Analysis:
Bamboo plants
Dysosma versicolor
Phyllanthus bambusae
Alias bamboo Ophiopogon japonicus, long bamboo leaves and pheasant rice.
The source is the stems and leaves of Lophatherum gracile. Gramineae.
The plant is a perennial herb with a height of 40 ~ 100 cm. Rhizomes are short and lignified. The fibrous roots are sparse, and the middle part often expands into a spindle shape. Culms are erect, hollow and have obvious nodes. Leaves alternate, broadly lanceolate, 5-20cm long,1.5-3.5cm wide, tapering at the top, with stalk-like contraction at the base. Hairless bream has small bristles, parallel veins and small transverse veins on both sides; Leaf sheaths are covered by stipes, with smooth or slightly ciliated edges; Ligule short, hard and ciliate. Panicle terminal, branchlets spreading; Spikelets are narrowly lanceolate, 7 ~ 12 mm long and 1.5 ~ 2.5 mm wide. The lowest flowers are bisexual, and the rest are neutral, which is inconsistent with Yu Ying. Glumes are unequal in length, with blunt apex and 5 veins; The length of 1 min is 6 ~ 7 mm; Sterile lemmas twine with short awns at the top. Lilacs are dark brown. The flowering period is from July to September, and the fruiting period is 65438+1October.
Born in shady and humid places under forests or beside ditches, it is mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Sichuan, Hubei, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
Harvesting and drying before heading in summer.
The chemical constituents include arundin, styloside, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, dandelion sterol and amino acids.
Cold in nature and sweet in taste.
Functions are mainly used for clearing away heat, relieving restlessness and inducing diuresis. Used for fever, polydipsia, red and astringent urine, and sores on the mouth and tongue.
Effects of Different Solvents on Bacteriostasis of Bamboo Leaf Extract
Study on inhibition of trace elements by bamboo leaf extracts with different solvents
Key words: bamboo, Indocalamus, microorganism, inhibition
Author: Fei,,,
The effects of different solvent extraction methods on the bacteriostasis of Phyllostachys pubescens and Indocalamus latiflorus were compared, and the bacteriostatic effects of different solvent extracts of Phyllostachys pubescens and Indocalamus latiflorus on five tested bacteria were determined by bacteriostatic circle method. The results showed that the water extracts of Indocalamus and Phyllostachys pubescens had inhibitory effects on Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, but the inhibitory effect was not obvious. The acetone extracts of Phyllostachys pubescens and Indocalamus latiflorus all had inhibitory effects on five tested bacteria, and the inhibitory effects of acetone extracts of Phyllostachys pubescens were Bacillus subtilis > Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus = Saccharomyces cerevisiae > Candida albicans, and the inhibitory effects of acetone extracts of Phyllostachys pubescens were Escherichia coli > Bacillus subtilis > Candida albicans > Staphylococcus aureus > Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ethyl acetate extracts of Phyllostachys pubescens and Indocalamus have strong antibacterial effects on five tested bacteria. The average diameter of inhibition zone of ethyl acetate extract from Phyllostachys pubescens was 23.7mm, and that of ethyl acetate extract from Indocalamus latiflorus was 22.8 mm Acetone and ethyl acetate can effectively extract chemical substances with antibacterial activity from bamboo leaves, among which ethyl acetate extract has the best antibacterial effect, indicating that solvents affect the antibacterial ability of bamboo leaf extract.
References:
[1], Lin Xinchun, Jin, et al.
[J]。 Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, February, 20041(2):172 ~175.
[2] Mao Yan. Preliminary determination of chemical constituents of Phyllostachys praecox and Phyllostachys pubescens.
[J]。 Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 1997,14 (4): 410 ~ 414.
Lai Chungen, Ma Yuhuan, Zhang Bin, et al. Study on chemical constituents of water extract of Indocalamus leaves.
[J]。 Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 1995,12 (2):161~165.
[4], Wu, Yu Zhuoyu. Seasonal Changes of Flavonoids and Lactones in Bamboo Leaves
[J]。 Forest chemistry and industry, 2002,22 (2): 65 ~ 69.
[5], Liu, Zou. Study on the bacteriostasis of several wild plant extracts
[J]。 Wild Plant Resources in China, 2004,23 (2): 30 ~ 32.
[6], Zhu, Feng, et al. Preliminary screening of antibacterial activities of 27 plants.
[J]。 Journal of Northwest A&F University, 2002,30 (6):134 ~137.
Tan Dongfei, Su Yanqing, Wu Ruojing, et al. Study on bacteriostasis of ethyl acetate extract of Dictyophora spinosa.
[J]。 Strait pharmaceutical journal magazine, 2002,14 (5):101~103.
Study on antithrombotic effect of bamboo leaf extract
Authors: Li,,, Pan, etc. Source: network printing, this article was collected by myself and Sina.
Objective To study the antithrombotic effect of bamboo leaf extract. Methods The antithrombotic effect of bamboo leaf extract was observed by in vitro coagulation time in mice, plasma prothrombin time in rabbits, plasma partial thromboplastin time (KPTT) and plasma thrombin time in rabbits, and platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate in rabbits. Results Bamboo leaf extract 22. 5 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg can significantly prolong the life span of mice in vitro. ......
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Objective To study the antithrombotic effect of bamboo leaf extract. Methods The antithrombotic effect of bamboo leaf extract was observed by in vitro coagulation time in mice, plasma prothrombin time in rabbits, plasma partial thromboplastin time (KPTT) and plasma thrombin time in rabbits, and platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate in rabbits. Results Bamboo leaf extracts of 22.5mg/kg, 45mg/kg and 90mg/kg could significantly prolong the coagulation time in vitro, while bamboo leaf extracts of 2.5mg/ml, 5.0mg/ml and 10.0mg/ml could significantly prolong the plasma prothrombin time, activate partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time in kaolin, and significantly inhibit platelet aggregation caused by ADP. Conclusion Bamboo leaf extract has obvious antithrombotic effect.
Study on antithrombotic effect of bamboo leaf extract
Peng,,, Ran, etc.
Department of Brain Surgery, Dongguan People's Hospital, Guangdong 5230 18.
Objective to study the antithrombotic effect of BLE Methods Thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), KPTT, coagulation time in mice and platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate were studied. Results Thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), KPTT and coagulation time in mice were significantly prolonged. ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rabbits was inhibited. Conclusion BLE can obviously inhibit the formation of arterial thrombosis in rabbits.
Keywords BLE；; XDIJ antithrombotic; Platelet aggregation; clotting time
As a traditional Chinese medicine, bamboo leaves have a history of thousands of years in China. Ginkgo biloba is a natural antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Bamboo leaves have anti-free radical activity, comparable to Ginkgo biloba [1]. According to the "Drug Meaning", bamboo leaves treat warming and dredging, and are specially used to clear the heart qi and decompose the heart meridian and blood. Bamboo leaves have been used as health care products to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The author aims to explore the effect of bamboo leaf extract on improving cardiovascular system from the aspect of anti-myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, and provide basic experimental research basis for its clinical application in cardiovascular system.
1 experimental materials
1. 1 Experimental animal: Kunming mouse, 18 ~ 22g, big-eared white rabbit, 2.0~2.5kg, male or female. All the above animals are provided by the Animal Room of China Medical University, and the certificate number is Liaoshi Dong Zi No.033.
1.2 Drugs and reagents Bamboo leaf extract was provided by Guangdong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (total flavonoids content was 85.2%, batch number was 200006, and the corresponding concentration was prepared with 0.9% physiological saline); Xiangdan injection is a commercially available product of Guangzhou Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Factory, with the batch number of 950905. White clay partial thromboplastin time kit and thrombin kit were purchased from Tianjin Plyson Enterprise Co., Ltd., batch number: 990902; Disodium adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a product of Shanghai Boao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., batch number 98 100 1.
1.3 experimental instrument PAM-3 dual-channel platelet aggregation instrument, 80-II centrifugal precipitator, electric constant temperature water bath pot.
2 methods and results
2. Effect of1on coagulation time of mice in vitro Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups, each group had 10 mice, half male and half female. They are 22.5 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg of bamboo leaf extract, 4.8 ml/kg of Xiangdan injection and 0.9% of normal saline respectively. Twenty minutes after the administration of the last note for 20min minutes, the right eyeball of the mouse was quickly taken out with tweezers, and the blood of 1 drop with a diameter of about 5mm was dropped on the glass slide, and the time was immediately counted with a stopwatch. When the bloodshot is aroused, stop timing and record it [2]. See table 1.
Effect of table 1 ble on cru or time in mice (omitted)
Note: * p < 0.05; * * P & lt0.0 1 compared with the control group.
2.2 Effect on plasma prothrombin time (PT) in rabbits Fifty rabbits were randomly divided into five groups, with 65,438 00 rabbits in each group, half male and half female. Oral administration for 3 days, 1 time, 1%CMC-Na, bamboo leaf extract 1 50,300,600 mg/kg and positive control drug Xiangdan injection 100mg/kg, after the last administration1. Take three test tubes, add 0. 1ml plasma, 0.025mol/L CaCl _ 2 and rabbit brain extract powder to each test tube, and take a constant temperature water bath at 37℃. At the same time, start timing, record the time when the liquid level no longer flows, take the average time of three tubes and calculate the prothrombin time. See Table 2.
2.3 Effect on rabbit plasma partial thromboplastin time (KPTT) Take the anticoagulant plasma prepared by "2.2" method, and determine the partial thromboplastin time of kaolin according to the method of kit instruction. See table 3.
2.4 Effect on Thrombin Time in Rabbit Plasma The anticoagulant plasma prepared by "2.2" method was used, and the thrombin time was determined according to the kit instruction. See Table 4.
Table 2 Effect of BLE on pt in Rabbits (omitted)
Note: * p < 0.05; * * P & lt0.0 1 compared with the control group.
Table 3 Effect of BLE on Rabbit kptt (omitted)
Note: * p < 0.05; * * P & lt0.0 1 compared with the control group.
Table 4 Effect of BLE on Throbbing Time of Rabbits (omitted)
Note: * p < 0.05; * * P & lt0.0 1 compared with the control group.
2.5 Effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rabbits 40 rabbits were divided into two groups according to "2.2" method. After the last administration of 1h, the blood was taken from the auricular vein according to the method in reference [3], and PPP and PRP were prepared according to the in vitro experimental method. The platelet aggregation rate was measured and the effect of drugs on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was recorded. See Table 5.
Table 5 Effect of BLE on Platelet Aggregation in Rabbits (omitted)
Note: * p < 0.05; * * P & lt0.0 1 compared with the control group.
2.6 Effect of Bamboo Leaf Extract on euglobulin lysis time (ELT) of Rabbits Fifty rabbits were divided into two groups according to the method of "2.2". After the last administration of 1h, blood was collected from the ear vein according to the method in reference [4]. 1.8ml, and 3.8% sodium citrate 1.9 was used for anticoagulation. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 65438 00 minutes, and take plasma. Take a 10ml centrifuge tube, first add 0.5ml plasma and 9ml distilled water, and then add 0. 1% acetic acid solution. Store in the refrigerator at 4℃ for 65438±09min, centrifuge at 3000r/min for 5min, take the precipitate, add 0.5ml boric acid buffer, gently stir it with a glass rod for 5min, then put it in a water bath at 37℃, add 0.025mol/L CaCl 2 0.5ml, and observe the time required for the clot to completely dissolve. See Table 6.
Table 6 Effect of BLE on ELT in Rabbits (omitted)
Note: * p < 0.05; * * P & lt0.0 1 compared with the control group.
2.7 the influence of bamboo leaf extract on the whole blood clot dissolution experiment in mice: 50 mice were divided into groups according to the method of "2. 1", and after the last administration of 1 hour, blood 1ml was taken from the orbital vein (capillary method) according to the method of literature [5], and stored in a small plastic test tube in a water bath at 37℃. See Table 7.
Table 7 Effect of BLE on Blood Loss in vitro Population Dose (omitted)
Note: * p < 0.05; * * P & lt0.0 1 compared with the control group.
3 discussion
In this experiment, bamboo leaf extract can significantly prolong the coagulation time of mice and activate some thromboplastins in rabbit clay, suggesting that this substance can inhibit the production of fibrin by interfering with the activity of endogenous coagulation system factors. Bamboo leaf extract can also significantly prolong the prothrombin time of rabbits, suggesting that the substance can inhibit the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by interfering with the activity of exogenous coagulation system factors, thus inhibiting the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Bamboo leaf extract can significantly prolong thrombin time and inhibit the transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin. Bamboo leaf extract can significantly inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rabbits, thus inhibiting arterial thrombosis. Bamboo leaf extract can not shorten euglobulin lysis time, nor can it reduce the weight of whole blood clot, indicating that bamboo leaf extract has no fibrinolytic activity. Bamboo leaf extract has the function of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and its function of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis will become one of the pharmacological bases for its clinical prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
refer to
1 Zhou Benhong, Luo Shunde, Cai Hongsheng. Research progress on pharmacology and clinical application of bamboo leaf extract. Chinese patent medicine, 199 1, 13( 1 1):38.
Chen Qi. Methodology of pharmacological research of traditional Chinese medicine, Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 1993, 9: 481; 6 15.
3 Born in GVR. Aggregation of platelet by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Naturally, 1962, 194:927.
Xu 4. Pharmacological experimental methodology, Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 199 1, 838.
5 Liu Wei, Zhou Zhongchu, Shi Haibo. Effect of naoshuantong on blood system. Chinese patent medicine, 1993, 15(3):26-28.
Authors: 5230 18 Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province.
1 100 16 Department of Neurosurgery, Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning.
The Essence of Bamboo Leaves-Antioxidants from Bamboo Leaves
Antioxidant is the weakest link in the variety structure of food additive industry in China. In particular, there are 47 kinds of natural antioxidants abroad, and their antioxidant effects are obviously better than BHA and BHT, such as rosemary extract, licorice antioxidant, tea polyphenols, ellagic acid, sunflower seed extract and so on. At present, there are only a few antioxidants approved for use in China, such as tea polyphenols, phytic acid (sodium), phospholipids and licorice. Replacing synthetic antioxidants with natural edible antioxidants is the development trend of food industry in the future, and it is more important to develop practical, efficient and low-cost natural antioxidants with local resource characteristics and independent intellectual property rights. China has a vast territory and rich resources, and has a tradition of homology of medicine and food for thousands of years. It has unique advantages to develop natural, nutritious and multifunctional food additives.
China is known as the "Bamboo Kingdom". There are more than 40 genera and 400 species of bamboo, and the bamboo forest covers an area of about 4 million hectares. With its unique biological, ecological and multi-purpose characteristics, bamboo has attracted more and more attention and played an increasingly important role in China's sustainable development strategy. China is at the international leading level in the research and development of effective components of bamboo leaves. Since 1998, the author and his collaborators have done a lot of research on the anti-lipid peroxidation activity of bamboo leaf flavonoids. For example, in vitro simulation experiments at the molecular level show that Phyllostachys pubescens leaf extract can significantly inhibit AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation and prevent Cu++-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in human serum. Strengthening 1% bamboo leaf extract in wheat milk extract (Ahuatian) significantly improved the anti-free radical and anti-oxidation ability of the product and protected the activities of VA and VE. After adding a certain amount of bamboo leaf extract to beer, the antioxidant performance and storage stability were greatly enhanced, and the recovery of diacetyl was significantly inhibited. The controllable acid hydrolysis of bamboo leaf flavonoids can convert some flavonoid glycosides into aglycones, and the lipophilicity is significantly improved. The rapid determination of TBA showed that the hydrolyzed aglycone showed the same antioxidant activity as BHT in rapeseed oil system, and its effective concentration was about 0.2 ‰. The improved oven test showed that the ability of hydrolyzed aglycone to inhibit lard peroxidation was similar to that of quercetin and tea polyphenols. The results of chemiluminescence determination showed that the activity of hydrolyzed aglycone was similar to that of quercetin. It shows that bamboo leaf flavonoids have the development potential as natural antioxidants. In 2002, "Antioxidant from Bamboo Leaves" was listed as the first item of "Summary of Priority Products in Food Additive Industry" in the National Guide for New Product Development of Light Industry by the State Economic and Trade Commission.
Since 2002, the author has systematically studied the production technology, physical and chemical properties, quality standards, toxicological test results and application effects (application scope and maximum dosage) of bamboo leaf antioxidants according to the requirements of Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives in People's Republic of China (PRC).
1. production process
AOB is a phenolic preparation obtained from bamboo leaves. Gramineae, Bambusoideae and Phyllostachys. Its production process can be further crystallized on the basis of the original patented technology, or refined by combined membrane separation technology on the basis of the crude extract of bamboo leaves.
2. Chemical composition
The antioxidant components of AOB include flavonoids, lactones and phenolic acids, and the content of total flavonoids is 30%. Because the antioxidant activity of the components obtained after further separation by column chromatography and countercurrent chromatography is lower than or equal to that of this product, it is a complex synergistic mixture. Among them, flavonoids are mainly flavonoid carboglycosides, including orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin. Lactones are mainly hydroxycoumarin and its glycosides; Phenolic acids are mainly derivatives of cinnamic acid, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid.
3. Identification method
AOB is yellow or brownish yellow powder or particles, soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in acetone, n-butanol and ethyl acetate. AOB is hygroscopic and quite stable in dry state. Identification of chemical reagent: take 0.5g of this product and dissolve it in 95% ethanol 100 ml, and the identification is as follows: take the above solution 1mL and add 2 ~ 3 drops of 1% FeCl 3- ethanol solution, the solution should be dark blue or blue purple. Take 1 ml of the above solution and add 2 ~ 3 drops 1% ALC L3- ethanol solution, the solution should be bright yellow; Take 0.5g of this product, add 10mL ether, extract with ultrasonic wave for 30s, and filter. Take 1mL filtrate, put it in a water bath at 70 ~ 90℃ to evaporate the ether, and then add 2% m-dinitrobenzene solution (prepared with 95% ethanol) and 2.5 mol/L KOH aqueous solution in turn, each with 1mL, which immediately turns reddish, and put it in the above hot water bath and quickly turns into deep purple red. The infrared spectrum of potassium bromide tablets shows that there are characteristic absorption around 3400,2900, 16 10, 1520, 1080 cm- 1. After being dissolved in spectrally pure methanol, it was scanned in the wavelength range of 200 ~ 600 nm. The ultraviolet spectrum shows that there are two main absorption peaks in the region of 240 ~ 400 nm, among which there is a strong absorption peak in the region of 240 ~ 280 nm and a strong absorption peak in the region of 300 ~ 350 nm, which shows the typical characteristics of plant flavonoids preparations.
4. Safety assessment
Bamboo leaves have a long history of edible and medicinal use in China and even in Southeast Asia. 1998 (light) bamboo leaves were approved by the Ministry of Health to be included in the List of Natural Products with the Same Origin of Medicine and Food. In 2002 and 2003, the "Zhukangning" capsules and tablets containing bamboo leaf flavonoids also obtained the health food approval number 1999 respectively.
According to GB15193-1994 "Procedures and Methods for Toxicological Evaluation of Food Safety" issued by the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted an experimental study on the antioxidant (AOB) of Lifu brand bamboo leaves for more than one year. The results showed that the acute oral lethal dose (LD50) of rats and mice in the first stage was greater than 65438+. The results of Ames test in the second stage were negative, and the results of micronucleus test of mouse bone marrow cells and mouse deformity test were negative, suggesting that the sample was not mutagenic. In the third stage, rats were fed with low, medium and high dosage groups for 90 days, which were respectively 100, 200 and 300 times of the maximum possible human intake (860 mg/d). The results showed that all the indexes had no obvious toxic reaction, and the maximum ineffective dose of AOB was 4.3g/kg body weight. The traditional teratogenic test showed that there was no obvious maternal toxicity, embryonic toxicity and teratogenic effect in each dose group. In the first generation reproductive test of rats, there was no obvious toxic reaction in maternal-fetal effect. Metabolic test showed that four kinds of C-glycoside flavonoids in AOB were not directly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract of rats, but were not detected in plasma and major tissues and organs (liver, kidney, brain and muscle) at all stages after gastric perfusion, and were 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h and/kloc-0 after gastric perfusion. The recoveries of the four carboglycosides were 83.3%, 68.8%, 65.0%, 6 1. 1%, 59.9%, 59. 1%, 57.8%, 53.7% and 51.respectively. After one-time gastric perfusion, the protozoa detected in feces accounted for 27.6% of the intake, and no protozoa was excreted in urine. Another major hydroxycoumarin component in AOB is mainly absorbed by blood. After oral administration, it was not detected in liver, brain and muscle tissue of rats, but was detected in blood and kidney. After 24 hours of administration, 1.9% of this component was detected in urine, but not in feces. (Professor Zhang Ying, Department of Food Science, Zhejiang University)