How to use financial means to adjust negative externalities in the economy

System construction is the fundamental guarantee for the great achievements of reform and opening up. System is the decisive factor, which is fundamental, overall, stable and long-term From the economic field, the market-oriented system reform centered on property rights and distribution has liberated and developed productive forces, released enormous energy and promoted the rapid economic development for more than 30 years. However, the structural adjustment and the transformation of development mode that have not been cured for a long time have become a "stubborn disease", and its root lies in the institutional obstacle-the lag of government transformation, and the new entanglement between government and market, government and enterprises, and government and society. In other words, institutional reform lags behind economic and social development, and institutional innovation is needed again. With the development of market economy, people have shifted from dealing with the uncertainty of natural environment to aiming at the increasingly complex social environment. The main way to improve economic performance is to improve the system. During the period from 1870 to 1970, the proportion of American trading departments in the economy rose from 25V0 to 459 10, and market transactions were the fundamental guarantee for this major change. Improving economic performance means reducing production and transaction costs, and the main way to achieve this goal is to reform the system. This includes establishing a unified measurement system, creating an effective judicial system and enforcement mechanism, monitoring and measuring the implementation of contracts and adjudicating disputes. Although these activities may lead to an increase in transaction costs, this increase will always be compensated by a sharp drop in production costs. System is a game rule and incentive mechanism recognized by the society, and it is a code of conduct or code of conduct that people abide by together. It consists of three parts: formal rules (constitution, laws and property rights), informal constraints (rewards and punishments, taboos, customs, traditions and codes of conduct) and implementation mechanisms. System plays an important role in economic and social development. A good system can make bad people unable to act recklessly at will, while a bad system can make good people unable to do good things fully, or even go to the opposite side. Taking the football match as an example, the rules of the game are composed of formal rules and informal rules. The result of the game depends on how the rules of the game are implemented and whether the players are punished properly after violating the rules. To reach the international level, we must judge according to internationally recognized rules. If one-sided emphasis is placed on the characteristics of China, taking care of human feelings and face, giving in to the power of money and beauty, staying away from universal values, and blowing "black whistle" indiscriminately, the level of football in China can only be "horizontal". The economic system is the relations of production. Its function is to restrain people's choices, guide people's expectations, and provide incentives and constraints, thus reducing the uncertainty caused by people's behavior and environmental complexity and reducing the cost of economic development. The appreciation of human capital in the process of economic development is the main reason for institutional innovation. Relevant political and legal systems are used to meet these needs. The purpose of constantly innovating the economic system is to create a good institutional environment, so as to mobilize everyone's enthusiasm, give full play to entrepreneurship, and promote the flow of resources to more efficient areas. Although technological innovation has injected vitality into economic growth, long-term economic growth and social development are unimaginable without the impulse of institutional innovation and institutional change and through a series of systems (including property rights system and legal system) to consolidate the achievements of technological innovation. Science and technology itself is only the necessity and premise of economic growth. In order to turn it into a sufficient condition and a realistic source, and effectively play the role of technological progress in promoting economic growth, it is necessary to adjust relevant institutional arrangements accordingly to meet the requirements of productivity development. North, a new institutional economist, believes that only a perfect system is the cause of economic growth, as are other factors (such as technology, human capital investment, education, etc.). ) all just grow up. For example, protecting intellectual property rights has promoted the prosperity of the intellectual property market. Patents owned by enterprises can be used to gain or maintain market position, arouse the enthusiasm of enterprises for research and development, improve the internal and external innovation behavior of enterprises, and also urge enterprises to invest in order to obtain external technology. Obviously, with the guarantee of the system, enterprises are more willing to invest in research and development to acquire new technologies and seek market competitive advantages. Looking back on the course of China's reform and opening up for more than 30 years, success only follows the most basic laws of market economy and is a great achievement of institutional innovation. From the perspective of human resources alone, about 200 million low-employment farmers have turned to urban non-agricultural enterprises, which has improved their efficiency and effectiveness, and the labor resources have turned to more effective use, providing a strong impetus for economic development. This has been fully reflected in the rural household contract responsibility system and the reform of state-owned enterprises in China. This is due to the establishment of a series of market economic systems, such as protecting relative property rights, recognizing and encouraging people's material interests, and allowing market participants to decide what to produce and how much to produce according to price signals. Looking at the economic development of all countries in the world, people find a common feature: different economic systems will produce different economic operation mechanisms, thus affecting their economic efficiency and growth mode. What kind of economic system there is, there must be a corresponding economic growth model. The reform of economic system (including the innovation of economic organization form, market system, management mode, property right system, etc.). ) is not only an important factor affecting long-term economic growth, but also has a great impact on the improvement of resource allocation efficiency and economic efficiency, so it will also have a great impact on the transformation of economic growth mode. Therefore, the system plays a decisive role in promoting economic growth and social development. Institutional change is the real driving force for China's rapid economic growth and miracle. Of course, institutional innovation cannot be done once and for all. We should keep pace with the times, combine the reality of economic and social development, and constantly reform and improve. Only by always maintaining the vitality and vigor of the system can we ensure that the system becomes the driving force rather than the resistance of economic and social development. The more perfect the system, the more economic growth is manifested in technological progress and the development of human capital. The more imperfect the system, the more restricted the economic growth. At present, there are still many defects in China's market economy framework. Institutional obstacles have become a prominent factor in changing the mode, adjusting the structure and promoting scientific development. The so-called institutional obstacles are mainly the part of the current system that lags behind in reform. As far as the economic system is concerned, they are mainly manifested as follows: first, the government still intervenes too much in microeconomic activities; Second, the scale of the state-owned economy is still too large, and a considerable number of state-owned enterprises have administrative power, which hinders the effective role of the market. Administrative monopoly hinders market competition and optimizes resource allocation. The government has the power to allocate important scarce resources such as land, credit and energy, and the key resources play a considerable role in resource allocation through power allocation, which limits the role of the market in resource allocation. The direct intervention of power in the market, especially the control of price, has caused the spread of rent-seeking corruption. Government intervention in the market is not only difficult to break through market forces, but also often constitutes the main obstacle to the further improvement of the market economic system. At present, the unreasonable economic structure, the difficulty in changing the development mode and the difficulty in implementing scientific development are all related to the imperfect system and inadequate reform. The system lags behind the economic development, resulting in some deep-seated contradictions, such as the division of urban and rural systems, the lag of financial system and property rights system reform, the lag of macro-field reform and the lag of government function transformation. Compared with countries with mature market economy system, the whole institutional framework of our society, including a set of political, economic and legal basic rules of production, exchange and distribution, needs to be further improved. Institutional backwardness is manifested in inefficient institutional surplus and efficient institutional scarcity. For example, in the face of social differentiation caused by high housing prices (such as villas and ant families), it is urgent to control the imbalance of real estate possession by means of property tax, but the property tax has been called for several years and is still under study; The social income gap is huge, but the efficient institutional arrangement for adjusting income has yet to be "boudoir". The ruthless fact that the income ratio between urban and rural areas in China has been expanding for several years shows that the inefficient system of expanding the urban-rural differences is still deeply rooted. If the initial establishment of the market economic system has promoted the rapid development of China's economy for more than 30 years, it is precisely because the market economic system is not perfect that it has hindered the transformation of the development mode. The Ninth Five-Year Plan has formally written the fundamental transformation of economic growth mode into the five-year plan, and some progress has been made in the reform. 2/kloc-0 At the beginning of the century, with the acceleration of urbanization, there was a phenomenon of returning to the old extensive growth mode to support high-speed growth. After 2003, large-scale investment in capital-intensive industries, heavy industry trends everywhere. Therefore, although transformation is required, it cannot be reversed or even worsened. The 11th Five-Year Plan also puts forward the transformation of economic growth mode as the red line. In the process of formulating the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", this issue has once again been put forward with higher requirements. All previous five-year plans have emphasized the transformation of development mode, but the effect is not ideal. The reason is that the economic environment and institutional environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship have not been fully established. The former Soviet Union put forward the transformation of economic growth mode from the 1960s, and emphasized the transformation of economic growth mode in every five-year plan. However, because its system has not changed correspondingly, its system has not changed fundamentally. As a result, its economic growth pattern remained unchanged until the disintegration of the Soviet Union. System construction lags behind economic growth, and there is often a runaway phenomenon that what should be done is not done, and what should not be done is done in advance. The traditional economic growth model is rooted in the existing institutional arrangements. The reason why the development mode is difficult to change lies in the system and the inefficient institutional arrangement that matches the traditional growth mode. Under this institutional arrangement, it is difficult for local governments at all levels to have the internal motivation to promote the transformation of economic development mode. Scientific development should be based on the corresponding system, and there are many aspects restricting scientific development in China's current economic system arrangement. For example, the performance standard based on GDP growth rate has played a negative incentive role; The fiscal and taxation system with mismatched responsibilities and rights, in terms of income, is an income structure based on productive value-added tax. In terms of expenditure, the responsibility of important expenditure has moved down excessively, such as the responsibility of education has moved below the county level. Local governments at all levels should strive to increase their income to cope with the responsibility of payment, and urge officials at all levels to pursue the rapid growth of the material production sector: the prices of factors, including major means of production, wages and foreign exchange, are distorted, and the downward distortion of prices has caused waste of resources. Taking the development of circular economy as an example, because the cost of natural resources is low, the value-added part of its cost accounts for a relatively high proportion, while the value-added tax is paid in proportion to the value-added part. Therefore, according to the output value, the recycling of resources needs to pay a higher proportion of VAT. Therefore, institutional factors have become the main factors and important variables in the transformation of economic growth mode, and the transformation of development mode must have corresponding institutional innovation. Only through institutional innovation can we eliminate the restriction of the traditional system on the transformation of economic growth mode and truly realize the fundamental transformation of extensive economic's growth mode. Institutional innovation is a process of sublating the old system. Only by relying on institutional innovation and breaking the old fetters in traditional consciousness and institutional arrangements can we raise the variables such as technology, knowledge and system to the same status as capital, labor and income, form a benign interaction between technical knowledge and various economic and social structural characteristics, overcome the diminishing returns caused by a single factor, and form an increasing return on factors, so as to achieve the purpose of changing mode, adjusting structure and promoting scientific development. System construction and system innovation are the important contents of perfecting the market economic system, and also the important symbol of the overall transition to the market economic system. The essence of changing the mode of economic development is the competition to improve the efficiency of the system, which lies in innovating the system and mechanism, giving full play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation, breaking down the institutional and institutional obstacles that restrict economic and social development and enhancing the internal motivation of development. At present, the economic development has reached a critical stage of transforming the mode of economic development, and the reform has entered the deep water area. No matter from which level, system construction is an area to be strengthened. There should be new breakthroughs in at least six aspects: 1. Improve the standardized, efficient and orderly market competition mechanism, accelerate the reform of economic and political system with the transformation of development mode as the main line, and realize the transformation of government-led economic operation mechanism into market-led economic operation mechanism. Further develop and improve the commodity market; Actively cultivate and standardize the financial market: actively cultivate and standardize the human resources market; Further improve and standardize the property rights trading market; Break the administrative monopoly and administrative-led regional blockade, actively develop and standardize other factor markets, speed up the reform in the circulation field, standardize market behavior, and reduce the cost of circulation links. Establish a unified, open and competitive market system, so that the market mechanism can operate effectively, give full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, and allocate resources effectively. Improve the micro-subjects with convenient and clear property rights, improve the economic laws and regulations that regulate the behavior of market subjects, maintain the order of fair competition in the market, improve macro-control, and improve and strengthen government management and social supervision over the behavior of market subjects. Formulate and implement reasonable industrial policies, guide enterprises to invest and operate in a direction conducive to the organic unity of economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits, and guide and promote the industrial structure along the reasonable track of correlation effect, elasticity effect, growth effect and opening effect to achieve sustainable economic development. 2. Perfecting the administrative management system that adapts to the market economy and accurately grasping the positioning of government functions on the basis of the market economy are fundamental to perfecting the administrative management system. Transforming the government's economic management function, strengthening the government's social management and public service functions, standardizing the government's intervention in the market and economic activities, establishing and perfecting the macro-control system with indirect means as the focus, and bringing the government's economic management into the track of rule of law are the key links to improve the market economic system. Therefore, it is necessary to speed up the reform of administrative management system with administrative transformation as the main line, and promote the transformation of the government from an all-round government and a controlled government to a limited government, a service government and a government ruled by law. Further standardize government responsibilities, optimize government organizations and innovate administrative management methods; Further straighten out the relationship between powers and responsibilities of governments at all levels, and establish and improve the public finance system; Form a strict market legal system, strictly restrain administrative power by relying on system construction, and implement administration according to law. The effective allocation of resources is mainly carried out through the market mechanism, and the government only intervenes in the situation or field of market failure. The necessary government intervention should also conform to the requirements of the laws of the market economy, and be carried out as far as possible through market means and economic means, and by comprehensive use of predictable and transparent economic and legal means such as finance, finance and income distribution. 3. Promote the innovation of resource property rights and resource management system. In China, the ownership of various natural resources belongs to the state or the collective. The innovation space of resource property right and resource management system is to implement the system of separating resource ownership, use right and management right, and to clarify the respective responsibilities, rights and benefits of resource owners, users and operators must be supplemented by the system of paid use and transfer of resources. Change the pattern that state-owned enterprises monopolize certain resources and excessively occupy resources, allocate them according to the principle of giving priority to efficiency, standardize the behavior of resource utilization, ensure that enterprises of different natures have equal right to use resources from the system, and promote the openness, fairness, justice and efficiency of resource allocation. Provide market incentive mechanism and supervision system arrangement related to resource utilization, such as the trading system of resource use right and management right transfer; Environmental resource tax system, such as pollution discharge tax, fuel tax and pollution product tax; Formulate and implement industrial policies conducive to the development of environmental protection industry; Incentive system for recycling resources, etc. In this way, what the enterprise pursues is no longer the expansion of product output value and the maximization of its income, but the maximization of profit excluding the environmental cost of resource use. The economic growth pursued by the government is no longer an extensive GDP that does not calculate ecological capital, but a green growth that comprehensively considers resource costs and environmental costs. 4. Improve the modern enterprise system that adapts to the market economy. Modern enterprises that meet the requirements of the concept of sustainable development are not only "economic people", but also "social people" and "ecological people", that is, they not only have the right to pursue profit maximization, but also have the obligation to protect consumers' rights and interests and protect the ecological environment. Therefore, we should improve the system that adapts to the modern enterprise system: through the adjustment of ownership structure and the reform of the company system with clear property rights of state-owned enterprises, we should create a divisible, tradable, transferable and quantifiable subject of enterprise property rights, widely use modern trading methods and trading tools, promote the monetization and securitization of enterprise assets including state-owned assets, and realize the high efficiency of enterprise resource allocation; Build an effective corporate governance structure, form a check and balance mechanism among power institutions, operating institutions and supervision institutions, and solve the four major problems of high cost, zero responsibility and low efficiency, as well as different interests, unequal responsibilities, asymmetric information and incomplete contracts. Establishing a modern enterprise system will help to enhance the vitality of enterprises, improve their overall quality, actively participate in market competition, take the pursuit of profit maximization as the main goal of management, change from extensive management to intensive management, optimize resource allocation through the mechanism of survival of the fittest, and create a micro-foundation full of vitality and vitality for the transformation of economic growth mode. In order to form a standardized modern enterprise system, the most urgent thing to be solved at present is to cut off or block the administrative relationship and asset bond between the government and enterprises, and effectively solve the problems of separating government from enterprises, separating government from capital, and separating government from business. 5. Improve the price formation mechanism that reflects the ecological cost, and accelerate the improvement of the price formation mechanism of production factors and resource products that reflect the relationship between market supply and demand and the scarcity of resources. Under the market system, the price reflects the scarcity and demand of resources, and the market mechanism will make resources flow to more efficient places. This process will improve the overall efficiency of social economy, the industrial structure will continue to evolve, and the transformation of development mode has its inherent motivation. The market allocates resources through prices, and the formation of reasonable prices requires full competition, which requires corresponding systems to ensure the openness, fairness and justice of competition. Therefore, efforts should be made to break monopoly barriers, standardize government intervention, improve relevant systems, improve the price formation mechanism reflecting the scarcity of resource elements, and form energy-saving, land-saving, water-saving and material-saving production modes and consumption patterns, so that the prices of production factors and resource products can reflect the scarcity of resources and environmental costs. 6. Improve the social credit system and economic credit relationship. As the basic principle of market economy, honesty is an important factor to ensure the effectiveness of the market. Whether the credit legal system is perfect, clear and effective plays a vital role in the establishment of the integrity of the whole society. Improve the credit system according to law, standardize credit and contracts in the form of law, and form a perfect system. Comprehensive use of economic and legal means, so that the cost of personal breach of contract is much higher than the income of breach of contract, so that dishonesty is punished and sanctioned. Improve the credit system and the incentive and restraint mechanism of honesty, internalize the externalities caused by dishonesty, form a good atmosphere of attaching importance to honesty in the whole society, and make honesty a social norm that people consciously abide by. In short, institutional innovation is the fundamental guarantee for changing the mode, adjusting the structure and realizing scientific development. We should seize the weak links that affect the role of market mechanism, speed up the reform of administrative management system, improve property rights, natural resources and modern enterprise systems, improve the social credit system, create the internal driving force for scientific economic development, and promote sustained and healthy economic development.