1, the significance of industrial production of edible fungi
At present, there are many references to the meaning of industrial production of edible fungi. According to our times, the industrial production of edible fungi is in a closed workshop designed according to the growth needs of mushrooms, using temperature control, humidity control, wind control and light control equipment to create an artificial environment, using industrial machinery and equipment for automatic (semi-automatic) operation and adopting standardized technological processes for efficient production; Organize employees' orderly production through modern enterprise management mode; In the unit space, three-dimensional, large-scale, young and high-quality edible fungi that meet product safety and green (organic) standards are cultivated and sold to domestic and foreign markets through packaging, processing and brand sales. Its purpose is to improve the annual multiple cropping index, improve the efficiency of facilities and equipment, improve the utilization rate of capital turnover, and obtain considerable economic benefits in a short time. It is a new cultivation method integrated with the management of modern agricultural enterprises. Simply put, it is to carry out closed, facility-oriented, mechanized, standardized, orderly, large-scale and young edible fungus production in the factory.
2. Industrial production factors of edible fungi
At present, there are many generalizations about the definition of edible fungi industrialization. In fact, it is a summary of the symbolic elements that distinguish the industrial production of edible fungi from the traditional manual workshop production of farmers, but the focus of the summary is different. The symbolic elements of industrial production of edible fungi mainly include:
(1), with closed workshop;
(2) Mechanized production equipment;
(3) Environmental control facilities;
(4) There is a standardized and standardized production process;
(5) modern enterprise organization and management;
(6) Having a fixed output and scale;
(7), is the annual output;
(8), product quality standards and marketing brands.
3. The characteristics of industrial production of edible fungi
Determined by the essence and elements of factory production, the factory production of edible fungi has the following characteristics compared with the traditional manual workshop production of farmers:
(1), annual stable production: the growing environment is automatically adjusted by the control system, which can realize continuous production throughout the year, regardless of positive and negative seasons, daily output and annual sales, changing the situation of relying on the weather for food;
(2) Large scale and large output: the daily output and annual output are relatively stable, generally several tons, more than ten tons and dozens of tons;
(3) Mechanization and high efficiency: The production process in the factory is mostly mechanized and semi-mechanized, which saves a lot of labor than manual operation.
(4) Three-dimensional and high yield: the utilization rate of industrial production space is 2-4 times higher than that of ordinary greenhouses, and the output per unit area is greatly improved;
(5) Standardization and good quality: the standardized production technology creates suitable growth conditions for edible fungi, and the quality is much better than that in natural environment, reaching food safety standards (pollution-free, green or organic);
(6) Advanced management and orderly production: through modern enterprise management mode, employees are organized to train and take up their posts, with division of labor and cooperation, and production is orderly, and production management can pass relevant qualification certification;
(7) Product packaging and processing, brand sales: high-quality products are sold to high-end markets at home and abroad through proper processing and packaging, and registered brand trademarks. According to the different stages and links of edible fungi production, that is, strain (culture medium) production, mushroom production and product processing, the industrial production of edible fungi can be implemented in stages or comprehensively, and then it can be divided into standardized strains, mushroom factories and mushroom processing factories. Generally, the final product is used as a qualitative and naming factory. Colleagues in the fungus industry do not think that the fungus bag factory belongs to the industrial production of edible fungi, because it does not produce mushrooms in the end. In fact, as a standardized mushroom bag factory, it is not important whether to grow mushrooms in a mushroom factory. Instead, mushrooms are planted in a fungus room with better temperature control, and then fungus bags with different temperature types are made according to seasons for farmers or mushroom farms to grow mushrooms. This should be a form of industrial production of edible fungi, at least the primary form of industrial production of edible fungi.
With the continuous application of modern technology, new equipment and new materials, the industrialization, modernization and automation of edible fungi will continue to improve, and the share of industrialized production in the total output and cultivation of edible fungi will also increase. The large mushroom farms with high degree of automation, digitalization and intelligence in developed countries abroad are certainly advanced. The production of edible fungi in China is in a transitional period from small-scale peasant production to industrial production. The main production modes of edible fungi in China are very complicated, including manual workshop production, semi-factory production and automated modern mushroom factory. The scale of mushroom factory has changed greatly from small to large. The industrialization research and popularization of edible fungi in China is still in its infancy, and there is a gradual process from innovative learning to digestion and absorption, so it is impossible to leap into standardized mushroom factories in one step. It is very necessary to develop standardized strain packaging factory for the development of edible fungi industry in China at this stage, which should be accepted and recognized by the industry.
At present, the characteristics of the industrial production level of edible fungi in China are: pluralistic coexistence and personalized development. The first is the diversification of development subjects. There are universities, scientific research institutes, enterprises and institutions, national research institutions, non-governmental research institutions, domestic and foreign-funded enterprises; The industrialized production of edible fungi in developed countries has the characteristics of high investment and operation cost, high level of automation, large size, foreign products, high price and single variety. It is difficult to adapt to China's national conditions. It is particularly important to study the edible fungus production machinery suitable for China's national conditions and make it suitable for investors in China and various varieties in China. The second is to adapt to the diversity of varieties. At present, the industrial cultivation varieties of edible fungi in the world are relatively simple, such as Agaricus bisporus in Europe and America, Flammulina velutipes in Japan and South Korea, and Pleurotus geesteranus. There are more than 40 commercially cultivated varieties of edible fungi in China, and each variety has many modes, including grass planting mode and woody mode, seedbed cultivation mode and bag cultivation mode, indoor cultivation mode and courtyard cultivation mode. Third, the diversification of production scale and automation degree. In the initial stage of the transition to factory development, simple production factories and modern factories will exist for a long time, influencing each other and complementing each other. In the process of investment and construction, we should correctly demonstrate factors such as region, history, habits, market, capital and cost, and determine reasonable grades and levels. We must not covet foreign countries.
The industrialized production of edible fungi in China will gradually attach importance to independent innovation, realize standardization and form independent intellectual property rights. National, industrial and enterprise standards must be established for the industrialization of edible fungi, and the development units should apply for national patents to protect intellectual property rights. The laws and regulations of edible fungi production enterprises should be gradually improved to make edible fungi develop in the direction of standardization. In recent years, the industrial standards, local standards and enterprise standards of edible fungi have been issued continuously, and more than 20 national patents have been obtained for edible fungi liquid strain incubators, springs and edible fungi machinery, and patents have been registered abroad. Units without R&D, standards and independent intellectual property rights, or units with insufficient R&D qualification and investment, low level and insufficient service capacity, will find it difficult to stand on and maintain the edible fungus R&D service and promotion platform. In recent years, many advanced factory equipments developed in China have been introduced by countries all over the world. Developed countries should gradually develop multi-variety planting. The production level of edible fungi in some developed countries is close to that in China, and they all need small, sophisticated and cheap edible fungi production machinery from China. At present, China's liquid culture machine and standardized mushroom packaging production line have been sold to more than 20 countries and regions in the world.