Patent subordination

The scope of patent protection shall be subject to the contents recorded in the claims. If it falls within the protection scope of one of the following claims, it constitutes infringement. 1 in the example belongs to the independent claim. Regarding the relationship between independent claims and dependent claims, the protection scope of independent claims is the largest, and that of dependent claims is smaller than that of independent claims. The two independent claims are the same and the scope of protection is the same. Several cases cited in the question are the changes in the fixing methods of pencils and erasers and the changes in the shape of pencils. The independent claim does not record this aspect, which has no influence on the infringement judgment.