Jiangnan Canal can be divided into north section, middle section and south section according to its topography and hydrological conditions.
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(1) the rights set volume 47, on the jianghuai flood.
(2) The Collection of Han Changli, Volume 19, Preface to Sending Poems to Luzhou.
3 "Song Shi Fan Xiangyu Biography".
The northern section is from Zhenjiang to Wang Ting, and the terrain is inclined from northwest to southeast, among which Zhenjiang to Danyang has the highest terrain and there are many Ganglong areas. The flow direction of water in this section of the canal is also divided by Danyang. The whole river section is generally irrigated by river water in flood season, which is convenient for navigation; When the water is low in winter and spring, the water level of the Yangtze River is low, and it often encounters water shortage. In order to control the water flow, maintain the water depth of the waterway and facilitate water diversion, weirs (dikes) have been set up at the north and south ends of this reach to control the water quantity in history. The literature of the initial period of Yanmen is unknown, but the Dingmao Dynasty south of Zhenjiang was set up in the Jin Dynasty at the latest. Before Song Chunhua (990), four weirs, namely Jingkou, Lucheng, Niu Ben and Wangting, had been set up on this section of the canal to store water in stages and maintain navigation. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, these weirs have been built in each generation, or changed into weirs, or abandoned again, and were gradually destroyed until the late Qing Dynasty. In the above-mentioned weir gates, especially due to the change of the main channel of the Yangtze River near Zhenjiang, the entrance of the canal is often threatened by the sediment carried by the river tide, so the entrance of the canal has to be replaced frequently. There are five canals near Zhenjiang in history, namely Dantu Kou, Jianbi Kou, Ganlu Kou, Xiaojingkou and Dajingkou. Before the Sui Dynasty, the entrance to the canal was in Dantu, and the Yangzhou Yangtze River Bridge was opposite the river, with a width of 40 miles. Later, because the river area south of the Yangtze River Bridge is a continent, it was called Guazhou because of its shape like a melon. After Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, the area of sandbars became wider and wider, and the houses above gradually became the traffic throat of the north and south of the Yangtze River. At this time, the river has shrunk to more than 20 miles. In the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan (737), Han Qi moved to Runzhou to make a secretariat, saying, "The north of the state is separated by the river, and the boat is around Guabu, which is 60 miles away, and the wind is high and the waves are urgent." (2) Invite him to cross the river for 20 miles at Jingkou, and open the Yilou River at Zhou Pu Pumpkin in Yangzhou, which is 25 miles long, that is, reach Yangzi Town and set up Yiluodai. It shows that since the beginning of Kaiyuan, the sandbar on the bank of Yangzhou has been silted and integrated with the north bank. In order to reduce the risk of oil tankers sailing in the river, the estuary of Zhenjiang Canal was moved from Dantukou to Jingkoudai. In the Song Dynasty, the river surface of Guazhou Ferry was still 18 Li. In the early years of Qing Daoguang (1820 or so), the width of the river was only seven or eight miles. At that time, the riverbank was close to the foot of Lushan, Beigushan and Xiangshan in Zhenjiang, and Jinshan and Jiao Shan were isolated islands in the river. However, with the gradual northward movement of the main channel of the Yangtze River, the banks of Guazhou area began to be washed away in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. According to the Records of Guazhou, Guazhou City "collapsed year by year" after Daoguang 10 (1830). By the first year of Guangxu (1875), Guazhou City had fallen into the great river and its residents moved to Lisi Port, north of the old city. This is today.
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(1) refer to the geography department of Nanjing Normal University "Jiangsu Urban Historical Geography".
② Wu Tongju: The Complete Book of Jiangnan Canal of Jiangsu Water Conservancy.
Guazhou town. During this period, the bank of Zhenjiang was silted up day by day, and Runzhou extended eastward. Jinshan was originally in the middle of the northwest of Jingkou, and in the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869), "the sand rises directly to the south bank, and the south of the mountain is not accessible by boat". Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the beaches of Jinshan have been silting up eastward and northward, which led to the siltation of Dajingkou and the main road junction in the 1930 s and the completion of streets. Although the small wellhead is not completely blocked, it is no longer navigable. Now, the northern end of Zhengrun House has been extended to the old Guazhou City on the north bank of the past, and the new Zhengrun Beach formed at its eastern end has been extended to the river in the east of Jiao Shan, approaching Dantukou. Therefore, the Jiangnan Canal will be changed to enter the river from Xingang, Jianbi Town, and Dantu Port can only pass through ordinary small fleets.
Another prominent problem in the operation of this section of the canal is the maintenance of Lianhu Lake for dredging. Due to the high terrain and narrow valley of Zhendan Canal, it brings certain difficulties to shipping. At the end of Sun Wu's reign, the canal was repaired, but it failed because "Du Ye (Dantu) and Qu (Qu) both cut off the ridge, which was technically hard". When Hui Di was in the Western Jin Dynasty, Chen Min was under the control of Jiangdong, and your brother stopped Malinxi, which was gathered into a lake by the water from Korea and Changshan 84. Historically known as Lianhu Lake, also known as Quhou Lake, its main function is to store water and transport goods. In the early years of Daxing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the canal Xinfengtang, established by Sharla Cheung in the later Jin Dynasty, was geographically connected with Lianhu Lake and irrigated more than 800 hectares. Only in this way can there be a reservoir in this section of the canal. As the saying goes, "one inch of lake water and one foot of river water" (3) is conducive to smooth shipping and farmland irrigation.
However, in Guangde and Yongtaizhong, Tang Daizong (763-766), because strong households built dikes along the lake, crossing 14, the lake field was occupied as farmland, and the lake became narrow, with nowhere to store water, and it was rainy in autumn and winter. The fertile fields in Danyang, Yanling and Jintan counties are often flooded. In the case of Yang Kang, the seedlings near the lake are irrigated without water. In the Tang Dynasty, the traffic on roads in Henan, such as Dongdu and Jianghuai, led to the reopening of Danyang Lake irrigation in Ada and Runzhou. "Naturally, this river will not dry up." . In the Five Dynasties, after the mutiny at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Doumen of Lianhu was abandoned. It was only in the first year of the Southern Tang Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty (937) that it was known that the land in Danyang County had deepened Lianhu and built Doumen for irrigation.
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(1) the Guangxu dantu county annals volume 13, "Sichuan".
(2) "Taiping Yu Lan Wu Lanzhi".
(3) Song History: Seven Rivers.
(4) "New Tang Book" Volume 53, "Food".
In the Song Dynasty, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, the dredging of Lianhu Lake became more frequent. For example, Shao (1094- 1097) and Danyang County ordered to recruit more people to practice the lake, and bought dozens of them easily. In the seventh year of Shaoxing (1 137), the Zhejiang-Jiangxi transshipment made Xiangzi hide, saying, "The land of Lucheng and Jiagang in Zhenjiang is high in terrain, and it is difficult for officials to be diligent because it does not rain in spring and summer. ..... Now banks are forbidden to enter, leading to tenants' invasion. So the lake can't be stored, the boat can't cross it, and there are public and private grievances. ..... I have ordered Zhu Mu, the magistrate of Danyang, and others to add two gates and one stone to repair the embankment and restore the old traces, which will be a permanent benefit. " (1) Avenue for seven years, according to the minister's words, "After the mutiny, (Lianhu) abandoned it and died, and the embankment was deserted, so it was impossible to store water; Zhuang family and patent, plowing for the field, and then silting the lake ",wrote that the two Zhejiang single-handedly run the construction. At the beginning of the spring outing (124 1), I learned that the governor of Zhenjiang, He Yuanshou, restored the lake, increased money and deepened the old canal. Opening the floodgates was wasted in Jingkou and Lucheng, costing more than 900,000 yuan. In the third year of Ding Jing (1262), I learned that Zhao Biyuan of Danyang County was building Doumen Stone Magnetism on the lakeshore.
Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, although the governments of successive dynasties have repeatedly banned the occupation of lakes as farmland to ensure water transportation, local strongmen still occupied farmland. By the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1652), they had occupied more than 9,000 mu, accounting for almost three-fifths of the entire lake area14,000 mu. So the suggestion Qin Shizhen shouted, "When the land invaded by leather is still a lake, it is the first water conservancy in southeast China to build a ridge culvert to revive the old, to help the water transported and irrigate the fields to save the drought." Later, with the development of modern railway transportation, water transportation was cancelled, and canal transportation gradually lost its important position. 1927, a central river was opened in the north of Lianhu, leading to the source stream, which was directly transported from Zhangguandu, and Lianhu became farmland. At present, the state-owned Lianhu Farm here is one of the mechanized rice farms in Jiangsu Province, with 2 1 000 mu of cultivated land, and the only remaining 400 mu of water surface in Lianhu Lake has become an intensive fish pond.
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(1) (2) the history of the song dynasty, seven canals.
③ ④ Tang Shaoyao: The Annals of Jiangnan Canal contains a brief history of Qin Shizhen.
In the northern section of the Jiangnan Canal, in addition to dredging and practicing lakes, in the eighth year of Tang Yuanhe (8 13), Meng Jian, the secretariat of Changzhou, reopened the ancient Mengdu, making the Jiangnan Canal open to the Yangtze River in the north near Changzhou, "41 miles long and irrigating fertile soil of more than 4,000 hectares". After years of training, it has become one of the important traffic routes in Changzhou.
In the middle section of the Jiangnan Canal, from Wang Ting to Wang Ping, land flows slowly. Wujiang Wang Ping and Baji temperature are the lowest sections of the whole canal, which were originally the estuary sections of Taihu Lake. Before the Tang Dynasty, the northern and southern parts of Wujiang County were occupied by Taihu Lake, which was not only impassable by land, but also often submerged by the surging river. In the fifth year of Tang Yuanhe (8 10), Wang Zhongshu, the secretariat of Suzhou, built the west dike of Jiangnan Canal for dozens of miles, which was called Wujiangtang Road. Tang Lu has solved the risk of wind and waves in towing, postal transportation and navigation, and also played an important role in the development of Taihu Lake area. At the same time, the famous baodai bridge was built at the exit of Taihu Lake. Baodai bridge, also known as the 53-hole long bridge, is a semi-circular stone arch bridge, about 3 kilometers away from Suzhou. It is located at the mouth of Dan Tai Lake on the west side of Jiangnan Canal. It is said that it was built with the help of a treasure belt donated by Wang Zhongshu, the secretariat of the Yangtze River. Therefore, if the bridge is long, it is named baodai bridge or Long Bridge, which is mainly used as the baodai bridge of the canal fiber track. The bridge deck is long and flat, which is beneficial to fiber drawing. At the same time, in order to discharge water from Taihu Lake and other lakes, the middle 3 holes are higher for boat crossing and the side 50 holes are lower for drainage. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, it was the ruling area of King Qian Liu of wuyue. In order to protect the environment and develop production, in the eighth year of Tianbao (9 15), Qian Liu set up the Capital Wateryard to take charge of water management, recruited troops for the Ministry, called shallow troops to harness the river and build dikes, all the way down the Wusong River and went out to sea from the emergency water port, which not only vigorously opened up the Jiangnan Canal, but also built many water conservancy projects such as dams in Taihu Lake Basin. In the second year of Li Qing in the Northern Song Dynasty (1042), Suzhou awarded Li Yuqing "80 Li dike of Taihu Lake, which is a canal with good water transport". The long dike built this time, east of the bottom of the pond, became the east dike of the canal. In the eighth year of Li Qing (1048), Wu Jiang county magistrate Wen Li and county commandant Wang Tingjian built a wooden bridge in Songjiang, which was more than a thousand feet long and gained fame and fortune. In the second year of Thailand, it was rebuilt as a stone bridge (1325). It consists of 72 arched bridge opening, and the bridge opening is more than 500 meters long, winding like a dragon. This is the predecessor of Wujiang Long Bridge. Due to disrepair, most of bridge opening has collapsed. After these constructions, the vast Taihu Lake is separated from the vast water towns in the east of the lake, and the appearance of the canal between Suzhou South and Wang Ping is basically finalized.
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① Biography of Old Tang Shu Meng.
② Wu Tongju: Encyclopedia of Jiangsu Water Conservancy Volume 31 Taihu Lake Basin cited Suzhou Fuzhi and Wujiang County Records of Gan Long.
(3) The Golden Mirror of Flowing Water; Suzhou Mansion quoted Jiangnan Tongzhi.
The southern section of the Jiangnan Canal, from Hangzhou to Jiaxing, inclines from southwest to northeast. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, its water source mainly depended on the West Lake in Hangzhou. When the lake is insufficient, it is supplemented by the tide of Qiantang River. Therefore, dredging the West Lake and keeping enough water is very important to ensure the water source of the southern section of the Jiangnan Canal. During the Dali period of the Tang Dynasty (766-779), Li Bi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou. He said that "the West Lake should be guided, and six wells should be built to make people use it". In the second year of Changqing (822), the famous poet Bai Juyi became the secretariat of Hangzhou, restored the West Lake, and led Hubei out of Yuhang Gate of Hangzhou and into the canal. In the 4th year of Liang Kaiping in the Five Dynasties (9 10), King Qian Liu of wuyue began to build seawalls outside tidal gate. At that time, the tide surged day and night, and Qian Miao built a pond with plywood. Along the river 100 miles, giant trees were used as sticks, six-story wooden stakes were laid, and bamboo cages were filled with huge stones in the stakes, which effectively blocked the tide. "When the tide comes, avoid Qiantang and attack Xiling in the east." "The dike is solid and the house is full of water." At the same time, Qian Liu "set up a horde in Lake Julio" (2), and devoted himself to dredging and dredging the West Lake. Nowadays, the Maoshan River is dug at the south mouth of Shangtang River in Hangzhou, leading directly to Qiantang River, and two gates, Longshan and Zhejiang, are built at the tidal intake to curb the salt tide backflow, which not only ensures the smooth navigation channel, but also prevents the farmland on both sides of the navigation channel from being halogenated.
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the gates of Longshan and Zhejiang collapsed one after another, and the Julio soldiers were abolished. "the west lake is blocked every day, and the water surface was semi-fertile in the past." In Yuan You, Su Shi and Hangzhou, it is well known that the West Lake is dredged on a large scale. He abolished those fenced in, fenced in, fenced in, fenced in, fenced in, fenced in, fenced in and fenced in.
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(1) the history of the song dynasty, the canal six.
② ④ History of Song Dynasty, Seven Rivers.
(3) "Complete Works of Dongpo, please open six articles about me in three provinces".
The long dike is the famous "Su Gong Dike". At the same time, more than 65,438+tens of thousands of soldiers and migrant workers were recruited, and two canals, Gushan Canal and Yanqiao Canal, which run through the north and south of Hangzhou, were dug to lead the water from Yongjinmen in Hangzhou to Zhongyanqiao River in the city and from Yuhangmen in the north to Shangtang River in the east. The sluice is placed side by side on the dry mountains and rivers. "Every time the tide rises, the sluice will be temporarily closed until the tide retreats." This prevents tidal sand from entering the weir river. "Public and private boats naturally benefit. For thirty years, no one has opened the river so deep and so fast. "
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(1) the history of the song dynasty, seven canals.
As the political, economic and cultural centers of the Southern Song Dynasty 150 years, Lin 'an and Hangzhou, the capitals of the Southern Song Dynasty, developed rapidly. The criss-crossing streets and canals constitute the overall layout of Hangzhou city. At that time, to the east of Yujie, there was a city river (also called a small river) parallel to the north and south of Yujie, and to the east of the city river, there was a salt bridge canal (also called a big river) parallel to it. Qinghefang has Chenghe River and Yanqiao Canal in the south, Qiantang River in Jianggan in the south, Jiangnan Canal and Taihu River network in the north. The Hebei section of the city is connected with the Huansha River through Zhong 'an Bridge, and the Huansha River is connected with the West Lake as the water source of these canals. In order to ensure the smooth flow of the canal in the city, the Southern Song government made unremitting efforts. For example, in the ninth year of Shaoxing (1 139), "Rizo invited Lin 'an Prefecture to recruit 200 Xiang soldiers, and entrusted Tang County Commandant to take charge of dredging the lake". In the 19th year of Shaoxing (1 149), "Chen Shou Tang Peng invited me to reply". In the second year of Longxing (1 164), Michelle Wu, the minister of health protection, said: "The canal in the city has already dealt with three dams, namely, Beimeijiaqiao, Renhecang and Xieqiao, taking six inlets of the West Lake and filling them with cross flow. ..... Today, I want to build a dam in front of both ends of the security door outside Wangxian Bridge, but I want to dig a waterway south of Zhuquemen River, transport water by car, and introduce Baoanmen into the pedestrian street. So I can clean up the water from the south of Wangxian Bridge to Duting Bridge 1, in case of emergency, and count the labor force as 40,000. "Play from here. After another four years (1 168), Minister Zhou Lian used public funds to recruit refugees to dredge the rivers inside and outside the city and dredge siltation, which was called governance. In the second year of Xichun (1 175), Zhao Jia, Minister of Water Transport in Zhejiang Province, said: "From Chang 'anmen to Xucun Inspection Office in Lin 'an Prefecture, the Caohe River is shallow and astringent. Please pay for rice and send someone to help clear it. "He added:" If a flat gate is to be placed on the Tongjiang Bridge, when the river in the city is shallow and dry, the flat plate can be started to absorb the tide, and then the flat plate can be lowered to protect the water, so that the ship cannot pass; If there is no shortage of rivers, it is convenient to close the gate and listen to the boat. "In the fourteenth year of Xichun (1 187), it didn't rain in July, and the courtier said," I saw that Fengkou was thirty-six miles away from Beixinqiao, and it was the worst thing. Today, it is advisable to open a drainage channel to connect the passenger ship to the hub. "Play from it.
As can be seen from the above quotation, the Jiangnan Canal comes from the southwest of Suzhou and Jiaxing, and goes straight to Hangzhou and Qiantang River. The Southern Song Dynasty made great efforts to keep this waterway open, which also shows that the Southern Song Dynasty regarded this canal as its lifeline and attached importance to the Bianhe River in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In Heyuan (1341-1368), due to the continuous outward siltation of the south bank of Hangzhou, the canal was isolated from the Qiantang River, the Shangtang Canal dried up shallowly, and the Xiatang Canal was built again (2). "Dredged from Wulin Port to Beixinqiao, the river rose to the bridge, more than 20 feet wide, and it was completed.
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① For the above quotation, see Seven Channels of Song History.
② The Jiangnan Canal is divided into two tributaries after arriving at Hangzhou Chen Gong Bridge: one tributary passes through Baoqing Bridge to Deshengba; One passes through Daguan Bridge, Zhangjiang Bridge and Huaguang Bridge, and also reaches Desheng Dam. Over the dam is the Shangtang River, with a high water level, and finally it reaches Hecheng.
(3) "Guangxu Hangzhou Prefecture Records" Volume 53, "Water Conservancy".