The sports icons of the Beijing Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics were officially released, marking that the 2020 Winter Olympics has entered "Beijing time". The results of the Winter Olympics sports injury epidemiological survey summarized the types of events prone to sports injuries, injury incidence, injury nature, injury location and population distribution characteristics. The Winter Olympics are held once a year, and the current project settings mainly include snow sports and ice sports.
Snow sports include skiing (cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, snowboarding, biathlon); ice sports include ice hockey, skating (speed skating, short sprint Track speed skating, figure skating), curling and bobsleigh (bobsleigh/sleigh, luge) and skeleton/skeleton.
Overview of sports injuries in the Winter Olympics Since the Summer Olympics and the 2016 Winter Olympics, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the National Olympic Committees (NOC) have jointly established a monitoring system. At the same time, the IOC clearly includes the definition and scope of sports injuries in statistics: 1) musculoskeletal system symptoms or concussion; 2) new or recurring injuries; 3) occurring during training or competition during the competition.
In the 2016 Vancouver Winter Olympics, 2567 athletes*** suffered 287 injuries, with an overall injury incidence rate of 11.2/100 athletes. The injury incidence rate of female athletes was slightly higher than that of male athletes; Sochi The injury incidence rate at the Winter Olympics was 14/100 athletes, and the injury incidence rate for female athletes was still slightly higher than that for male athletes; the injury incidence rate at the PyeongChang Winter Olympics was 12.6/100 athletes, and there was no significant difference between the injury incidence rates for male and female athletes. .
Among the appealed injuries, 61% to 77% will not cause the athlete to miss training or competition (NTL), and 6% to 17% will cause the athlete to miss training or competition for more than 1 week, which is defined as serious damage. Among all serious injuries, ligament sprains/tears and fractures have the highest incidence rates, and most of these injuries occur in the knee joint. Generally speaking, the injury incidence rate in training for most sports is higher than that in competition. Only in ice hockey, the injury incidence rate is higher than that in training. The occurrence of sports injuries during the Winter Olympics is different for different national delegations due to factors such as differences in their participating events.
Compared with adult athletes, the incidence of sports injuries among athletes in the Youth Olympic Winter Games is lower because of the age restrictions and technical movement requirements in some events. In general, alpine skiing, various types of snowboarding, freestyle snow sports and ice hockey sports have a high incidence of injuries, especially serious injuries and knee joint injuries.
Snow sports injuries Snow sports are an important part of the Winter Olympics, among which skiing is the most familiar and widely participated sport. Tracking studies of previous Winter Olympics and FIS World Cup events have shown that skiing has a high incidence of sports injuries and is prone to serious injuries.
Alpine skiing Alpine skiing is almost the fastest and most dangerous sport in the world among unassisted power sports. It has a high incidence of sports injuries and a high proportion of serious injuries. Recognized risk factors for injury include: insufficient or unbalanced core strength, gender differences, high technical level, physiological defects and equipment factors. Of all alpine skiing-related injuries, upper limb injuries account for approximately 14%, and lower limb injuries account for 43% to 77%. Preventing alpine skiing-related injuries mainly includes strengthening physical fitness and technical training, strict ski resort management, and eliminating bad behaviors and psychological effects. Improvements in ski equipment, especially bindings, have reduced the incidence of ski injuries by 75% over the past 50 years.
Snowboarding and freestyle skiing injuries Snowboarding or freestyle skiing is the most common leisure skiing event in various ski resorts and resorts, but the sports injury rate is also at the forefront. Skiers interact with each other. Collisions account for the majority, followed by collisions with static facilities. Strengthening safety awareness and compliance with behavioral regulations will help reduce the incidence of such injuries.
Snowboarding has a high incidence of upper limb injuries, concentrated in the wrist and shoulder joints; freestyle skiing has a high incidence of lower limb injuries, especially knee joint injuries, and a high incidence of anterior cruciate ligament rupture; different skiing skill levels The characteristics of related injuries among snowboarders and freestyle skiers are different: one of the prominent characteristics of ski-related injuries among amateurs is the higher incidence of wrist joint injuries and thumbs of skiers, upper limb injuries are rare among professional athletes, while lower limb injuries, especially knee joint injuries, are rare. Common.
Among various events, the incidence of injuries among athletes in single-board obstacle pursuits and U-shaped venues is the highest. Obstacle pursuit has a high incidence of injuries due to the fact that 4 to 6 athletes start at the same time during the competition, resulting in unavoidable physical contact. The main mechanism of injury in single board and freestyle U-shaped field events is that athletes lose control after flying and collide with the edge of the U-shaped field or the ground.
Sports injuries in ice sports Skating has a wide audience, but the incidence of various injuries during sports is high, and 90% of the injury mechanisms are falls.
Sports injuries in skating During the speed skating competition, athletes need to maintain a bent knee and hip posture for a long time, and repeatedly push the ground with explosive force from their lower limbs to push themselves forward. During this process, overuse injuries were common, and insidious knee joint symptoms and spinal peripheral symptoms accounted for 33.3% and 22.2% of the total injuries respectively. In addition, skate cutting injuries caused by collisions and falls were more common in speed skating related More common in injuries.
In figure skating, the injury rate is highest among pairs skaters, followed by single skaters, and lowest among ice dance skaters. The foot and ankle are the most common parts of figure skating sports system injuries. Knee joint injuries are often caused by excessive jumping and knee bending. Hip joint injuries are almost only seen in pairs skating and ice dance athletes. In various figure skating events, the incidence of upper limb injuries is much lower than that of the lower limbs.
Sports Injuries in Ice Hockey Due to the characteristics of the event with densely populated participants, fast and frequent movements, and fierce confrontations, the incidence and severity of sports injuries in ice hockey have ranked first among all sports in previous Winter Olympics.
In adult men's ice hockey games, players are allowed to actively seek physical confrontation and use their shoulders, upper arms, elbows, hips and torso to collide with the opponent's ball-holding player onto the protective boards around the court to seize the ball. This is called "Bodychecking" is an independent risk factor for ice hockey-related sports system injuries. Among all injuries, 69% of injuries in games are related to collisions, while 38% in training. This is because the incidence of injuries in ice hockey games is much higher than in training. reason. Among ice hockey-related injuries, upper limb injuries account for more than 30%, and can reach 44% among teenagers; among them, shoulder joint injuries are the most serious (accounting for 50%), and the incidence of lower limb injuries is 30% to 45%.
Head injuries in ice and snow sports Most ice and snow sports are characterized by high speed, frequent turns, and the potential risk of collision with other participants and static objects, which can easily cause head and facial injuries and a high incidence of concussion. In some cases it can be life-threatening. There were 43 cases of head and face injuries at the Vancouver Winter Olympics, 20 of which were concussions; 11 cases of head and face injuries at the Sochi Winter Olympics, 3 of which were serious injuries; and 5 cases of head and face injuries at the PyeongChang Winter Olympics. example.
Skiing has a high incidence of head injuries. A 7-year follow-up study of high-level athletes participating in FIS World Cup events found that of a total of 2,080 injuries, head and face injuries accounted for 11.8%, of which 81.6% were concussions, and about 25% were serious.
In ski resorts, the incidence rate of head injuries caused by freestyle skiing is (0.77~3.8)/100,000 rides, and the incidence rate of head injuries caused by snowboarding is significantly higher than that caused by freestyle skiing ; Head and facial injuries are the most common injuries in ice hockey, accounting for 39.8% of the total injuries. In addition to injury factors such as cuts, falls and impacts are the main injury mechanisms of head injuries; currently, in speed skating, There is no accurate data on the specific incidence of head injuries. Impact of the head on ice after a fall is the main mechanism of injury. Wearing a helmet can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of head injuries. Deeper safety and risk awareness education and stricter rule formulation can reduce the occurrence of head injuries related to ice and snow sports to a certain extent and avoid serious consequences.
Conclusion China’s winter sports development has a weak mass base and low sports level. Through the necessary summary and review of the incidence, characteristics, mechanisms, risk factors, etc. of winter sports injuries in high-level events and countries, Improve the awareness level of athletes, coaches and medical workers so that they can scientifically arrange training and action design to avoid the risk of injury, and be alert to various potential injury factors during the competition; after an injury occurs, timely diagnosis and treatment should be carried out based on the characteristics of the event and the action mechanism. , to avoid missed diagnosis of injuries with high potential risks; work closely with medical and scientific research units to establish a long-term injury monitoring and treatment mechanism, and continuously improve training methods, movement patterns and equipment design to improve safety and reduce risks.