History of Telescope Development/KLOC-One day in the early 7th century, Hans Lippershey, the owner of an optical shop in a small Dutch town, arranged a convex lens and a concave lens in a line to check the quality of the polished lens. Looking through the lens, he found that the church spire in the distance seemed to be getting closer and closer, so he accidentally discovered the secret of the telescope. 1608, he applied for a patent for his telescope, and made a binoculars according to the requirements of the authorities. It is said that dozens of opticians in the town claimed to have invented the telescope, but Kenneth Lieberthal is generally regarded as the inventor of the telescope. The news of the invention of the telescope soon spread in European countries. After learning the news, Italian scientist Galileo made one himself. The first telescope can only magnify the object three times. A month later, the second telescope he made can be magnified 8 times, and the third telescope can be magnified 20 times. 1609 10 in June, he made a telescope with a magnification of 30 times. Galileo observed the night sky with a self-made telescope and found for the first time that the surface of the moon was uneven, covered with mountains and craters. Since then, four moons of Jupiter and the sunspot movement of the sun have been discovered, and the conclusion that the sun is rotating has been drawn. Almost at the same time, the German astronomer Kepler began to study telescopes. He proposed another astronomical telescope in bending optics, which consists of two convex lenses. Unlike Galileo's telescope, it has a wider field of vision than galileo telescope. But Kepler didn't make the telescope he introduced. Sagana first made this telescope between1613-1617. He also made a telescope with a third convex lens according to Kepler's suggestion, and turned the inverted image of the telescope composed of two convex lenses into a positive image. Sagana made eight telescopes, one for observing the sun, and no matter which one can see sunspots with the same shape. Therefore, he dispelled many people's illusion that sunspots may be caused by dust on the lens, and proved that sunspots are really observed. When observing the sun, Sagina installed special shading glass, but Galileo did not add this protective device. As a result, he hurt his eyes and finally became almost blind. Huygens of the Netherlands made a telescope with a tube length of nearly 6 meters to explore Saturn's rings in 1665, and later made a telescope with a tube length of nearly 4 1 meter. A telescope that uses a lens-cutting mirror is called a refractive telescope. Even if the lens barrel is lengthened and the lens is machined accurately, the chromatic aberration cannot be eliminated. Newton once thought that the chromatic aberration of refractive telescope was hopeless, but it turned out to be too pessimistic. 1668, he invented the reflective telescope, which solved the problem of chromatic aberration. The first anti-telescope is very small, and the aperture of the mirror in the telescope is only 2.5 cm, but the profit and loss of Jupiter's satellite and Venus can be seen clearly (see attached figure 1). 1672, Newton made a larger reflecting telescope and gave it to the Royal Society, which is still kept in the library of the Royal Society. 1733, an Englishman Hal made the first achromatic refraction telescope. 1758, the same telescope was made in Boland, London. He made convex lenses and concave lenses from glasses with different refractive indexes to offset the colored edges they formed. However, it is not easy to make a big shot. At present, the largest refracting telescope in the world has a diameter of 102 cm and is installed at the Addis Observatory. 1793, William Herschel of England made a reflective telescope. The reflector has a diameter of 1 30cm, is made of copper-tin alloy and weighs1ton. The reflecting telescope made in william parsons, England in 1845, the diameter of the reflector is1.82m .. 19 17, and the Hooke telescope was built at Mount Wilson Observatory in California, USA. Its primary mirror aperture is 100 inch. It was with this telescope that Edwin Hubble discovered the amazing fact that the universe is expanding. 1930, German Bernhard Schmidt integrated the advantages of refractive telescope and reflecting telescope (refractive telescope has small aberration but chromatic aberration, the larger the size, the more expensive it is; Reflective telescope has no chromatic aberration, and its cost is low. The reflector can be made large, but there is chromatic aberration), and the first folding reflective telescope is made. After the war, reflective telescopes developed rapidly in astronomical observation. 1950, Haier reflective telescope with a diameter of 5.08m was installed on the Paloma Mountain. 1969, a reflector with a diameter of 6 meters was installed on Pastuhov Mountain in the North Caucasus of the former Soviet Union. 1990, NASA put the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. However, due to the mirror failure, the Hubble Space Telescope didn't play its full role until 1993 astronauts completed the space repair and replaced the lens. Because it can not be disturbed by the earth's atmosphere, the image clarity of Hubble telescope is 10 times that of similar telescopes on earth. 1993, the Keck telescope with a diameter of 10 meter was built in Monaque Mountain, Hawaii, and its mirrors were composed of 36 mirrors with a diameter of 1.8 meter. 200 1 the European southern observatory in Chile has developed the "VLT", which consists of four 8-meter-diameter telescopes, and its light-gathering capacity is equivalent to one 16-meter reflective telescope. Now, a number of telescopes under construction have begun to attack the White Giant brothers on Mount Monaque. These new competitors include the California Giant Telescope (CELT) with a diameter of 30m, the Giant Magellanic Telescope (GMT) with a diameter of 20m and the Overwhelming Telescope (OWL) with a diameter of 100m. Their supporters point out that these new telescopes can not only provide space pictures with far better image quality than Hubble, but also collect more light, learn more about the initial stars and cosmic gases when galaxies formed 654.38 billion years ago, and clearly see the planets around distant stars.
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