Complete detailed information on bank borrowings
Bank borrowings are funds borrowed from banks. Some of the bank loans of state-owned enterprises in our country are used as working capital, such as fixed-amount loans, excess-amount loans, and settlement loans of industrial enterprises, commodity circulation loans of commercial enterprises, and agricultural and sideline product pre-purchase deposit loans; some are used to carry out small-scale technical measures. , such as small technical loan and industrial technical loan of industrial enterprises; some are used for capital construction and special fund projects, such as infrastructure loan and overhaul loan. Bank borrowings should be materially guaranteed, used according to specified purposes, returned on time, and paid with interest. Bank deposits can be accounted for in the "bank borrowing" account. When borrowing, the account is credited (or added). When it is returned, the account is debited (or subtracted), and the balance represents the outstanding balance. Bank borrowings can also set up general ledger accounts such as "infrastructure borrowings", "working capital borrowings" and "special borrowings" according to their uses.
Basic introduction
Chinese name: Bank loan Foreign name: Bankloan Affiliation: Borrowing requirements: Period of repayment of principal and interest: Concepts of long-term loans of more than 1 year and short-term loans of less than 1 year, Classification, protective clauses, concept The concept of bank borrowing: Bank borrowing refers to the amount borrowed by an enterprise from a bank or other non-bank financial institution and required to repay principal and interest, including long-term borrowing with a repayment period of more than 1 year and less than 1 year. Short-term borrowings are mainly used by enterprises to purchase and construct fixed assets and meet current needs. Classification Classification of bank borrowings: 1. According to the institutions that provide loans, they are divided into policy bank loans, commercial bank loans and loans from other financial institutions. Policy bank loans refer to loans issued to enterprises by banks that implement national policy loan business. Usually for long-term loans. For example, loans from the China Development Bank mainly meet the capital needs of enterprises to undertake national key construction projects; loans from the Export-Import Credit Bank of China mainly provide buyer's credit or seller's credit for the import and export of large equipment; loans from the Agricultural Development Bank of China are mainly used to ensure The state provides funds for policy purchases of grain, cotton, oil, etc. Commercial bank loans refer to loans provided by commercial banks, such as Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, etc., to industrial and commercial enterprises to meet the capital needs of enterprises for production and operation, including short-term loans and long-term loans. loan. Loans from other financial institutions, such as trust investment loans in physical or monetary form from trust investment companies, various medium and long-term loans from finance companies, loans from insurance companies, etc. Loans from other financial institutions generally have longer terms than loans from commercial banks, require higher interest rates, and have stricter credit requirements and guarantee selection for borrowing companies. 2. According to whether the institution has guarantee requirements for the loan, it is divided into credit loans and guaranteed loans. Credit loans refer to loans obtained based on the creditworthiness of the borrower or the credit of the guarantor. Enterprises do not need to use property as collateral to obtain this type of loan. For this kind of loan, due to the higher risk, banks usually charge higher interest rates and often impose certain restrictions. A secured loan refers to a loan obtained by providing guarantee by the borrower or a third party in accordance with the law. Guarantees include guarantee liabilities, financial mortgages, and property pledges. Therefore, guaranteed loans include guaranteed loans, mortgage loans, and loan guarantees. A guaranteed loan refers to a loan obtained in accordance with the guarantee method stipulated in the "Guarantee Law", with a third party as the guarantor promising to assume certain guarantee liabilities or joint liabilities as agreed when the borrower is unable to repay the loan. A mortgage loan refers to a loan obtained by using the property of the borrower or a third party as collateral according to the mortgage method stipulated in the "Security Law". Mortgage means that the debtor or a third party does not transfer the possession of the property and uses the property as a guarantee for the creditor's rights. When the debtor fails to perform the debt, the creditor has the right to discount the property or use the auction or sale price to receive priority payment. Collateral as a loan guarantee can be physical assets such as real estate, machinery and equipment, transportation vehicles, land use rights that have the right to dispose of according to law, or securities such as stocks and bonds, which must be realizable. assets. If the loan expires and the borrowing company cannot survive and is unwilling to repay the loan, the bank can foreclose on the mortgage. Mortgage loans can help reduce the risk of bank loans and improve loan security. It refers to a loan obtained by using the movable property or property rights of the borrower or a third party as pledge according to the pledge method stipulated in the "Security Law".
Pledge means that the debtor or a third party hands over its movables or property rights to the creditor for possession, and uses the movables or financial rights as a guarantee for the creditor's rights. When the debtor fails to perform the debt, the creditor has the right to use the movables or property rights at a discount or to auction or sell them. The price will be paid first. The collateral used as loan guarantee can be credit certificates such as bills of exchange, checks, bonds, deposit slips, bills of lading, etc. It can be legally transferable shares, stocks and other securities, or it can be legally transferable trademark rights and patent rights. , property rights in copyright, etc. 3. According to the purpose of the loan obtained by the enterprise, it is divided into capital construction loan, special loan and working capital loan. Capital construction loan refers to the amount of money that the enterprise applies to borrow from the bank because it needs funds to engage in new construction, reconstruction, expansion and other capital construction projects. Special loans refer to funds that enterprises apply to borrow from banks for special purposes, including renovation and technological transformation loans, overhaul loans, R&D and new product development loans, small technical measure loans, export special loans, and introduced technology transfer fee working capital loans. , foreign exchange loans for imported equipment, RMB loans for imported equipment and domestic supporting equipment loans, etc. Working capital loan refers to the amount of money that an enterprise applies to borrow from a bank to meet its working capital needs, including working fund borrowing, production turnover borrowing, temporary borrowing, settlement borrowing and seller's credit. Protective clauses Routine protective clauses: This type of clause appears in most loan contracts as a routine matter. Mainly include: ① requiring regular submission of financial statements to financial institutions that provide loans, so that creditors can keep track of the company's financial status and operating results; ② prohibiting the sale of large amounts of non-finished goods inventory under normal circumstances to maintain normal production of the company Operating ability; ③ Pay taxes and other due debts on time to prevent unnecessary cash losses caused by fines; ④ Assets are not allowed to be used as guarantees or mortgages for other commitments; ⑤ Discounting notes receivable or selling receivables is not allowed Collect accounts to avoid contingent liabilities, etc. General protection clauses: These are requirements for the liquidity and solvency of corporate assets, etc. This type of clause applies to most loan contracts. Mainly include: ①Maintain the asset liquidity of the enterprise. Enterprises are required to hold a certain minimum amount of monetary funds and other current assets to maintain the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise's assets. It generally stipulates the minimum amount of working capital and the minimum current ratio value that the enterprise must maintain. ② Limit corporate non-operating expenses. Such as limiting the amount of cash dividends paid, stock purchases and employee salary increases to reduce excessive outflows of corporate funds. ③ Limit the scale of corporate capital expenditures. Control the proportion of long-term assets in the company's asset structure to reduce the possibility that the company will have to sell off fixed assets in the future to repay loans. ④ Limit the scale of further borrowing by the company. The purpose is to prevent other creditors from obtaining priority claims on the company's assets. ⑤Restrict the company’s long-term investment. For example, it is stipulated that companies are not allowed to invest in projects that cannot recover funds in the short term, and cannot merge with other companies without the consent of creditors such as banks. Summary of general protection clauses - "One guarantee and four limits" Special protection clauses: This type of clause is a clause that appears in some loan contracts for special circumstances. It can only take effect under special circumstances. It mainly includes: requiring the company's main leaders to People purchase personal insurance; the purpose of the loan cannot be changed; penalty clauses for breach of contract, etc.
Can college students go to banks for loans?
College students can go to banks for loans. However, there are still certain risks in taking out loans for college students. Ah Jin collected and summarized relevant documents, laws and regulations for everyone.
1. The concept of loan
Loan refers to the monetary funds provided by the lender to the borrower and the principal and interest are repaid according to the agreed interest rate and period. From the perspective of banking business, loans, also known as lending, are businesses in which banks lend the funds they absorb to customers at a certain interest rate and return them within a certain period of time.
2. Types of Loans
According to the provisions of the "General Rules for Loans", loans can be classified according to the following standards.
1. According to the different sources of credit funds and loan risk-bearing entities, they are divided into self-operated loans, entrusted loans and specific loans
2. According to the different loan periods, they are divided into short-term loans Loans, medium-term loans and long-term loans
3. According to different loan methods, they are divided into credit loans, guaranteed loans and bill discounts
3. Loan legal relationship and loan contract
Article 196 of the "Contract Law" stipulates: "A loan contract is a contract in which the borrower borrows money from the lender and returns it when due and pays interest.
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The loan legal relationship based on the loan contract is actually a creditor-debt relationship, with the lender as the creditor and the borrower as the debtor.
The loan contract serves as the relationship between the commercial bank and the borrower. It is an important form of establishing the legal relationship between loans and plays a vital role in the credit business of commercial banks.
4. Application process
1. The borrower needs to apply for a loan. When applying for loan funds, you should submit a loan application in the manner and content required by the lender, adhere to the principle of honesty and trustworthiness, and promise that the materials provided are true, complete, and valid. The basic content of the application usually includes: the name of the borrower, the nature of the enterprise, and the scope of business. The type, term, amount, method, purpose, payment plan, principal and interest repayment plan, etc. of the loan applied for, and other relevant information shall be provided as required by the lender.
2. Acceptance and investigation The bank will receive the application. After the borrower applies for a loan, the loan officer in charge of customer relationship management should use effective methods to collect the borrower's information, investigate and analyze its qualifications, credit status, financial status, operating conditions, etc., assess the credit rating, and evaluate the project benefits and Ability to repay principal and interest: At the same time, the guarantor's credit standing and financial status should also be analyzed. If collateral is involved, its ownership status, market value, liquidity, etc. must also be analyzed, and preliminary negotiations on specific credit conditions must be conducted. The bank's credit staff will write a written report based on the investigation content and propose investigation conclusions and credit opinions.
3. Risk assessment bank credit personnel will submit the investigation conclusions and preliminary loan opinions to the bank's approval department, which will review the pre-loan investigation report and credit opinions. Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of loan information, set quantitative or qualitative indicators and standards, review the borrower's situation, repayment sources, guarantees, etc., and comprehensively evaluate risk factors, which is part of the loan decision-making process and is the entire process of loan management.
Prudent lending
4. Loan approval banks must follow the principle of "separation of loan approval and graded approval" on the investment direction, amount, term, and Make the final decision on the loan content and conditions such as interest rates, and sign the approval opinions step by step.
5. Sign the contract. The contract signing emphasizes the principle of agreement and commitment. After the loan application is reviewed and approved, the bank and the borrower should agree. A written loan contract is signed as a legal document that clarifies the rights and obligations of both parties. Its basic content should include factors such as amount, term, interest rate, loan type, purpose, payment, repayment guarantee, and risk disposal, as well as relevant details. , the bank must also sign a written guarantee contract with the guarantor; for mortgage-pledge guaranteed loans, the bank must also sign a mortgage-pledge guarantee contract and handle relevant legal procedures such as registration.
6. Loan disbursement emphasizes the separation of lending and lending. , The lender should set up an independent responsible department or position to review the loan issuance. The lender should confirm that the borrower meets the withdrawal conditions stipulated in the contract and use the loan funds in the manner stipulated in the contract. Implement payment management and control, and supervise the use of loan funds according to agreed purposes.
7. Loan payment lenders should establish independent responsible departments or positions to be responsible for loan payment review and payment operations. If the lender is entrusted with payment, the lender shall review whether the transaction materials comply with the conditions stipulated in the contract. After approval, the loan funds will be paid to the borrower's counterparty through the borrower's account. If the borrower payment method is adopted, the lender shall require the borrower to regularly summarize and report the payment of loan funds, and verify whether the loan payment complies with the agreed purpose through account analysis, voucher inspection, on-site investigation, etc.
8. Post-loan management Post-loan management is a credit management behavior in which the bank inspects or monitors the execution of the contract and the borrower's operation and management after the loan is issued. Its main contents include monitoring the borrower's loan usage, tracking the company's financial status and its repayment ability, and checking the integrity of loan collateral and security rights.
Loans are risky, so be careful when borrowing. I hope I can help you~
What are the conditions for a bank loan of 300,000 yuan?
1. Conditions for applying for a bank loan
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1. Chinese citizens who have a fixed residence in the location of the lending bank, have a permanent residence or a valid residence certificate, are under 65 years old (inclusive), and have full capacity for civil conduct
2. Legitimate occupation and stable income, with the ability to repay the principal and interest of the loan on time
3. Have a good credit record and willingness to repay, and no bad credit record
4. Be able to provide bank approval A legal, effective and reliable guarantee
5. There is a clear purpose for the loan, and the purpose of the loan complies with relevant regulations
2. Application materials for bank loans
1 , the written document required by the borrower to obtain the guarantee amount and the guarantor agrees to provide guarantee
2. The guarantor’s credit certification materials
3. The evaluation of the collateral issued by a socially recognized evaluation department Report
4. Other documents and information specified by China Construction Bank
5. Original and copy of the borrower’s valid identity document
6. Local permanent residence or Proof of valid residence status
7. The borrower shall provide proof of income issued by the employer, the borrower’s tax bill, and insurance policy
8. The borrower shall obtain the pledge and mortgage amount required Pledge rights, list of mortgages and ownership certification documents Owners and property *** Written documents that someone agrees to pledge and mortgage
9. The borrower also needs to provide payment receipts for the water and electricity properties at the company's site and payment slips for water and electricity properties with personal addresses
Extended information:
Bank loan process
1. Acceptance
The handling staff shall The customer introduces the application conditions, term, interest rate, guarantee, repayment method, handling procedures, default handling and various expenses that need to be borne by the borrower, etc. of the Construction Bank Personal Consumption Line Loan, and the borrower’s borrowing conditions, qualifications and application materials. Conduct preliminary review.
2. Investigation
In accordance with relevant regulations, investigators will use reasonable means to investigate the authenticity of the materials submitted by the customer and evaluate the applicant's repayment ability and willingness< /p>
3. Approval
The authorized approver will ultimately determine the customer's comprehensive credit limit and the validity period of the credit limit based on the customer's credit rating, mortgage situation, pledge situation and guarantee situation
4. Disbursement
After fulfilling the loan conditions, the customer can apply to the bank for a credit limit at any time according to the loan needs
5. Post-loan management
The lending bank shall supervise and inspect the income status of the borrower and the guarantor, the use of the loan, the changes in the value and performance of the collateral (pledge), etc. in accordance with the relevant regulations on loan management. The inspection results must be recorded in writing and Archive and save. Those who implement guarantee or credit methods should supervise the credit and repayment ability of the guarantor or borrower, and require the borrower and guarantor to provide assistance
6. Loan recovery
The loan bank shall The repayment plan and repayment date agreed upon by both parties in the contract will be deducted from the agreed repayment account. Borrowers can also go to the lending bank's business outlets to repay the loan