Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre?[1]? (Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre, December 22, 1823 - October 11, 1915), a famous French entomologist , litterateur, naturalist. He is known as the "Homer of the insect world" and "Virgil of the insect world" by the world. His more than 700 watercolor paintings of fungi were deeply appreciated and loved by the Provence poet Mistral. He also made contributions to the bleaching and dyeing industry and obtained three patents on alizarin. His major works include: "Insects" (ten volumes), "Chronicles of Natural Sciences".
Chinese name
Jean Henri Casimir Fabre
Foreign name
Jean Henri Casimir Fabre
Alias
Fabre
Nationality
France
Date of birth
December 22, 1823 Date
Date of death
October 11, 1915
Graduation school
Yawei Agricultural Normal School
< p>OccupationEntomologist and litterateur
Main achievements
He is the author of "Insects" and "Chronicles of Natural Sciences". Obtained three patents related to alizarin
Birthplace
Saint-Léon, Provence, France
Representative works
Insect Diary , Chronicle of Natural Sciences
Blood type
O type
Gender
Male
Overview
Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre, he is a famous French entomologist, animal behaviorist, and writer. He is known as "Homer of the insect world" and "Virgil of the insect world" by the world. Fabre was born in a farming family in Saint-Leon, Provence, southern France. In the following years, Fabre spent time at his grandparents' home in Maraval, not far from the village. At that time, as a young child, he was already attracted by the lovely insects such as butterflies and fireflies in the countryside.
In 1857, he published "Observations on the Habits of the Arthroplasty". This paper corrected the erroneous views of Léon Dufour, the founder of entomology at the time, and won him the honor of the French Academy. He was awarded the Experimental Physiology Prize. During this period, Fabre also devoted his energy to the research of the natural dye madder or alizarin. The red color on the French soldiers' trousers at that time came from the powder of madder.
In 1859, Fabre obtained three patents for such research. Later, Fabre was invited by the Public Education Minister Victor Druid to be responsible for the organization and teaching of an adult night school, but his free teaching methods caused dissatisfaction among some people. So he quit his job and settled down with his family in Orange, where they stayed for more than ten years. In these more than ten years, Fabre completed the first volume of the ten-volume "Insects". During this period, he went to Wandu Mountain with his friends many times to collect plant specimens. In addition, he also got acquainted with the British philosopher Mill, but Mill died young, so that the plan they had previously planned, the "Vaucluse Vegetation Grand View," died prematurely. At the same time, an unfortunate thing happened to Fabre: he had six children. Among them, the only son Jules, who had the same interests as his father and loved observing nature, passed away at the age of sixteen. After that, Fabre dedicated several plants he discovered to Jules, who died young, to express his memory.
The study of fungi has always been one of Fabre's hobbies.
Fabre
In 1878, he wrote many wonderful academic articles on the theme of fungi in Vaucluse. He also studied the wild rice in great detail and described its aroma in detail. Gourmets claim that they can taste all the flavors he described from real wild rice.
In 1879, Fabre bought the Wild Stone Garden in Selignan and lived there until his death. This is a barren and barren land, but it is a land that insects love. In addition to being a place for his family to live, it also has his study room, studio and experimental field, where he can quietly concentrate on thinking and devote himself wholeheartedly to his work. Through various observations and experiments, it can be said that this is the world he has always dreamed of.
It was here that Fabre, while conducting observations and experiments, compiled the observation notes, experimental records and scientific notes he had spent studying insects in the first half of his life and completed the last nine volumes of "Insects". Today, this former residence has become a museum, quietly located in the botanical garden with a rich Provence style.
Fabre persisted in self-study for half his life. He obtained a bachelor's degree in business, a bachelor's degree in mathematics, a bachelor's degree in natural sciences, and a doctorate in natural sciences in 12 years. He was proficient in Latin and Greek and loved the ancient Roman writer Heli. The works of Lars and the poet Virgil. He was also almost self-taught in painting and watercolor, and left many exquisite illustrations of fungi that were praised by Nobel Prize winner and French poet Frederic Mistral. In Fabre's later years, the success of "Insects" earned him the reputation of "Homer of the Insects" and "Virgil of the Insects", and his achievements were widely recognized by society. Although Fabre received many scientific titles, he remained as simple as ever, shy and humble, and lived a life of poverty. His talent was admired by literati and scholars at that time, including British biologist Darwin, 1911 Nobel Prize winner for literature - Belgian playwright Maeterlinck, German writer Junger, French philosopher Bergson, poet Ma Latin American and Provence writers Roumanier and others. Because "Insects" accurately recorded Fabre's experiments and revealed many secrets about insect life and living habits, Darwin called Fabre an "inimitable observer." When he lived in Selignan, many scholars and writers came to visit him. Fabre received scholars such as Pasteur and the British philosopher Mill in his residence, but his correspondence with them was not frequent. Victor Druid, Minister of Education of the Republic of China, recommended Fabre to Napoleon III, who awarded him the Order of Honor. French politician Raymond Poincaré was passing through Selignan and made a special detour to pay his respects to the Stone Park. Fabre, who had multiple identities, wrote a wide variety of works: as a naturalist, he left many academic treatises on plants and animals, including "Fine Grasses: Patents and Papers", "Animals of Avignon", "Wild Rooster", "Olive Tree" "Toadstools", "Phylloxera", etc.; as a teacher, he has written many chemical physics textbooks; as a poet, he wrote many poems in Provence in southern France, and is affectionately called "Gadfly" by the locals. poet". In addition, he also translated the works of some Provence poets into French; in his spare time, he also used his small harmonica to compose some ditties. However, the longest, most important, and most well-known of Fabre's works is "Insects". This work not only demonstrates his talents in scientific observation and research and literary talent, but also conveys his knowledge to readers. humanistic spirit and incomparable love for life.
Childhood
He was born on December 22, 1823 in Saint-Léon, an ancient village in the Runage Mountains in the Averlon Province in southern France. Teacher Licard in the village taught him Named John Ainley. Father Antonio (born in 1800), mother Fekvar (born in 1805).
In 1825 (when he was 2 years old) his younger brother Frantilik was born.
In 1827 (when he was 3 years old), because his mother had to take care of his younger brother, he stayed with his grandparents in Malabon Village from the age of 3 to 6; this was a large farmhouse with Lots of kids older than him. He is a child with great curiosity and strong memory. He once proved to himself that light is seen through the eyes, and traced out the songworm in the leaves to be a katydid. My favorite thing is to listen to my grandmother telling stories before going to bed, and I often sleep with my sheep in my arms on cold winter nights.
In 1830 (when he was 6 years old), he returned to Sa Lewang Village and entered the private school run by Mr. Likar. During class, piglets and chickens often ran into the classroom to look for food. He wrote down the letters A, B, CD, E... from the zoological chart. He became interested in insects and grasses. He discovered the nest of the black-throated robin and obtained the blue eggs in the nest. After being persuaded by the priest, he returned the eggs to their original place in order to increase his income. With the family income, he helped take care of the ducklings and was responsible for rushing to the swamp to stock them, so he discovered the creatures and crystals, mica and other minerals in the swamp.
In 1833 (when he was 9 years old) Fabre graduated from high school. The family moved to Rhodes Town, and his father made a living by running a coffee shop. He entered King's College and worked as a mass assistant without paying tuition. While at school, he studied Latin and Greek and liked to read the poems of the ancient Roman poet Vergilis.
In 1837 (when he was 13 years old), his father failed in running a coffee shop and the family moved to Tols.
Entered the Eskil Theological Seminary.
In 1838 (when he was 14 years old), his father's business failed again. He moved to Montbelli City and opened another store. He left home alone and made a living by selling lemons and working as a railway worker. I used more than one day's wages to buy "Rubble's Poems" and took it to the wilderness to read. I found it the greatest pleasure to learn about various insects. I was particularly happy when I caught the European Cloudgill beetle for the first time.
Youth
Worked in 1839.
In 1840 (when he was 16 years old), he was scolded by his teacher because of his declining grades. He worked hard to complete three years of credits in two years, and spent the remaining year free to study natural history, Latin and Greek.
After graduating from the Normal School in 1842 (at the age of 19), he became a teacher at Calbantola Primary School with an annual salary of 700 francs. He was well received for his enthusiasm for teaching. His father failed in business and moved from Montbelli to Bordeaux.
In 1843 (when I was 19 years old), I learned about the wall-coated wasp from a student while taking a field surveying internship class. It was also because of this kind of bee that I began to read "Arthropod Chronicles" written by Blanche, Leomir and others, and I fell in love with "entomology" from then on.
In 1844 (when he was 20 years old), he married his colleague Marie Vanyal (when he was 23 years old). Study mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc. on your own. My father's coffee shop closed again and he temporarily worked at the Tax Office in Carbantola.
In 1845 (at the age of 21) the eldest daughter Elisabeth was born.
Elizabeth died in 1846 (at the age of 22). Passed the entrance qualification examination in Mathematics at the University of Montbéli. His younger brother Frantilik became a primary school teacher.
In 1847 (at the age of 23), he obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of Montbelli. The eldest son John is born.
In 1848 (at the age of 24), he obtained a bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Montbelli.
The eldest son John died in infancy. I really appreciate Tosnel's (French writer) writings about birds. I hope to teach in a university, but I have no chance.
Youth
In 1849 (when he was 25 years old), he worked as a physics teacher at the National High School of Ajeghiou in Corsica, with an annual salary of 1,800 francs. Facing the rich nature of Corsica, I began to study animals and plants. In addition, he is also very passionate about mathematics. Join botanist Lucia as you climb every mountain in Corsica to collect plants.
In 1856 (at the age of 32), he won the Experimental Physiology Prize of the French Academy of Sciences for his research on the tumorous wasp. I continued to study insects such as the bald wasp and short-winged turnip, but due to the difficult life, I did not have much time for research. He concurrently worked as an extracurricular tutor and tutor, and began to research dyes extracted from madder.
On May 21, 1857 (when he was 33 years old), short-winged turnip larvae were found in the nest of the striped wasp, and he published the paper "Metamorphosis of Turnip Insects", and also published related Essay on plants.
Fabre was observing insects, photographed by French photographer Nadar
In 1858 (at the age of 34), after learning that it was impossible to become a university professor without property, he devoted himself to madder dye. research.
In 1859 (at the age of 35), Darwin praised Fabre as a "rare observer" in his book "The Origin of Species".
The second son Jules is born. Served as director of the Rukia Museum. Inspector Deliuil visited and got acquainted with the botanist Duracol. Later, he met the British economist Miller who lived in Avignon and became a plant lover.
In 1862 (at the age of 38) Anchet published elementary school books. I met Delac Lapu, the president of a Paris publishing house, and was encouraged by him to write easy-to-understand scientific books.
In 1863 (at the age of 39), the third son, Emile, was born, and Deluilly became the Minister of Education.
In 1865 (when he was 41 years old), he was in danger while climbing Bandou Mountain. The bacteriologist Pasteur came to visit and asked Delacrap to publish scientific books such as "Sky" and "Earth".
In 1866 (at the age of 42), he successfully extracted dye pigments directly from madder and was employed as a physics professor at Yaweinong Normal School.
In 1867 (at the age of 43), his contribution to Avignon was recognized and he won the Garnier Prize with a bonus of 9,000 francs.
In 1868 (at the age of 44), due to the recommendation of the Minister of Education Druid, he was awarded the Medal of Leziwang Denour and paid a visit to Napoleon III. Lecturer in natural history and physics at evening public lectures. Industrialize the successfully researched madder dye.
Not long after the factory was established, Germany completed the chemical synthesis of allitiamin dye, and the dream of industrializing madder dye was shattered. The teaching method of public lectures was opposed by conservative educators and churches, so he resigned from his teaching position at the normal school.
In 1869 (at the age of 45), at the instigation of conservatives, Druid resigned as Minister of Education.
Middle age
The Era of Ourland
In 1870 (46 years old), he borrowed money from Miller and moved to Ouran. Raising a family of seven is a heavy burden. Fortunately, scientific books are being published one after another, so I can pay back the money bit by bit.
In 1871 (47 years old), he lived a life of writing books and observing insects. This year, due to the war between Germany and France, royalties and royalties could not be obtained on time, making life even more difficult.
In 1872 (48 years old), due to Deliuy's introduction, the chemist Tima presented a microscope as a gift.
Miller died in 1873 (at the age of 49). Forced to resign as director of the Rukia Museum in protest to the mayor. He was awarded a silver medal by the Paris Society for the Protection of Animals, and his works on mathematics, plants, and physics were published one after another.
In 1877 (at the age of 53), the second son Jules died, and the three discovered bees were named Volvos and Volivos after the Latin word for Jules. The black-nosed wasp, the black-nosed wasp.
In 1878 (54 years old), he was deeply affected by the death of Jules, and his health was not as good as before. He contracted pneumonia and almost died, but luckily managed to survive with his strong willpower.
Completed the first volume of "Insects" in 1879 (the original manuscript includes: the sacred dung beetle pushing the dung ball, the tumor-dwelling wasp catching the weevil, and Langedog catching the short-winged katydid) cave bees, etc.).
The Age of Alanmas
In 1879 (55 years old), he finally compiled more than 20 years of observation data into the first volume of "Insects". Ou Lan was moved because his landlord cut down the two rows of sycamore trees in front of his house. I found my ideal home outside the village of Longlini and named it "Almas" (meaning wasteland). The courtyard of Almas has many drought-resistant and thorny plants and is a paradise for various insects. The first volume of "Insects" will be released by Delaclap's publishing house on April 3. From now on, one volume will be published approximately every three years.
In 1880 (56 years old) Fabre used a small amount of money he had saved to buy an old house on wasteland near a small town. He gave it a funny nickname in the local Provence language - "Barren Stone Garden". At that time, scientific books were very popular, and some of them were designated as textbooks. In the pile of dead leaves in the courtyard of Ars, a large number of larvae of the flower beetle were found, so he began to study and observe their life, with Fabina, a retired soldier, as his assistant.
In 1881 (57 years old), he was designated as a corresponding member (local member) of the Paris Academy.
In 1882 (58 years old), the second volume of "Insects" was published. My elderly father moved in with me.
In 1885 (age 61), his wife Mary died (age 64). The third daughter, Alaya, takes the place of mother and handles the housework. Start painting the "mushroom" image in watercolor.
In 1887 (63 years old), he married Josephine Duttier (23 years old), who was born in the village of Longlini. Became a corresponding member of the French Entomological Society and received the Delphis Award from the Alumni Association.
In 1888 (64 years old) Josephine gave birth to four boys, Bol.
In 1889 (65 years old), he won the Bouchid Delmont Prize, the highest honor of the French Academy of Sciences, and a gold medal of 10,000 francs.
In 1890 (at the age of 66) the fifth daughter, Pauline, was born.
In 1891 (at the age of 67), the fourth daughter Claire died.
In 1892 (68 years old), he was awarded the honorary member of the Belgian Entomological Society.
In 1893 (age 69), his father Antonioni passed away (age 93). He began to study the incredible ability of the giant hawkmoth, and found that the male moth can find the female moth from a distant place because of a "message emanation" emitted by the female moth, which is similar to what is called "hormones" today. Fabre called the moth group May 6 was the "Great Hawk Moth Night" when people gathered in their homes. They roasted and ate longhorn beetle larvae, and fired cannons to test the cicada's hearing.
Fabre at work
In 1894 (70 years old), he was awarded the honorary membership of the French Entomological Society. Start observing the habits of dung beetles, half-human dung beetles, bird-beaked weevils and giant venomous scorpions.
In 1895 (73 years old) the youngest daughter Anna was born.
In 1897 (75 years old), he educated three young children by himself at Almas’s home, and his wife Josephine also attended the class.
In 1898 (76 years old), the second daughter Andrea passed away.
In 1899 (77 years old), due to many imitations on the market, the scientific books he wrote were no longer designated as textbooks. As a result, the royalties were reduced and his life was once again in trouble.
In 1902 (80 years old), in order to raise three young children, he began to withdraw royalties and manuscript fees deposited in the publishing house, and was awarded the honorary member of the Russian Entomological Society.
In 1905 (82 years old), he was awarded the Guinier Prize by the French Academy of Sciences and received a pension of 3,000 francs.
In 1907 (84 years old), the 10th volume of "Insects" was released, but the sales were poor. The student Dr. Le Gro proposed to hold a celebration ceremony for the 30th anniversary of the publication of "Insects" and found that Teacher Fabre's life was even more miserable than he imagined.
In 1908 (85 years old), thanks to the efforts of the Brobans poet Mistola, Fabre's contribution was recognized and he was awarded a pension of 1,500 francs.
In 1909 (86 years old), he wrote the 11th volume of "Insects" (research on fireflies, caterpillars on cabbage, etc.). His body was already very weak and he published a collection of poems. He was awarded the title of "Poet of Brobans" in Albuquerque.
On April 3, 1910 (87 years old), at the call of Mistola, he gathered students, friends, and readers to hold a celebration ceremony and designated it as "Fabre Day". "Insects" As a result, he became famous all over the world and was once again awarded the Order of Leziwang Denour (one level higher than the previous time) and a pension of 2,000 francs. Won the Linnei Prize from the Sterkholm Academy and received many donations from home and abroad. Except for those with unknown addresses that were donated to poor families, all other letters of thanks were returned. The French literary community calls him the "Virgil of Insects" and recommends him as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
In 1912 (89 years old), his wife Josephine died (48 years old), and she was taken care of by Alea and the convent nurse Anthony Ainu. Minister of Public Affairs Tieri came to visit.
In 1913 (90 years old) President Poincare visited and paid tribute to Fabre on behalf of the French people.
In 1914 (at the age of 91), the third son Emile and his younger brother Frantilik died one after another.
Fabre around 1913
In May 1915 (92 years old), with the support of his family, he sat on a chair and walked around the courtyard to inspect Almas for the last time. On October 7, the uremia worsened. Passed away on October 11th. On the 16th, he was buried in Longlini Cemetery, and there were praying mantises, snails, etc. coming to see him off. He died at the age of 92. (1823-1915)
In 1921, with the efforts of Congressman Rugro, the government purchased Almas and named it the branch of the Paris Museum of Natural History - "Almas Fabre" Save it and hire Alaya and Bol to manage it.
The person who manages this place is Pinar Tiogi.
The home where Fabre was born is still preserved in the form of a museum at the instigation of Mrs. Kabarda, a teacher at Salaywang Elementary School.