& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt A trend of deepening international division of labor, due to their actions.
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt in the international division of labor, the world market and world economy constitute the basic motive force and core foundation for a country to play its role in international trade and international economy. Since the traditional theory of international division of labor was founded more than a century ago, international division of labor has gone through the process from international division of labor in industry to deepening international division of labor in products. The whole content of the traditional concept of international division of labor can no longer fully reflect the contemporary international division of labor, and the power of international division of labor is no longer limited to the differences in natural factor endowments. Judging from the technical conditions and institutional environment, the deepening of international division of labor can be said to be the inevitable result of economic globalization. If we say that the rapid development of communication and information processing technology, the utilization of global resources, the reduction of costs and the convenient division of labor in multi-space commercial transactions within the feasible scope, the elements of investment policy liberalization arising from the deepening of technical conditions, and the elimination of obstacles to transnational layout and organization of production possibility frontier ",enterprises will greatly expand, move and guide, rather than the institutional guarantee of state-led international division of labor.
The multi-level contemporary international division of labor has deepened the division of labor. Contemporary international division of labor is the actual division of labor between different industries, and different products of the same industry have different added values and levels in different processes. If the industrial boundary and value chain of the traditional international division of labor have become the new achievements of the deepening of contemporary international division of labor, then the international division of labor in the value chain refers to a series of interrelated value-added activities, more specialized production activities and other functional divisions based on the division of value chain. Activities, leading to the final product value-added division of labor transfer of the whole process. The position of the traditional factor density theory in the international division of labor determines that it is still applicable, but the connotation factors are greatly broadened. Under the background of economic globalization, the role of traditional elements such as natural resources and labor force will promote the innovation mechanism of technology, information, talents and knowledge elements. These elements have high international mobility, and more importantly, the proportion of elements required in the value chain is different. So the division of labor can be a labor-intensive industry of a department. The traditional definitions of labor-intensive, capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries can be labor-intensive, capital-intensive, technology-intensive or other factors-intensive, as well as the division of labor of the same product in the value chain.
The main diversity of>& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt departments is the deepening of contemporary international division of labor. Another form of classical trade theory reveals the division of labor among industrial countries, and in order to increase income in mutual trade, this is equivalent to the environment of international division of labor with countries as the main body. Until the end of last century, the discourse in international division of labor was still a vertical division of labor between developed countries and developing countries. The basic characteristics of developed countries and developing countries are: a large number of industrial trade between developed countries, a large number of inter-industrial trade between developed countries and developing countries, countries specializing in capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries, and professional developing countries specializing in labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries.
& gt>>>>> Nowadays, the traditional national boundaries have been obviously weakened, and enterprises (especially multinational companies) rather than the state have become the main body of labor in this sector. From the perspective of the division of labor between state-owned enterprises and enterprises, a considerable number of these enterprises are subcontractors with the same control system or fixed contract relations, rather than the performance of the external market. Its core is that a large multinational company tends to specialize in a narrower sense, and more and more functional independent companies are subcontracted to large multinational companies in the world, often focusing more on the functions of knowledge-intensive and intangible contract manufacturers and value chains. Such as product design, research and development, management services, marketing and brand management, more effective links are subcontracted to all parts of the world, and even production is eliminated.
In the traditional sense, the diversification of international >:>& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt is another manifestation of the deepening of contemporary international division of labor. Division of labor is the labor relationship established by producers through the world market, and the world market is the only way out. It has become an inevitable way for the world market to realize the connection between countries or departments that produce labor relations through traditional division of labor. However, in the form of world economy, the market outside the institutional arrangements for the development of enterprises and transnational corporations has developed at a deeper level, greatly enriching the connotation of international exchanges. Traditionally, it is defined as transnational economic exchanges between different enterprises and different products in different countries, but it can also occur between the same country (multinational companies are among different branches in the same country), the same enterprise (multinational companies are within the company) and the same product (different production processes). Therefore, the international production link may not be established, and the international division of labor that relies entirely on the external market will turn to a diversified pattern in which the external market and the internal market coexist. Whether through equity investment in the domestic market, international division of labor, or through non-equity subcontractors. This is the way of industry characteristics or enterprise strategic choice, not the behavior of traditional domestic manufacturers.
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt The deepening and leading force of international division of labor based on the micro-foundation of multinational corporations
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt "industrial organization theory reveals that social division of labor is superior to ordinary manual production and family workshops. In the early days, multinational companies expanded this effective international division of labor, but now, multinational companies operating globally go deeper into the value-added points of all links in the production sector, thus providing a micro-foundation for the deepening of international division of labor.
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt in a non-global environment, transnational production, because it spans national boundaries, international and even transnational world, but because these molecules are scattered around the world to produce overseas products, which are mainly provided to the local market or sold back to the home country, there is no international division of labor in the world, and only the final products occur between internal production consortia. International trade has become the only way to realize international division of labor. However, under the background of globalization, when multinational companies enter the operation stage of regional integration or even global integration, overseas subsidiaries scattered all over the country are no longer independent or only connected with the parent company, but still have a high degree of integration with the parent company and other molecular companies. The location of comparative factor density, the specialization degree of production activities and other functional activities depend on the advantages of multinational companies. The goal is no longer to disperse independent overseas markets by overseas investment enterprises, but to occupy the TNC system market in the whole region and even the global market. Therefore, the system, products, technology and talents of multinational companies are closely related to the transnational mobility level of global companies. The division of labor in the production process forms a part of the global production system by establishing organic internal relations. The essence is not limited to the manufacturing process, but a wide range of value-added processes. In manufacturing, the value-added process includes R&D, manufacturing, sales and after-sales service in the region. ? Services, all stages of the value-added process, the whole production process of providing services, such as background information processing services, risk prediction, actuarial and product design, and later sales. It is precisely because of this integrated production system that core multinational companies or multinational specific industries or specific industries monopolize, and industries or departments that transcend industry and national boundaries have strengthened their control over the global international division of labor, putting enterprises inside and products.
& gt>>>>>> from the perspective of multinational companies, all branches of disciplines in the world. Ownership is no longer important, what matters is the exact position of multinational companies in the global value chain. The global value chain is divided into three main parts: first, the technical aspects, including R&D, creative design, technical training to improve production and processing technology; second, the production process, including logistics procurement, motherboard production, production system, terminal processing, testing, quality control, packaging and inventory management; Third, marketing links include sales logistics, wholesale and retail, advertising and after-sales service. As a value-added process, the deepening of international division of labor among countries and the gradient transfer of traditional industrial structure have evolved into the gradient transfer of value-added ability of value chain. The above three links, from low to high, then to U-shape, and the shift of manufacturing and marketing from R&D, are all significant signs of added value and international division of labor. The production process can be divided into upstream production (production of main board and intermediate inputs) and downstream production terminal processing. The closer to the upstream production, the more value-added function it has because of its strong correlation technology research; The closer downstream production is to its role and position, the added value is determined by its weakness and technical research, while its ability in the multinational company system is limited, secondary and irreplaceable, which is also the positive competitiveness of multinational R&D centers and regional headquarters following many host countries.
The international division of labor status of>& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt multinational companies in China.
& gt& gt& gt
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt multinational companies in China have adjusted their business and organizational strategies. Since 1980s, the opening of multinational corporations in China and foreign direct investment in China have mainly affected their position in the international division of labor from two aspects. Investment 10 entrusted processing, in which: (1) processing (by foreign head office, providing free materials, entrusted processing (4) compensation trade; (2) Sample processing (drawings obtained from abroad, the same goods are made in China); (3) Handling of received mail (domestic assembly and disassembly of foreign-funded parts) (reimbursement of domestic machinery and equipment). Products, the second is direct investment, the establishment of wholly-owned enterprises, joint ventures or cooperative enterprises. Compared with entrusted processing, direct investment has a longer-term strategic intention. Since the late 1990s, the global business of multinational corporations has been scattered in manufacturing investment, the application of R&D institutions, direct investment and the expansion of production scale of serialized products. Multinational companies continue to strengthen their position in the global business strategy. China is a subtle way, and it has also been incorporated into the international production system of multinational companies.
& gt>>>>> this integration is definitely a new way for China to participate in traditional international trade and international division of labor, which provides an opportunity for China to enter the mainstream of the world division of labor network. In the global market, the basic motivation for multinational companies to invest in China is abundant labor resources and low cost. The result of the production base in the low value-added link in the internalized international division of labor system of multinational companies is obvious. The labor-intensive production process with low added value is easily restricted and influenced by external demand, easily transferred internationally, and the new production scale and the rapid growth of global supply. In China, the so-called deflationary output in which the prices of labor factors rise synchronously is just a negative example of the relative decline in the real income level of China's labor force.
& gt>>>>>> If the primary goal of multinational companies open to imports in China is that the latter will bring capital from exports, then at this stage, our goal should be upgraded to enhance the role of the latter, which can be achieved through technological progress, while the latter's industrial structure in China, compared with capital investment and export promotion, multinational companies have difficulties in technology transfer and technology development, because I think that one of them. Even if China pays high patent fees or technology transfer fees to acquire R&D local multinational companies, the strategy of integrating its global business and global resources in China needs to be controlled and the price is cheap, so as to recruit talents with high-tech or cutting-edge technology and performance who are engaged in applied research in China, which is still a universal motivation.
& gt>>>>> Therefore, the 7th 7- 10/0 Five-Year Plan "in the past 20 years, although the investment promoted by multinational companies has developed obviously, these emerging industries, such as electronics, electrical appliances, automobiles and communication equipment, are all located in China, but these industries have quite high labor-intensive production methods, and their main components are typical imported assembly. Most of the commitments made by China automobile industry are low-value increment of main parts such as castings and machined parts. High-tech components, such as electronic fuel injection system, ABS, mechatronics and other products, airbags need to be imported. China's computer industry has no self-developed operating system, and CPU manufacturers use imported components for assembly. On the other hand, transnational corporations control the existing industrial clusters and industrial division chains through industry-wide mergers and acquisitions, and to a certain extent, they have opened up the restrictions of the merged enterprises in the global value chain, industrial upgrading and industrial transfer and division of labor in China. The domestic photosensitive industry has been solidified and proved in the development process in recent years.
The world of>& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt: the position of China's labor force in the international division of labor.
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt in the past two years, the actual division of labor in China has developed to whether China has become the factory of the world. The original meaning of discussion and debate is that the production of a specific country or region leads to the continuous flow of finished products to other countries or regions in the world. The world's factories, manufacturing countries or regions, with their huge scale and mature production development, show their ability not only to trade with the outside world, but also to show that the world's industrial exports occupy a considerable share.
& gt>>>/kloc-In the first 70 years of the 9th century, Britain only accounted for about 2% of the world population. In the1/3-1/2nd century of world industrial production and world trade, the United States was developed and established. Pharmaceutical and manufacturing industries, Japan's rapid rise in the 1970s, achieved a global leading position in many industries monopolized by western enterprises and considered indestructible, such as automobiles, motorcycles, watches, cameras, optical instruments, steel, shipbuilding, tracked snowmobiles, bicycles, pianos, zippers, radios, televisions, audio equipment, calculators, photocopiers and so on. , especially.
& gt>>>>> "world factory", with the emergence of some leading enterprises and brands, is called "world factory" monopoly advantage. These enterprises have made a certain country or region in the world in this field, which has led to the trend of many innovative products in the manufacturing field all over the world and the leading production standards in Japan. For example, as the "world factory" era, Toyota, Nissan and Honda in the automobile industry, and Panasonic in the home appliance industry.
& gt>>>>> On the contrary, there is no doubt that today's manufacturing industry in China is still far from the world of factories and the real goal. Even though there are more than 100 products in China, and the output ranks first in the world, during the period of 1985- 15, China's companies and independent brands had little credibility and influence in the international market. Compared with the same period of last year, China's foreign direct investment increased from $200 million to $4 10 billion, and China's exports increased from $2.6 billion199/kloc-0 to $24.9 billion. The export share of foreign subsidiaries accounted for 65,438+07% of all industries in China, and the manufacturing industry accounted for 65,438+06% in 2000. Table 1 BR/>
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt objectively estimate the degree of China's participation in the region, and the division of labor and strength in the world need to jump to the international trade rankings-the evaluation index. 1985? In 2000, the structure of China's export products changed greatly. The speed of improvement of highly competitive technology products is particularly impressive. 1985 The export share of China's total exports of primary products and resource-intensive production was 49%. In 2000, the proportion dropped to 12%, while the proportion of non-resource-intensive products increased. The export proportion of high-tech products has increased from 3% of 1985 to 22%, including communication equipment, automatic data processing equipment and computer parts, among which 10 products occupy a major position in today's world trade.
& gt>>>>>, but we must pay attention to: 1989, of the total export of foreign subsidiaries in China, 200 1 year only accounts for 9%, and this proportion has increased by 48%; The share of high-tech and intensive industries in foreign subsidiaries has increased from 59% in 1996 to 8 1%. In 2000, the export of overseas subsidiaries of electronic integrated equipment increased by five times to 9 1%, while the total export of Intel alone reached 400 billion dollars. Up to 85% of the export share of foreign-funded enterprises in the automatic control data processing equipment industry is ahead of IBM's export value of $65.438+0.5 billion, followed by Siegert and Epson's own decline of $65.438+0.0 billion in 2000. Led by Motorola and Nokia, Ericsson and Siemens' foreign subsidiaries accounted for 96% of China's mobile communication industry exports in 2006. Most domestic enterprises in China are concentrated in low-tech industries, especially toys, travel bags and textile fibers. Therefore, judging the status of international division of labor will no longer be reliable.
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt, it can be said that multinational companies with both fame and fortune have assumed the role of global processing plants in China, and their division of labor has strengthened the transformation of blind and confident China into a world manufacturing center. Goal-oriented multinational corporations did not strengthen the international division of labor, but made full use of the unique advantages of China's labor-intensive factors. Their downstream production and investment were in China 200 years ago. At that time, the international division of labor only happened in the relationship between raw materials, mining and manufacturing. Obviously, the "world factory" has more added value and higher division of labor than raw material production. The division of labor in knowledge-intensive and labor-intensive fields mainly comes from developed countries such as the United States, Europe and Japan. Multinational companies and production departments outsource to contract manufacturers around the world, or even eliminate production. Therefore, today, especially in the case that OEM manufacturers are concentrated in developing countries, the status of "world factory" is obviously one of them. As a manufacturing base, China enterprises and their brands occupy a prominent position in the international market, not to mention the position of leaders. China is known as the "factory of the world". The biggest difference from the past development history is that it deserves the most attention. Only when domestic enterprises in China effectively absorb and transform the positive influence of direct investment and accumulate the production competitiveness of domestic factors and foreign production factors can the overall static division of labor be expected.
Hope to pass