-The invention of the manipulator in the early 20th century Maybe one day you will see that when the traffic is busy, the driver gets out of the car, takes out a huge metal frame from the trunk at the rear of the car, puts it on himself, and uses it to pick up the car and leave.
In theory, this is possible, because the manipulator developed by engineers can give people great power. There is a frame with control rods and linkage devices, which people can tie to their arms, waist and legs to "amplify" their movements. This kind of frame can skillfully imitate human behavior, but its power far exceeds that of human beings, so users can easily lift more than half a ton of objects.
There is also a manipulator that does not need human muscle manipulation, and it can store 200 recognition behaviors. As long as the operating program is input into its tape, it can be memorized and repeated. Can work continuously for 24 hours, with consistency and accuracy exceeding the best workers.
(1) Learn from mistakes
Some manipulators for die casting have a system for selecting casting temperature. If the temperature of the casting is incorrect, it will react accordingly. Some robots with sensing devices have been invented, but so far, they have not been programmed into basic working procedures. It seems much easier to design a computer that surpasses most mathematicians in solving problems than to design a robot that can pour ashtrays, because ashtrays have various shapes.
Ordinary robots can only work according to the input instructions, while some advanced robots can learn from their mistakes. One of the most promising is the visual sensor invented in America. It does not need to input instructions, but it has a logical feeling and the ability to solve problems. The practical value of this machine is considerable. Psychiatrists imagine that when visual sensors can be driven crazy one day in the future, they can learn how to treat people's minds in the process of treatment.
(2) the magical electronic machinery
For severely disabled people, you can use Apollo to unlock the phone, open the door and turn on the light. This kind of electronic equipment does not need manual operation. As long as you blow into the pipe, the indicator lights on the display panel will light up in turn. When the light representing the user's wishes lights up, the user stops blowing and inhales instead, and the release of pressure will activate the machine. Using inhalation and exhalation to form a code, disabled people can operate an electric typewriter and type 40 words per minute. 55. It benefits all mankind.
1938 the invention of the ballpoint pen The modern ballpoint pen was independently designed and invented by 1938 Hungarian Biro brothers. Its invention has benefited all mankind, and today, human learning and work are still inseparable from it.
Pencils should be peeled frequently, pens should be dipped in ink frequently, and the early nib has astringency, so it is common that the water is not smooth. Is there a better writing tool? This not excessive requirement was not met until 1938. At that time, two brothers from Hungary-Radislav Biro and Georg Biro invented the ballpoint pen.
During World War II, the Biro brothers independently designed and invented the ballpoint pen and came to Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1944, they improved the ink supply system of ballpoint pen core. At this time, the pen has a steel ball at the tail of the thin tube filled with ink, and the ink in the tube lubricates the steel ball through capillary action, so that it can write ink evenly. After World War II, the Biro brothers came to the United States, and Biro ballpoint pen was promoted as "the only pen that can write underwater" in the United States. In new york, demonstrators used Biro ballpoint pens to write in the water tank in front of department stores, which attracted people's attention. Later, with the support of British businessmen, the Biro brothers built a factory to manufacture this pen and began mass production for the British Air Force.
1944, American businessman Reynolds saw Biro ballpoint pen in Buenos Aires. He believed that ballpoint pens could be popularized, so he designed and manufactured them himself. In order not to infringe Biro's patent, he changed Biro ballpoint pen to use gravity to supply ink through capillary action. Despite its poor performance, Reynolds ballpoint pen finally came out. The American government bought many simple ballpoint pens during World War II and distributed them to soldiers. Ballpoint pens quickly became popular.
Biro and Reynolds' ballpoint pens use the standard ink of fountain pens. From 65438 to 0949, Fran Siz, an Austrian chemist living in California, USA, prepared a special ink with high viscosity and quick drying for ballpoint pens, which made them dry as soon as they touched paper. The ballpoint pen with this ink is no different from the ballpoint pen we use now. By 195 1, the global sales of ballpoint pens exceeded that of fountain pens. Nowadays, ballpoint pen has become the most convenient and commonly used writing tool, and people can't do without it in their study and work. 56. Achievements in biotechnology development.
-1938 invented seedless watermelon 1938. The female flower of watermelon was treated with plant hormones in Huang Changxian, China, and seedless watermelon was obtained for the first time. However, because the fruit is small and the melon yield is low, it is not used in production. 1942, triploid seedless watermelon was successfully cultivated in Japan for the first time.
Watermelon is the most abundant fruit juice in all melons and fruits, with a water content of 96.6%. This is a popular seasonal fruit. But watermelon is delicious and disgusting. Can watermelons be seedless like bananas? So people began to study the use of biotechnology to cultivate seedless watermelon.
1938, seedless watermelon was obtained for the first time in Huang Changxian, China. However, because the fruit is small and the melon yield is low, it is not used in production. In the same year, Japanese biologist Koichi Terada treated the stigma of female flower of watermelon with naphthylacetic acid and indoleacetic acid to obtain polyploid watermelon. 1942, triploid seedless watermelon was successfully cultivated in Japan for the first time.
From 65438 to 0950, nine seedless watermelon varieties were cultivated in Japan. Seedless watermelon has been widely popularized. By 1957, the planting area of seedless watermelon in Japan was about 1 10,000 square meters, which attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Scientists from India, the United States, Italy, Chile, Hungary, Romania, Thailand and other countries have carried out research on watermelon polyploidy. From 1950s to early 1960s, seedless watermelons were planted in China. From 65438 to 0965, Hunan seedless watermelons have been sold to Hong Kong and Macao markets. In the future, many areas will actively promote and choose excellent varieties suitable for local characteristics.
Seedless watermelon was successfully cultivated by using triploid sterility principle. Do you know that chromosomes are always paired in general biological cells? For example, people have 46 ***23 pairs of chromosomes, each of which has the same length and looks like twins. This creature is called diploid. Ordinary watermelons, monkeys, etc. Diploid like humans. The natural seedless fruits, such as bananas, are triploid, and there are three sets of chromosomes in their cells instead of "twins". When these "triplet" cells undergo meiosis to form germ cells, chromosomes cannot always be evenly distributed in pairs, more or less. Although these germ cells can stimulate the development and maturity of fruits, they cannot be fertilized and seeded into seeds. It's like some people grow up but can't have children.
The key to cultivate seedless watermelon is to change diploid watermelon into triploid watermelon. The main method is to artificially induce normal diploid watermelon with seeds with a magical chemical called colchicine at seedling stage, so as to double the number of chromosomes in cells and create tetraploid watermelon. Then tetraploid watermelon plants are used as female parents, and normal diploid watermelon with seeds is used as male parents, and triploid seeds are obtained by artificial pollination when flowering. In the second year, triploid seeds are planted, and the grown flowers are pollinated by diploid seedless watermelon flowers to obtain seedless watermelon. Because there are 33 somatic chromosomes in seedless watermelon, it can't be evenly matched during reproduction, and its fertility is obviously reduced. Only the white and tender seeds we usually see can be formed, so this kind of watermelon is called seedless watermelon.
Seedless watermelon can't reproduce because it has no seeds, so it must adopt the method of annual seed production, which is costly. Of course, the price of seedless watermelon is slightly higher than that of ordinary watermelon.