In 1873, Bell, who became a professor at Boston University in the United States, began to study a device for transmitting many telegrams on the same line - the multiplex telegraph, and came up with the idea of ??using electric current to transmit people's voices to distant places. , so that people who are thousands of miles apart can talk face to face. So Bell began researching telephones.
It was June 2, 1875. Bell and his assistant Watson were experimenting with multiplex telegraph machines in two rooms respectively. An accidental accident inspired Bell. There was a spring on the telegraph machine in Watson's room that was stuck to the magnet. When Watson pulled the spring open, it vibrated. At the same time, Bell was surprised to find that the spring on the telegraph machine in his room vibrated and made a sound. It was the current that transmitted the vibration from one room to another. Bell's mind suddenly opened up, and he thought: If a person speaks to an iron piece, the sound will cause the iron piece to vibrate; if an electromagnet is placed behind the iron piece, the vibration of the iron piece will inevitably be in the electromagnet coil. Produces sometimes large and sometimes small currents. If this fluctuating current is transmitted to a distant place along the wire, wouldn't the same vibration and sound occur on similar devices in the distance? In this way, the sound spreads along the wires to distant places. Isn’t this the phone call you’ve been dreaming of!
Bell and Watson made a telephone according to the new idea. During an experiment, a drop of sulfuric acid splashed on Bell's leg, causing him to scream in pain: "Mr. Watson, I need you, please come to me!" This sentence was transmitted to Watson's ears from the telephone through the wire. Here, the call was successful! On March 7, 1876, Bell became the patentee of the telephone invention.
Bell obtained 18 patents in his life and cooperated with others to obtain 12 patents. He envisioned burying telephone wires underground or suspending them in the air, and using them to connect homes, villages, factories... In this way, direct phone calls could be made anywhere. Today, Bell's vision has long become a reality.
Beethoven who did not succumb to ear disease
Beethoven was a famous musician. He was born in a musical family in Germany in 1770. He studied music with his father since he was eight years old. He held solo concerts when he was young, and started teaching, performing and composing music in Vienna at the age of 22.
Beethoven had very outstanding musical talent. When he was 17 years old, he came to seek advice from the music master Mozart. Mozart asked him to play a piano piece. Beethoven devoted himself to playing a very difficult piece. A high-pitched piece, I thought it would be praised by Mozart. But Mozart didn't say anything. He wanted to investigate further.
Mozart picked up a piece of paper, wrote a topic and handed it to Beethoven. He asked Beethoven to compose a piano piece based on this topic. Beethoven meditated for a while, and then started playing. The sound of the piano rushed out like spring water, and the beautiful melody reverberated in the sky, making Mozart couldn't help but applaud.
Beethoven lived up to Mozart’s expectations and devoted himself to studying and practicing hard. Once, he went to a restaurant to eat. As soon as he sat down, he started tapping his fingers on the table as if he were playing a piano. Everyone in the store felt strange and gathered around to take a look. After a while, Beethoven realized that people were looking at him, but he still didn't understand what was going on. He just said: "Let's settle the account, how much should I pay?" The people around him laughed, because He didn't eat anything at all and just went to knock on his own.
After careful and solid study and practice, Beethoven gradually grew into an outstanding musician and composed hundreds of musical works. But from 1816 onwards, Beethoven's health became worse and worse. Later, his ear disease recurred, and he soon became completely deaf. As a musician, losing your hearing means leaving your favorite music art. This blow is simply more painful than a death sentence. But Beethoven was not intimidated. He said: "I will hold fate by the throat, and it will never make me surrender."
Beethoven began to fight against fate again. In addition to composing music, he also wanted to be a bandleader. As a result, there was a big mess during the first preview. The performance he conducted was much slower than the singing of the singers on the stage, which made the band confused and confused.
When someone wrote him a note saying "Don't conduct any more," Beethoven turned pale and hurried home, speechless in pain and extremely sad.
In extreme pain, Beethoven did not remain depressed. He used great perseverance to overcome the difficulties brought about by his deafness. Since he couldn't hear, he took a wooden stick, put one end in his mouth, and inserted the other end into the sound box of the piano to feel the sound. In this way, he not only created more musical works than before, but he was also able to perform on stage as a conductor. One day in 1824, Beethoven went to conduct his "Ninth Symphony" again, which won unanimous applause from the audience. There were five warm applauses. However, he did not hear it at all until a female singer When he pulled up to the front desk, he saw everyone standing up, some waving their hats, and some applauding enthusiastically. This kind of fanatical scene excited Beethoven.
On March 26, 1827, Beethoven died of illness in Vienna. He composed 9 symphonies in his life, among which the "Heroic Symphony", "Symphony of Destiny", "Pastoral Symphony" and "Choral Symphony" are the most famous. In addition, there are 32 piano sonatas, as well as a large number of piano concertos and violin concertos. Concertos, etc. He made great contributions to the prosperity and development of music throughout his life.
Da Vinci studied painting
Da Vinci. When Finch was fourteen years old, he went to Florence to become a student of the famous artist Frochio. Frochio was a very strict teacher. Finch's first lesson was to paint eggs. At the beginning, Da. Finch was very interested in painting, but in the second and third lessons... the teacher still asked him to paint eggs, which made Da... Finch couldn't figure it out. What's so easy about painting a small egg? Once, Da. Finch asked the teacher: "Why do you always ask me to draw eggs?" The teacher told him: "Eggs, although common, are not absolutely the same in the world. Even the same egg has different angles and different light casts. It's not the same. Therefore, painting eggs is a basic skill. Only when you master the basic skills can you master the instructions of your brain and become masterful."
Finch was very inspired after listening to the teacher's words. He held the eggs every day and followed the painting meticulously. One year, two years, three years... Da. The straw paper that Finch used to draw eggs was piled high. His artistic level soon surpassed that of his teacher and finally became a great artist.
Da. When Finch was studying painting, he sketched with his teacher Anximoni Lake and painted an oil painting called "The Baptism of Christ" for a church. When we arrived at Lake Shimoni, the teacher suddenly fell ill. He had no choice but to let Da. Fincher completed the remaining parts of the painting. When the oil painting was completed, the people in the church couldn't help but exclaimed when they saw the painting: "Great! This painting is really well done, especially this part." The people in the church pointed to the lower left part of the painting with their fingers. Angle, and this part is exactly Da. Painted by Finch.
Two or three things about Hemingway's writing
Hemingway would stand and write attentively at 6:30 every morning until 12:30 noon. He usually wrote for no more than 6 hours at a time, and occasionally Extended by two hours. He likes to write in pencil for easy revision. Some say he used 20 pencils a day when writing. He said not so much. When he was writing most smoothly, he only used 7 pencils a day.
Learn from painters and composers. While Hemingway was immersed in creation, he read some Shakespeare's plays and masterpieces by other famous writers every year. In addition, he also carefully studied the Austrian composer Mozart and the Spanish oil painter Gore. The works of elegant and French modernist painter Chezanle. He said that he learned as much from painters as from writers. He paid special attention to learning the harmony of the tone and melody of musical works. No wonder his novels blend scenes, have appropriate shades, and use concise, fresh and original language.
At the last minute before publication, Hemingway wrote with an extremely serious attitude and attached great importance to the revision of his work. When he starts writing every day, he first reads what he wrote the previous day and changes wherever he writes. After the whole writing is completed, it is revised from beginning to end; the draft is typed and transcribed and revised again; and the final proof is revised again. He believes that these three major revisions are a necessary condition for writing a good book.
The first draft of his novel "A Farewell to Arms" took 6 months to write, and another 5 months to revise. After the proof came out, he was still revising it. The last page was revised 39 times in a row before he was satisfied. The creation of "For Whom the Bell Tolls" took 17 months, and he was revised every day after the draft was completed. After the proof came out, he revised it continuously for 96 hours without leaving the room. He advocated "getting rid of the nonsense" and deleting all flashy words and phrases.
Galileo
When Galileo was 17 years old, he was admitted to the medical major of the University of Pisa. He likes to ask questions and won't stop until the answers come to light.
In one class, Professor Biro taught embryology. He said: "Whether a mother gives birth to a boy or a girl is determined by the strength of the father. If the father is strong, the mother will give birth to a boy; if the father is weak, the mother will give birth to a girl."
Professor Biro As soon as he finished speaking, Galileo raised his hand and said: "Teacher, I have a question."
Professor Biro said unhappily: "You asked too many questions! You are a student, and you should Listen carefully to the teacher, take more notes, and don't think randomly and ask questions frequently, which will affect the students' learning! Five daughters were born. This is exactly the opposite of what the teacher said. How to explain this?" Galileo was not intimidated by Professor Biro and continued to ask.
"I am basing this statement on the views of the famous ancient Greek scholar Aristotle, and it cannot be wrong!" Professor Biro brought out the theoretical basis in an attempt to convince him.
Galileo continued: "Does Aristotle insist that what he said is correct even if it does not conform to the facts? Science must conform to the facts, otherwise it is not real science." Biro The professor collapsed at the question and stepped off the stage.
Later, Galileo was indeed criticized by the school, but his spirit of perseverance, eagerness to learn, and pursuit of truth remained unchanged at all. Because of this, he eventually became a scientific giant.
[Celebrity remarks]
Truth has such power that the more you want to attack it, the more your attacks will enrich and prove it. ——Galileo
Roosevelt's last day
Time: 11 a.m. on April 12, 1945
Place: Hot Springs, Georgia, USA, Hot Springs Foundation In the six-room house 3 kilometers away, known as the Little White House, President Roosevelt was resting. Due to bad weather, the letter carriers in Washington were grounded, and the morning mail would not arrive until noon. Roosevelt had nothing to do, so he leaned on the bed and read the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
"I don't feel very well this morning," he told McDuffie, the old black maid, placing the Constitution on top of the paperback detective novel "The Marionette Murders" he had opened. "above.
An hour later, he was sitting in a leather armchair with three ladies looking at each other. Two of them were his cousins ??Thackeray and Miss Delano, and the other was his old friend Mrs. Rutherford. Roosevelt wore a dark gray suit with a vest and a red slip-knot tie. He didn't like to wear vests and liked bow ties, but in order to have his portrait painted, he had to make do with it. His secretary Hassett brought the specially issued letters, and Roosevelt signed them one by one. He found a letter written by a State Department employee very interesting and told Hassett: "A typical State Department letter can't tell anything at all."
A tall, dignified man woman set up an easel by the window. She was Ms. Shaomatov, who had previously painted a watercolor portrait of the president. At this time she was painting another painting, which Roosevelt was going to give to Mrs. Rutherford's daughter.
She put a navy blue cloak on President Roosevelt and began to paint. At 1 o'clock in the afternoon, Roosevelt said: "We still have 15 minutes."
Miss Thackeray was knitting and Miss Delano was arranging flowers. Roosevelt lit a cigarette, suddenly pressed his temple with his left hand, and then dropped his hand heavily.
"Did you drop something?" Miss Thackeray asked.
Roosevelt closed his eyes and his voice was so soft that only Miss Thackeray heard it.
He said: "I have a terrible headache." Then he fell forward and lost consciousness. It was 1:15 pm. The 15 minutes he said were up.
Soon, Lieutenant Colonel Brun, the naval medical officer who treated Roosevelt, arrived and ordered Roosevelt to be carried into the bedroom.
His breathing was heavy, his pulse was 104 beats per minute, and his blood pressure exceeded the highest mark on the meter. Brun knew it was a cerebral hemorrhage.
At 2:05 p.m., Brune called Washington to call McIntyre, the president's personal physician, and told him that Roosevelt seemed to have suffered a stroke and had been unconscious. McIntyre called Atlanta to Dr. Pauline, the former president of the American Medical Association, and asked him to rush to Hot Springs immediately.
Dr. Pauling rushed to the Little White House on a familiar path and arrived at 3:29 pm.
The president was "covered in cold sweat, his face was ashen, he had difficulty breathing," and his pulse was extremely weak. At 3:32 p.m., his heartbeat completely stopped. Pauline injected a dose of adrenaline into his heart. The president's heart beat two or three more times, then stopped. It was 3:35 pm CST.
At 4:35 in the afternoon, Mrs. Roosevelt was still listening to the female pianist Taina play at the Shalgrave Club.
At 4:50 pm, someone came up to her and told her that there was a call for her. It turned out to be the president's press secretary Early. He said excitedly: "Please go home immediately."
Mrs. Roosevelt did not ask the reason. She knew that "something terrible must have happened", but she felt that she must abide by social etiquette, so she returned to the table. After Taina finished playing, Mrs. Roosevelt applauded and then announced that she had to leave due to family matters. She clenched her fists as she drove back to the White House.
She walked into the room, and Doctors Early and McIntyre told her that the president had died in a coma. Without thinking, she immediately asked Vice President Truman to come to the White House and arranged to fly to Hot Springs that night.
Truman arrived at the White House at about 5:25 and was immediately taken to Mrs. Roosevelt's study on the second floor. He later wrote that it was not until he met Mrs. Anna Boettiger, the president's daughter, and Early that it occurred to him that "something unusual had happened."
Mrs. Roosevelt walked over calmly and dignifiedly, put her arm lightly on his shoulders, and whispered: "Harry, the president has passed away."
Truman was speechless for a moment. After a while, she asked: "Is there anything I can do for you?" Mrs. Roosevelt asked: "Is there anything we can do for you? Because you are the one who is in trouble." She told Truman that she He and the American people feel sad.
Then Mrs. Roosevelt telegraphed her son: Father rests. He hopes that you will continue to work hard and abide by your responsibilities.
Truman walked into the President's Office at the west end of the White House, called his wife and daughter to come to the White House, and called Chief Justice Stone to ask him to come immediately to preside over the swearing-in ceremony for him.
A few minutes after 6 o'clock, Truman chaired a cabinet meeting and told everyone that he wanted to inform them that the president had passed away and that he felt very sad. "Mrs. Roosevelt told me that," he said, adding: "He died like a soldier. I can only do my best to do what I think he wanted me and everyone to do. I hope you will all stay in the Cabinet and continue to serve in your current positions." I need your help."
The American people were shocked when they heard the news that afternoon and couldn't believe it. The playwright Sherwood was a presidential adviser. When he heard the news of Roosevelt's death, he stayed by the radio all day, "waiting for President Roosevelt to announce easily in person that this was all a big misunderstanding, that the banking crisis and the war were over, and that everything was over." 'Very good, very good, nothing could be better. '" Mrs. Roosevelt traveled to Washington on the train carrying her husband's casket. It was "a long and heartbreaking day", and she lay in the sleeping car all night looking out the window at the countryside, "looking at the faces of the people who stood all night at train stations and even at crossroads to pay their last respects."
As Judge Rosenman and his wife walked through the foyer of the White House, his wife whispered: "The end of an era in our lives.
He thought of the speech Roosevelt was supposed to have delivered on Jefferson Day the day before, especially the last sentence, which was written by Roosevelt himself: "Let us move forward with strong and positive confidence." "
It was 4 o'clock in a few minutes. The Trumans and their daughters entered the East Room of the White House to attend the funeral. The coffin was placed in front of the floor-to-ceiling window, with flowers on both sides. When Truman entered, more than 200 people attended No one at the funeral stood up. Sherwood, who was also present, believed that "the humble Truman did not notice this impolite behavior at all, and even if he did, he understood that those present could not distinguish him from his new position. Connected. All anyone thought about at the time was that the president was dead. "Roosevelt's body was buried in Hyde Park. In accordance with Roosevelt's last wish, the United States established the Roosevelt Library to preserve Roosevelt's public and private documents for future generations to study. The famous American journalist Johnson wrote in Roosevelt's biography: "He overturned more precedents than anyone else. He smashed more ancient structures than anyone else, and he changed the entire face of America more quickly and violently than anyone else. Yet it was his deepest belief that the American building as a whole was Quite beautiful. ”
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