2. 1665 robert hooke, an Englishman, observed the thin slices of cork (oak bark) with a microscope designed and manufactured by himself, and described the structure of plant cells for the first time. For the first time, he used the word cell to refer to the tiny closed cells that he saw similar to beehives (in fact, only fibrous cell walls were observed).
3. 1672, 1682 British Nehemiah Gru published two volumes of microscopic photos of plants and noticed the difference between cell wall and cytoplasm in plant cells.
4. 1680 A. Dutch Van Leeuwenhoek became a member of the Royal Society, and produced more than 200 microscopes and more than 500 lenses in his life. He was the first person to see living cells, and observed protozoa, human sperm, red blood cells of salmon, bacteria in tartar and so on.
5. 1752 achromatic microscope invented by British telescope businessman J. Dollond.
6. 18 12 Scottish D. Brewster invented the oil-immersed objective lens and improved the stereoscopic microscope.
7. 1886 Ernst Abbe, a German, invented the apodization microscope and improved the oil-immersed objective lens. So far, the common optical microscope technology is basically mature.
8. Germans M. Knoll and E. A. F. Ruska described an original electron microscope. 1940, the United States and Germany manufactured a commercial electron microscope with a resolution of 0.2nm.
9. 1932 Dutch German F. Zernike successfully designed the phase contrast microscope and won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics.
10. 198 1 Switzerland G. Binnig and H. RoherI invented the scanning tunneling microscope in the Zurich experimental center of BM, and together with Ruska, the inventor of the electron microscope, they won the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics. 1608, a Dutch optician found that with two lenses, adjusting the position of the lenses can see the distant scenery clearly, just like pulling the distant scenery to the eyes, so he invented the telescope. Later, Italian scientist Galileo heard the news and made a 42mm telescope in 1609. This telescope opened his eyes, because he was surprised to find mountains and countless potholes on the surface of the moon. Venus, like the moon, has profit and loss changes; There are four small stars orbiting Jupiter next to Jupiter! These discoveries have completely subverted the traditional concept of astronomy. Galileo was the first person to observe the sky with a telescope in history, and this telescope also opened another new era of astronomy. In the following 16 1 1 year, German scientist Kepler also designed a telescope, improved the eyepiece, expanded the field of vision of the telescope, and became the mainstream of the telescope today.