers.
④ The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 53, Foodstuffs Records.
during the song dynasty, especially in the southern song dynasty, the dredging of lianhu lake was more frequent. For example, Shao Shengzhong (194-197), Danyang County ordered Su Jing to raise people to practice the lake again, and it was easy to buy dozens of doors. In the seventh year of Shaoxing (1137), the transshipment of Zhejiang and Zhejiang made Xiang Ziyin say, "The situation in Lucheng and Jiagang, Zhenjiang Prefecture, is high. Because it doesn't rain in spring and summer, it is difficult for officials to work hard. ..... Today, the bank is relaxed and forbidden, which leads to the invasion of tenants. Therefore, the lake can't be stored, and the boat can't pass, and public and private complaints are made. ..... I have ordered Zhu Mu, the magistrate of Danyang, and others to add two Doumen and one * [stone+reach], and repair the dike to restore the old traces, which will be a permanent gain. " (1) the main road for seven years, according to the minister's words, "After the mutiny, (practicing the lake) was abandoned and died, and the bank was ruined and could not store water; Strong home and patent, ploughing for the field, then silt lake ",a letter to the two Zhejiang Cao Chen Shen Du single-handedly handle the construction (2). Chun Youchu (1241) learned that He Yuanshou, the governor of Zhenjiang, had restored the Lianhu Lake, increased the amount of letters, and dredged the old canal. The waste of starting the sluice was in Jingkou and Lucheng, which cost more than 9, yuan. In the third year of Jingding (1262), it was known that Zhao Bihuan in Danyang County built and practiced the stone magnetism of Doumen on the bank of the lake.
since the Tang and song dynasties, although successive governments have repeatedly banned the occupation of lakes as farmland to ensure water transport, local strongmen still invaded the farmland, and by the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing dynasty (1652), they had invaded more than 9, mu of land, accounting for almost three-fifths of the whole lake area of more than 14, mu. Therefore, Qin Shizhen, the censor, called out that "when the farmland invaded by leather is still a lake, we should build a ridge gate culvert to restore the old one, so that we can help transport the water in the upper part and irrigate the fields to save the drought in the lower part, which is really the first water conservancy in the southeast". Later, with the development of modern railway transportation, water transportation was abolished, and canal transportation gradually lost its important position. In 1927, a central river was opened in the northern part of Lianhu Lake, which was directly transported from Zhangguandu to the source streams, and Lianhu Lake was turned into farmland. At present, the state-run Lianhu Farm here is one of the mechanized rice farms in Jiangsu Province, with 21, mu of cultivated land, and the only remaining 4 mu of water surface in Lianhu has been turned into intensive fish ponds.
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① ② The History of the Song Dynasty, Seven Rivers and Channels.
③④ Tang Shaoyao: The Yearbook of Jiangnan Canal contains Qin Shizhen's comments.
In the northern section of the Jiangnan Canal, in addition to dredging and practicing the lake, Meng Jian, the secretariat of Changzhou in the eighth year of Tang Yuanhe (813), reopened the ancient Mengdu, making the Jiangnan Canal open to the Yangtze River in the north near Changzhou, "41 miles long and irrigating more than 4, hectares of fertile soil". It has become one of the important transport routes in Changzhou area after years of training.
in the middle section of the Jiangnan Canal, from Wangting to Pingwang, the land is barren and the flow is slow. Wujiang Pingwang and Bajiwen are the lowest section of the whole canal, which was originally the outlet section of Taihu Lake. Before the Tang Dynasty, the northern and southern parts of Wujiang County were occupied by Taihu Lake, which was not only inaccessible by land, but also frequently drowned by rough waters. In the fifth year of Tang Yuanhe (81), Wang Zhongshu, the secretariat of Suzhou, "dike Songjiang is the road" (2), and built the western dike of the Jiangnan Canal for dozens of miles, which is called Wujiangtang Road. Tanglu has solved the risk of wind and waves in towing, post transportation and navigation, and also played an important role in the development of Taihu Lake area. At the same time, the famous baodai bridge was founded at the outlet of Taihu Lake. Baodai bridge, also known as Long Bridge with 53 holes, is a semicircular coupon-type stone arch bridge, about 3 kilometers away from Suzhou. It is located at the mouth of Dan Tai Lake on the west side of the Jiangnan Canal. It is said that it was built with the help of a treasure belt donated by Wang Zhongshu, the secretariat of the Yangtze River. Therefore, if the bridge shape is long, it is named baodai bridge or Long Bridge, which is mainly used as the baodai bridge of the canal fiber track. The bridge deck is long and flat, which is conducive to fiber pulling. At the same time, in order to discharge the water of Taihu Lake and other lakes, the middle 3 holes are higher for boat crossing, and the side 5 holes are lower for water discharge. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, this was the ruling area of Qian Liu, King of Wu Yue. In order to protect the environment and the people, and develop production, Qian Liu set up a capital water farm in the eighth year of Tianbao (915) to take charge of the water, recruited soldiers for the Ministry, raised shallow troops, governed the river and built dikes, all the way down the Wusong River, and all the way from the emergency water port to the lake into the sea, which not only vigorously deepened the Jiangnan Canal, but also built many water conservancy projects such as weirs and dams in the Taihu Lake basin. In the second year of Qingli in the Northern Song Dynasty (142), Suzhou sentenced Li Yuqing to "dike Taihu Lake for 8 miles, which is a canal and beneficial to water transport". The long dike built this time, to the east of Tangdi, became the eastern dike of the canal. In the eighth year of Qingli (148), Li Wen, the magistrate of Wujiang, and Wang Tingjian, the county commandant, built a wooden bridge in Songjiang's vast outlet section, which was more than 1, feet long and was famous for its fame and fortune. Thai was rebuilt into a stone bridge in 1325, which is composed of 72 arch-coupon-shaped bridge holes, and it is more than 5 meters long and meanders like a dragon. This is the predecessor of Wujiang Long Bridge. Due to years of disrepair, most of the bridge holes have collapsed. After these constructions, the vast Taihu Lake was separated from the vast water towns in the east of the lake, and the appearance of the canal between Suzhou South and Pingwang was basically finalized.
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① Biography of Meng Jian in Old Tang Dynasty.
② Wu Tongju: The Complete Book of Water Conservancy in Jiangsu, Volume 31. Taihu Lake Basin quotes Suzhou Fuzhi and Wujiang County Records of Ganlong.
③ The Golden Guide to Running Water; The Suzhou Prefecture of the Grand Canal quotes Jiangnan Tongzhi.
The southern section of the Jiangnan Canal, from Hangzhou to Jiaxing, is inclined from southwest to northeast. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, its water source mainly depended on the West Lake in Hangzhou. When the lake was insufficient, it was replenished by tidal water from Qiantang River. Therefore, it is very important to dredge the West Lake and keep enough water to ensure the water source of the southern section of the Jiangnan Canal. During the Dali period of Tang Dynasty (766-779), Li Bi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou, and he said, "Start guiding the West Lake, make six wells, and make people use it". In the second year of Changqing (822), Bai Juyi, a famous poet, became the secretariat of Hangzhou, rehabilitated the West Lake, and led the lake north out of Yuhang Gate of Hangzhou and into the Canal. In the fourth year of Liang Kaiping in the Five Dynasties (91), Qian Liu, King of Wu Yue, started to build a seawall outside the waiting tide gate in Hangzhou. At that time, the tide rushed day and night, and Qian Miao used plywood to build a pond. For more than 1 miles along the river, giant trees were used as sticks, laying six floors of wooden stakes, and bamboo cages were filled with huge stones in the wooden stakes, thus effectively blocking the tide. "When the tide avoids Qiantang, it hits Xiling in the east" and "the banks are solid, and the houses are drinking". At the same time, Qian Liu "set up thousands of soldiers in Liaohu Lake" (2), which is dedicated to dredging and dredging the West Lake. Today, the Maoshan River is dug at the south mouth of Shangtang River in Hangzhou, leading directly to Qiantang River, and two gates, Longshan and Zhejiang, are built at the intake of tidal water to curb the backward flow of salt tide, which not only ensures the smoothness of the waterway, but also prevents the farmland on both sides of the waterway from being halogenated.
in the late northern song dynasty, the Longshan and Zhejiang gates collapsed one after another, and the "Liaohu soldiers" were abolished. "The West Lake was blocked every day, and the former water surface was half a fertile field". In Yuan You, Su Shi, Hangzhou Zhizhou, dredged the West Lake on a large scale. He abolished the fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced-in fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fenced fen With weeds as dikes, a long dike running through the north and south is built in the lake, which is more than 5 miles long, and willows are planted in the middle of the road, so pedestrians can take it. This
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① The History of the Song Dynasty: Six Rivers.
②④ The History of Song Dynasty: Seven Rivers and Channels.
③ Complete Works of Dongpo: Please open six stripes from the beginning of Shensan Province.
Long dike is the famous "Su Gong dike". At the same time, he requisitioned more than 1, soldiers and migrant workers, and dug two canals, the Gushan and Yanqiao, which run through the north and south of Hangzhou, to divert the lake water from Yongjinmen, Hangzhou, to Zhongyanqiao River in the city, and from Yuhangmen in the north to Shangtang River in the east. Put the sluice on the Ganshan River side by side, "Every time the tide comes, the sluice will be temporarily closed until the tide is clear and reopened", which prevents the tidal sand from entering the Yanqiao River. "It is natural for public and private boats to benefit. For thirty years, there has been no one who opens the river as deep and fast as this".
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① The History of the Song Dynasty: Seven Rivers.
Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Hangzhou, as the political, economic and cultural center of the Southern Song Dynasty, have developed rapidly in urban construction. The criss-crossing streets and canals constitute the whole layout of Hangzhou city. To the east of the Imperial Street at that time, there was a city river (also known as a small river) parallel to the Imperial Street from north to south, and to the east of the city river, there was a salt bridge canal (also known as a big river) parallel to it. City River and Yanqiao Canal communicate in the south of Qinghefang, directly to Qiantang River in Jianggan in the south, and directly to Jiangnan Canal and the river network in Taihu Lake basin in the north. The Hebei section of the city is connected with the Huansha River through Zhong 'an Bridge, and the Huansha River is connected with the West Lake, which is used as the water source of these canals. In order to ensure the smooth flow of canals in the city, the Southern Song government made unremitting efforts. For example, in the ninth year of Shaoxing (1139), "Zhang Cheng invited Lin 'an Prefecture to recruit 2 soldiers of the Xiang Army, and entrusted Qian Tangxian with the task of dredging the lake". In the 19th year of Shaoxing (1149), "Shouchen Tang Peng gave an order, so please reopen it". In the second year of Longxing (1164), Wu Fu, the garrison minister, said, "The canal in the city has already taken care of Beimeijiaqiao and Renhecang.