The English name of Levocarnitine Oral Solution is Levocarnitine Oral Solution. Chemical name: (R)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxyl-N, N, N-trimethyl-1-propylamine hydroxide, internal salt. Molecular formula: C7H15N03 Molecular weight: 161.20 Properties: This product is a colorless, clear liquid; slightly fragrant and sweet. Pharmacology and Toxicology L-carnitine is a natural substance in the body that is necessary for energy metabolism in mammals. Its main function is to promote lipid metabolism. During ischemia and hypoxia, fatty acyl-CoA accumulates, and long-chain fatty acylcarnitine also accumulates in the mitochondria, and free carnitine is reduced due to massive consumption. Ischemia and hypoxia lead to a decrease in ATP levels and an increase in cell membrane and subcellular membrane permeability. Accumulated fatty acyl-CoA can cause changes in membrane structure and membrane phase collapse, leading to cell death. In addition, during hypoxia, anaerobic glycolysis of sugars dominates, and accumulation of fatty acids leads to acidosis, ion disorder, and cell autolysis and death. A sufficient amount of free carnitine can allow accumulated fatty acyl-CoA to enter the mitochondria, reducing its inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase, allowing oxidative phosphorylation to proceed smoothly. L-carnitine is the main energy source for muscle cells, especially cardiomyocytes. Many tissues and organs such as the brain and kidney also mainly rely on fatty acid oxidation for energy. Carnitine can also increase the activity of NADH cytochrome C reductase and cytochrome C oxidase, accelerate the production of ATP, and participate in the detoxification of certain drugs. For various tissue hypoxia and ischemia, L-carnitine improves the energy supply of tissues and organs by increasing energy production. Other functions of L-carnitine include: oxidation of medium-long chain fatty acids; oxidation of fatty acid peroxidase; buffering effect on the ratio of bound coenzyme A and free coenzyme A; from ketones, pyruvate, amino acids (Including branched chain amino acids) to produce energy, remove the toxicity of excessive coenzyme A, and regulate blood ammonia concentration. Mutagenicity tests showed that L-carnitine was not mutagenic using histamine-deficient Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic effects of this compound have not yet been conducted. Reproductive toxicity studies show that this product has no damage or toxicity to fetal reproduction when administered to rats and rabbits at 3.8 times the human dose. [Edit this paragraph] Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics: Take 0.5g orally once, and the maximum plasma concentration in healthy subjects is 48.5umol/L. A single oral or intravenous dose of 0.5-2g of L-carnitine has a biological half-life of 2-15 hours in healthy subjects. L-carnitine is not bound to plasma proteins. The excretion route of levocarnitine depends on the route of administration, with approximately 70% recovered in the urine within 12 hours of intravenous injection and approximately 80% within 24 hours. After oral administration, 10% is recovered in urine. Indications: Used to prevent and treat L-carnitine deficiency. For example, patients with chronic renal failure who are deficient in L-carnitine due to hemodialysis can improve myocardial ischemia and resist angina pectoris. Clinical manifestations include cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy (pain), arrhythmia, hyperlipidemia, hypotension and intradialytic muscle spasm. Usage and Dosage Oral administration, take with meals. Adults take 1-3g per day, divided into 1-3 times; the starting dose for children is 50mg per kilogram of body weight, and the dose is slowly increased according to needs and tolerance. The usual dose is 50-100mg per kilogram of body weight (the maximum dose does not exceed 3g per day) ). Adverse reactions include occasional dry mouth and mild gastrointestinal discomfort, which may disappear on their own after stopping the drug. It is contraindicated for those who are allergic to this product. Precautions Diabetic patients treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs may cause hypoglycemia when taking this product due to improved glucose utilization. Therefore, the blood sugar of these patients should be kept within a regularly controlled value during treatment. This product contains a small amount of ethanol, so patients allergic to ethanol should use it with caution. Pregnant and lactating women should take this medication during pregnancy only when clearly needed. It is not known whether this drug passes into breast milk, and the decision whether to stop breastfeeding or to stop taking the drug should be based on the importance of the drug to the mother.