First, there are only three kinds of interactions in the universe: weak force, strong force and electromagnetic force. As Lao Tzu said, "Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything." These three factors interact with each other and create this prosperous and colorful material world. The so-called "gravity" is nothing more than the expression of electromagnetic force between macroscopic uncharged objects. Electromagnetic force has both attraction and repulsion between uncharged objects, which is manifested as molecular force, macroscopic distance and attraction between stars, and repulsion with larger cosmic distance, such as galaxies. The magnitude of electromagnetic force between macroscopic uncharged objects is not only related to the distance between them, but also to the structure of objects, such as the number, arrangement, motion state, whether protons, electrons, neutrons and subnuclear particles spin.
Second, there is no "gravity". The law of universal gravitation is only an approximate law of coincidence, and the more accurate law is related to the material structure. The essence of gravity is the macroscopic expression of electromagnetic force between the earth and the objects on its surface. The acceleration of gravity is not completely determined by the position of the earth, but also related to the number, arrangement and motion state of constituent particles (molecules, atoms, electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.). The research object of). There is no so-called "gravitational mass", and there is no gravity because objects have mass. We can't accurately measure the mass of an object with a balance or an electronic scale, nor can we accurately measure the mass of a celestial body or even the universe with the so-called law of universal gravitation. We can only use Newton's second law to measure the inertial mass of an object to measure its mass. There is no "graviton", and the interaction between macroscopic objects is entirely through photons. There is no "gravitational field" or "gravitational field", which is the function of electromagnetic field. All laws related to gravity are the result of electromagnetic force, and gravity comes from electromagnetic force, including the bending of light in gravitational field, which is the result of electromagnetic field acting on electromagnetic wave.
Some people may say that gravity is the product of combining theory with practice, and it has been proved to be correct. But we should realize that it has many defects mentioned at the beginning of the article, while electromagnetic force does not; On the contrary, electromagnetic force is more in line with China's ancient Taiji diagram thought. Laozi said: "Everything is negative and holds Yang, and it is harmonious to rush." Isn't electricity and magnetism the unity of yin and yang? Sometimes it is repulsion, sometimes it is gravity, which does not conform to the idea that yin and yang have yin and yang. Moreover, the theory of electromagnetic force between macroscopic objects can not only explain why this force is directly proportional to the product of mass, but also explain more problems that cannot be explained by the theory of universal gravitation. Details are as follows:
1. It can be seen from Coulomb's law that the outward radiation field is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the relationship with the distance needs no explanation. Relationship with mass: Because the mass of each macroscopic object is roughly proportional to the number of protons contained in it, people mistake the electromagnetic force proportional to the number of proton electrons that should be superimposed because of the increase of the number of proton electrons for gravity. According to the superposition principle of electromagnetic force, a rough formula for calculating electromagnetic force between macroscopic objects can be derived, where k' is a constant to be measured, where N 1 and N2 represent the number of protons or electrons contained in two objects, r represents the distance between their centroids, and f represents the difference between electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic repulsion between macroscopic objects or external expressive force. This formula is applicable to the action of a macroscopic object that is not charged at a macroscopic distance. It can be seen that where this formula can be applied, the "law of gravity" just applies. Because the electromagnetic force at molecular scale is molecular force, it can be predicted that there will be no so-called "gravity" between particles at molecular or quantum scale, and there will be no black hole formed by infinite superposition of small-scale "gravity" unless the electromagnetic force superposition between macroscopic objects can have such an effect. One thing to note is that the electromagnetic force between macroscopic objects has a great relationship with the material structure. You should know that neutrons in atoms also have spins, and they may also have certain effects on protons and electrons in another object. Therefore, the above formula is obtained by ignoring its influence and may need to be improved to be accurate. In addition, because the object itself has different material structure on the macro scale, the arrangement of material particles and the change of motion state may cause the change of electromagnetic force, so the above formula is a "rough" calculation formula, so its constant value is not given; Moreover, space also has different star structures, so the above formula may not be applicable to the large-scale universe, such as distant galaxies.
2. "On February 1 1 2003, NASA announced the cosmological parameters detected at that time, and thought that there was' anti-gravity' in the universe, because the observation results showed that many galaxies were' accelerating away' instead of slowing down under the action of gravity." This is a quote from a website. When people observe phenomena that do not conform to the law of universal gravitation, they always like to look for the influence of other forces, thinking that it is the function of "anti-gravitation" or "fifth force" or even "sixth force", but they have not re-recognized whether the existing laws can stand the test of practice. According to the new theory (gravity comes from electromagnetic force), it is considered that the electromagnetic force between macroscopic objects above molecular scale is gravity, in which electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic repulsion exist at the same time. The celestial structure that constitutes galaxies on a larger scale of the universe is very different from the material structure of our macroscopic objects or planets, and it cannot be considered that it will also be gravity. The philosophy of China's sages, the Book of Changes, has the truth that "everything must be reversed" and "everything must be reversed, and everything must be reversed". Due to the large number of molecules that make up galaxies, the electromagnetic force between charged particles has far exceeded the strength multiple of gravity. It is predicted that when the number of molecules reaches an extreme value, galaxies will behave as "cosmic repulsion", just as the molecular scale is within r0. This can explain why distant galaxies are accelerating away from us, and the farther away, the faster. When Einstein introduced the repulsive term into the equation of the universe, he found the basis for its existence, but this repulsive term can only be expressed among large-scale galaxies.
3. 1986 At the beginning of this year, American physicist E. Fischbach and four colleagues published an article in the famous Journal of Physical Review and Communication, saying that there may be a fifth force in nature, which is based on the abnormal phenomenon of "gravity acceleration value" (G)-the gravity acceleration values of different objects in the same place are different. According to the new theory, it is an inference that gravity comes from electromagnetic force. Different objects have different particle numbers, different arrangements and different motion states. Although they have much less influence on earth particles in all aspects, they can always produce observable effects, that is, different gravity. Even objects with the same mass will have differences when measuring gravity at the same place due to different material structures, which will lead to the abnormality of "gravity acceleration value" (G). Liu Wuqing has done many experiments in this respect [2], one of which is a comparative experiment of measuring the mass of two cylindrical magnets with an electronic balance. Stacking them in a metal tube with vertical magnetic poles opposite, it is found that the mass of the repulsive stacking position is less than that of the attractive stacking position; Another experiment is to measure the mass change of capacitor during charging and discharging, and it is found that some mass increases and some mass decreases. Liu Wuqing believes that this is the effect of shielding electromagnetic force from gravity, and applied for a patent for discovery. As we all know, there is only one kind of electromagnetic force in nature, which is just an example that the arrangement structure and motion state (such as rotation or spin around the earth's core) of material particles (such as electrons, protons and neutrons) of the same object change, which causes the electromagnetic force between the earth and the object to change. Moreover, the electromagnetic force between macroscopic objects cannot be shielded, because any macroscopic object is composed of atoms and molecules, which inevitably contains particles, electrons and protons that can be acted by electromagnetic force, including shielded objects. From the above experiments, we can know that it is impossible to accurately measure the mass of objects or the acceleration of gravity in a certain place by measuring the gravity between objects (electromagnetic attraction between macroscopic objects). Otherwise, you should think that the mass is constant and the acceleration of gravity is different, and you should think that the acceleration of gravity is constant and the mass is different.
4. Dirac put forward the famous hypothesis of large numbers in 1937, which reads: "Any two large dimensionless numbers in nature are interrelated, and they are all connected by a simple mathematical relationship". [iii] He described the inevitable relationship between minimax derived from the particle world and minimax derived from the universe. Because both the universe and the particle world are the result of the same interacting electromagnetic force, the relationship between them is inevitable, and the hypothesis of large numbers will become a theorem of large numbers on the basis of the new theory. It is mentioned that the value of the gravitational constant g will change with time. According to the new theory, there is no such interaction, and this imaginary constant will inevitably change with time, place and material structure.
5. The mass measured by people according to the ratio of mass to luminosity is always much smaller than that obtained by mechanical methods such as the rotation curve of matter around the galaxy, the gravity of binary star system and the dynamic equilibrium condition. What is the reason? It is nonsense for some people to conclude that there are a lot of dark matter in the universe that has mechanical effects but does not emit light. Because the new theory predicts that the mass of objects (including the mass of celestial bodies) cannot be accurately measured by the method of "universal gravitation", and "universal gravitation" should be manifested as repulsion on on a larger scale. At the same time, it also tells us that cosmology needs a new theory, which may be a large-scale expansion combined with a small-scale surrounding theory. But I believe that heaven and earth will follow the same "Tao", and God will not make the universe incomprehensible to himself.
Among the above problems, on the one hand, gravity theory is difficult to explain its causes; On the other hand, it provides a theoretical basis for the theory that gravity comes from electromagnetic force. Among them, we know that gravitational mass equals inertial mass is one of the foundations of general relativity, whether it will shake the foundation of relativity and whether Einstein's mass-energy equation needs to be re-verified. Big bang cosmology also needs further development in the aspects of cosmic quality and future development prediction. Because of my limited knowledge, the new theory needs more people of insight to improve, and the theory that can be predicted and tested by practice is a good theory.