What are the advantages of winning the Nobel Prize, and what is the biggest difference from obtaining the invention patent certificate?

The biggest difference should be difficulty. Invention patent and Nobel Prize are not the same thing.

Furthermore, the invention patent is a technical solution to solve technical problems. For the understanding or discovery of pure theory, you cannot apply for a patent and are not protected by a patent.

In addition, the Nobel Prize is a rewarding honor, and the patent is a civil right endowed by law, which belongs to private rights.