As early as 1845, CharsWheastone built the world's first linear reluctance motor and used it to throw metal bars to a distance of 20 meters. 1895 Mayor obt
As early as 1845, CharsWheastone built the world's first linear reluctance motor and used it to throw metal bars to a distance of 20 meters. 1895 Mayor obtained the first patent of linear induction motor. Since then, Kirby, a German scientist, has put forward the idea of making "electric cannon" with "electromagnetic propulsion". However, birkeland, a professor of physics at the University of Oslo, was the first person to put forward the concept of electromagnetic gun and carry out experiments. He obtained the patent of "electric cannon" in 190 1, and used a series of coils of DC-excited tubular linear motor to accelerate 500g projectile to 50 m/s; This experimental model was later exhibited at the Science Museum in Oslo. 19 12, EmileBachelet of France built a magnetic propulsion device with AC excitation, which attracted the interest of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill when it was exhibited in 19 14. 19 17, another French inventor put forward the idea of using magnetic field force to launch winged shells. 1920, Fauchon-Villeplee of France published the article "Electric Cannon". Almost at the same time, the electric gun company in Philadelphia, USA, developed an electromagnetic accelerator for artillery. 1937, Professor Northrup, the founder of American Airlines, mentioned the principle of electromagnetic emission under the pen name "AbkadPsendoman" in his book 0 to 80. Since then, Princeton University has tried to launch the carrier by electromagnetic force. Until the outbreak of World War II, there were as many as 45 patents for various electric cannons. During the war, Germany and Japan both developed electromagnetic guns. 1944, Hansler accelerated 10g projectile to 1.2km/s.. 1946, and Westinghouse Electric Company of the United States built a full-scale aircraft ejection device, which was called "Electopult". This is a motor with linear induction motor as its main movement. Later, the US Navy and Air Force also did some research work. However, after repeated argumentation, the Air Force Research Institute reached the conclusion in 1957 that "the electromagnetic gun doesn't work at all" and put the electromagnetic gun in limbo. Under this influence, the research of electromagnetic gun once fell into a low tide. However, at that time, Australia and some other scientists held different views, and they still made unremitting efforts and made some progress in the 1960s. For example, Marshall of Australian National University and his colleagues put forward the concept of "plasma arc armature" in improving the large current sliding contact technology. Brast and Sawle of the United States first accelerated the 3 1mg projectile to 6km/s by using plasma armature. They ignited the "fire" of the electromagnetic gun research that was about to go out. 1966, Professor Winterberg of the University of Nevada put forward the concept of accelerating superconductors with magnetic traveling waves. 1967, Baunda Letov of the Soviet Union induced coilgun to accelerate the 2g aluminum ring to 5 km/s.. 1972 with a single pulse of 1cm length, and NASA proposed a spiral coil tube with brush commutation; And MIT developed the first coilgun similar to synchronous linear motor. Based on the above achievements and the development of pulse power technology, electromagnetic gun technology made a major breakthrough in the 1970s. 1978 Marshall of Australian national university announced his research results: 3g polycarbonate particles were accelerated to an initial velocity of 5.9km/s with a 550MJ single generator and a plasma armature on a 5m long rail gun. This great achievement proves the possibility of using electromagnetic force to propel heavy projectiles to high speed, and makes a pioneering contribution to the development of electromagnetic guns. Since then, the development of electromagnetic gun has entered a new stage. The epoch-making achievements of Marshall and others have greatly inspired and inspired scientists from all over the world, and at the same time aroused the strong interest of military forces from all over the world, so they have invested a lot of money and manpower in the research of electromagnetic guns and established many electromagnetic gun laboratories. The United States, the former Soviet Union, Australia, Britain, French, China, Japanese and other countries, the United States is currently in a leading position. 1978, in order to evaluate the electromagnetic gun technology and its application potential, at the initiative of the U.S. Army Equipment Research and Development Center, the National Advisory Committee and Technology Department of electromagnetic gun research were established. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has become the main supporter of electromagnetic gun research in universities and companies. The development of electric cannons began in Germany as early as 1945. Designer O.Muck was the first person to really develop an electric gun. Before that, he had been engaged in the development of coilgun and guideway gun. 1956, Yoler of American general dynamics company designed an electric gun with multi-stage acceleration structure, which can continuously accelerate the projectile in the bore. In the same year, a man named Bloxsom designed another kind of electrothermal gun, applied for a patent and published a paper. He accelerated the nylon ring with a diameter of 3mm to 2.99 km/s by heating helium with electric arc. 1960 The U.S. Department of Defense published a research report on the arc gun, which was organized and developed by the Air Force Missile Bureau. Lithium hydride as a "propellant" is filled in the bore of this gun, and the charged capacitor bank is used to discharge into the bore. Thus, the nylon projectile of 10mg is accelerated to 4.9 km/s. Although the above work has made some contributions to the development and research of electric cannon, the research of electric cannon was ignored due to the limitations of pulse power technology and other related disciplines at that time and people's eagerness to get rid of the working mode of chemical cannon. It was not until the former Soviet Union, the United States, the former West Germany and Israel studied the guideway gun and coilgun that they found the practicability of the electrothermal gun from the comparison. Since then, people have developed enthusiasm for the electric gun, and made a major breakthrough in technology, which made the development of the electric gun turn for the better in the 1980s. At that time, the Soviet Union tested the 135mm caliber electric gun on its FST-2 tank. It is said that the muzzle velocity has reached 2.5km/s, so it is possible that the electrothermal gun was equipped on a similar FST tank before the guideway gun or coilgun in the 1990s.
Of course, the United States is not far behind, and the development of electric cannons is accelerating. The representative research unit is General Power and Food Machinery (FMC). They signed a contract with the military to develop an indirectly heated electrothermal gun, which is called a combustion enhanced plasma (CAP) gun, but it is actually an electrothermal chemical (ETC) gun. The high-pressure and high-temperature plasma generated by cap gun discharge heats and dissociates the working medium with high enthalpy energy, thus improving the energy level of "propellant". In addition, the United States also cooperated with Israel to develop another indirect electrothermal gun-solid propellant electrothermal chemical gun, that is, solid working medium cap gun. This gun heats the solid propellant by high temperature plasma to improve the energy level. They installed M30 granular propellant on 60mm gun for electric heating experiment, and the muzzle kinetic energy increased by 25%. During the period of 1989, General Dynamics Company of the United States conducted the live-fire shooting experiment of the electric gun for the first time at the Green Farm proving ground, and included the electric gun in the key technical plan of the US Department of Defense. It is planned to manufacture and use the 155mm electrothermal gun in the fiscal year of 1995 as an extended-range anti-armor weapon and directly as a tactical weapon of the army to deal with the enemy's next-generation tanks; The navy installed it on surface ships to intercept and destroy existing and future missile weapon systems beyond 15km; The Air Force used electrothermal guns on close air support aircraft such as A 10 to destroy armored vehicles as far as 5 kilometers on the ground. According to the British "Maritime Defense" (July-August, 1993), the naval system division of FMC Company of the United States successfully demonstrated the rapid launch of electrothermal chemical guns at the artillery proving ground in May. Israel's nuclear research institutions have been studying electric cannons for a long time. They coated a layer of insulating material (such as PTFE) on the bolt and the inner wall of the barrel of the existing conventional gun, and discharged the barrel with a charged capacitor to form a high-temperature plasma of PTFE material behind the projectile. At the same time, paraffin wax and water are injected into the barrel behind the projectile, and these substances are heated by plasma to generate hydrogen, which is heated and expanded by plasma at the same time, thus pushing the projectile forward. At present, this special electric gun can accelerate the projectile to 4km/s( 1995).
1988 Hefei Institute of Plasma Physics, China Academy of Sciences has developed a plasma pinch electrothermal gun, which is used as the front injection gun of the guide rail gun. This kind of electrothermal gun heats the aluminum foil in the breech with high current, which makes it explode to produce plasma. With the pinch effect of plasma, 30g projectile is accelerated to 570m/s; 800 mg of fast-burning powder was added to the gun tail, and 50 g of projectile was accelerated to 700 m/s. 199 1 year, the Institute of Fluid Physics of China Academy of Engineering Physics manufactured an indirect electrothermal gun with liquid working medium, that is, a cap gun with a diameter of 23mm, which has accelerated the 20g projectile to1850m/s; The working fluid of this kind of cap gun is light industrial materials such as hydrogen peroxide, which is packed in plastic bags and placed in the combustion chamber. The power supply is a charged capacitor bank.