Compared with straight-line amortization, the accelerated amortization method is more in line with the theory of cost compensation, more conducive to the early compensation of costs for enterprises, more conducive to reducing the investment risk of intangible assets and expanding the production and operation of enterprises, so it has higher practical significance. First, accelerated amortization method is the need of the development of the times.
As a knowledge-based economic resource, intangible assets are becoming more and more important in the knowledge economy, and the proportion of intangible assets based on knowledge will increase greatly, even in the high-tech field. According to statistics, the ratio of tangible assets to intangible assets of some advanced OECD enterprises is 1:2-3, 1.998. The ratio of intangible assets to tangible assets of Haier Group in China is 65,438+0.78: L. After China's entry into WTO, the investment scale and proportion of intangible assets will be further expanded. Therefore, in order to reduce the investment risk of intangible assets and make investors get better economic benefits, investors are objectively required to follow the principle of conservatism when organizing intangible assets accounting, thus reducing investment risk. The development of the times requires that the amortization method of intangible assets should be diversified and more stable, which provides an opportunity for accelerating the use of amortization method.
Second, meet the requirements of intangible assets characteristics.
The economic value of intangible assets is greatly influenced by external factors, such as technological progress, changes in market demand and competition in the same industry. Therefore, on the one hand, its expected profitability has great uncertainty, on the other hand, it is difficult to determine how much economic benefits intangible assets can bring to enterprises. It can be seen that intangible assets investment is a high-risk investment project, and the success rate of investment is not high. The intangible assets that have been obtained may also lose their due role because of technological progress or accidental business mistakes. Therefore, protecting investors' investment interests in this respect is the key to intangible assets investment. The application of accelerated amortization method in intangible assets accounting is conducive to protecting the interests of investors and preventing investment risks, so it can better meet the requirements of intangible assets, thus making the application of accelerated amortization method possible.
Third, it is conducive to further improving China's modern accounting system.
In order to meet the requirements of world economic integration, especially after China's entry into WTO, China's accounting system is undergoing epoch-making changes and gradually connecting with the international accounting system. The promulgation and implementation of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises-Intangible Assets is the concrete embodiment of this change. However, from the perspective of development, any superstructure should adapt to the requirements of the economic base in a certain period, so the accounting system in any period should be further improved and developed. Therefore, the author believes that the standard still has the following problems to be further discussed.
(1) amortization method and amortization period
Article 15 of the standard stipulates: "The cost of intangible assets shall be amortized evenly within the expected service life from the month of acquisition". This article in the standard stipulates that the amortization of intangible assets adopts the straight-line method, which is single and does not conform to the principle of conservatism, and is not conducive to reducing the investment risk of intangible assets.
In addition, article 15 of the standard also clearly stipulates the amortization period of intangible assets. Compared with the past, the amortization period is shortened, which is conducive to reducing the investment risk of intangible assets, but there are also some regrets in some aspects. First, some types of intangible assets have the problem that the validity period stipulated by law or the benefit period stipulated by enterprises is longer. Second, the amortization period does not exceed 10 years when the validity period is not stipulated in the law and the benefit period is not stipulated in the contract, so it can be understood that the amortization period is decided by the enterprise itself, which gives an opportunity for human factors. The amortization period does not exceed 10 year, which may be inconsistent with the actual benefit period, and it is easy to manipulate profits artificially, thus affecting the financial situation and the authenticity of operating results of enterprises to a certain extent.
(2) Impairment
The main purpose of the provisions on the impairment of intangible assets in this standard is to accurately reflect the variable present value of assets and fully reflect the objectivity, authenticity and fairness of financial reports. At the same time, there is another purpose, that is, to reduce the investment risk of intangible assets. However, the author believes that there are still some shortcomings in the following aspects of the Guidelines.
1. Article 16 of this standard.
"Enterprises shall regularly check the book value of intangible assets, at least once a year". In addition, it is stipulated that the recoverable amount of intangible assets should be estimated in three cases, and the difference between the book value of assets and the recoverable amount should be recognized as impairment reserve. According to this regulation, the book value of intangible assets must be checked once a year, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of accounting and greatly increases the workload of accountants. At the same time, the regulation that enterprises estimate the recoverable amount of intangible assets provides the possibility for human factors to intervene and the space for enterprises to manipulate profits.
2. Article 17 of this standard
"Only when all the signs of impairment of intangible assets disappear can an enterprise turn back all or part of the impairment losses confirmed in previous years". In this provision, how to judge the signs of impairment and what judgment method to adopt are entirely up to the enterprise, which also provides convenient conditions for artificially manipulating profits. First, the feasibility of accounting treatment methods
"Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises-Intangible Assets" stipulates: "Intangible assets refer to non-monetary long-term assets that are held by enterprises for producing goods, providing services, leasing them to others or for management purposes, and have no physical form". From the definition of intangible assets in this standard, we can see that intangible assets belong to long-term assets, and the income of expenditure will involve multiple accounting periods, and its expenditure belongs to capital expenditure, which is the same as fixed assets. Taking advantage of this feature, we can imitate the specific methods of accelerated depreciation of fixed assets when adopting accelerated amortization method, such as double declining balance method, sum of years method, declining balance method and so on. The following examples illustrate how to use these methods.
(A) double declining balance method
Double declining balance method is a method to calculate the amortization amount of intangible assets by multiplying the amortized value of intangible assets at the beginning of each period by the straight-line amortization rate. The calculation formula is as follows:
Annual amortization amount = initial amortization value of intangible assets × annual amortization rate,
Annual amortization rate =2÷ estimated amortization period × 100%.
In addition, the double declining balance method will be converted to the straight-line method in the last two years of amortization period, which is of course only the general situation. If the residual value rate is high or there is no residual value, it is not the last two years to convert to the straight-line method. The general principle is that when the amortization amount calculated by the straight-line method in a certain year is greater than or equal to the amortization amount calculated by the double declining balance method, the straight-line method will be adopted from that year.
For example, if an enterprise purchases a trademark right, it is assumed that the amortization period determined in accordance with the guidelines is 5 years (the amortization period stipulated in the guidelines does not exceed 65,438+00 years), and the total expenditure incurred in the purchase process is 654,380+05,000 yuan.
Yes, the annual amortization rate is 2 ÷ 5× 100% = 40%.
Amortization amount in the first year = 150000x40%=60000, amortization amount in the second year =( 150000 minus 60000)x40%=36000, and amortization amount in the third year =( 150000 minus 6000 minus 36000).
Amortization amount in the fourth year =( 150000 minus 60000 minus 36000)/3= 18000, and amortization amount in the fifth year =( 150000 minus 60000 minus 36000)/3 =180000.
(2) Sum of Years Method
This method takes the sum of the amortization years of intangible assets as the denominator and the years to be amortized as the numerator, and multiplies the total amortization amount of intangible assets by a fraction to calculate the amortization amount of intangible assets in each year. The calculation formula is as follows:
Annual amortization amount = total amortization amount of intangible assets × annual amortization rate
Annual amortization rate = (total amortization period-amortization period) x2/ (total amortization period x (total amortization period+1))
Still taking the above example, the process of calculating the amortization amount according to the sum of years is as follows:
The denominator of the sum of years method =1+2+3+4+5 = 5x (5+1)/2 =15.
The amortization amount in the first year =150000x (5/15) = 50000, and the amortization amount in the second year =150000x (5-1)15 = 40000.
The amortization amount in the fourth year =150000x (5-3)15 = 20000, and the amortization amount in the fifth year =150000x (5-4)/10000.
The above two methods are used to calculate the annual amortization amount. If it is accrued monthly, it can be converted into monthly amortization rate to calculate the monthly amortization amount. Other specific methods for accelerated amortization of intangible assets are not listed.
Second, the accelerated amortization method is feasible in the scope of use.
The formulation of the scope of application of accelerated amortization method has two meanings, one is which types of intangible assets are amortized by accelerated amortization method, and the other is which enterprises are amortized by accelerated amortization method.
China's "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises" stipulates that intangible assets included in the current enterprise accounting system include patent right, non-patented technology, trademark right, copyright, land use right and goodwill. With the formation of knowledge economy, the content of intangible assets will continue to expand. Generally speaking, in addition to the six traditional intangible assets, there are ISO9000 quality system certification, environmental management system certification, green food logo use right, online domain name registration and marketing assets. The assets managed by the organization should also be listed as the accounting content of intangible assets.
It is precisely because of the expansion of intangible assets that the author believes that the accelerated amortization method is feasible in the scope of use. The accelerated amortization method is adopted for intangible assets with relatively fast technology update, and the straight-line method is adopted for intangible assets with relatively stable value. For enterprises that adopt the accelerated amortization method of intangible assets, the author thinks that the accelerated amortization method can be used to amortize intangible assets of general enterprises, but electronic manufacturing enterprises, shipbuilding enterprises, machinery enterprises that produce "mother machines", aircraft manufacturing enterprises, automobile manufacturing enterprises, chemical manufacturing enterprises, pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises and other special industries with important positions and rapid technological progress in China's national economy.