1. The carbon financial products of Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange include: carbon quota forward, carbon quota pledge, carbon neutrality, sell-back, CCER pledge, carbon borrowing transaction, carbon trust, and carbon fund.
2. The carbon financial products of Hubei Carbon Emissions Trading Center include: carbon forwards, carbon funds, carbon asset pledge financing, carbon bonds, carbon asset custody, carbon financial structured deposits, and carbon emission quota repurchase Financing.
3. The carbon financial products of Shenzhen Emissions Exchange include: carbon asset pledge financing, domestic and overseas carbon asset repurchase financing, carbon bonds, carbon quota custody, green structured deposits, and carbon funds.
4. The carbon financial products of Beijing Green Exchange include: carbon quota OTC swap trading, carbon quota OTC option trading, carbon quota repurchase financing, carbon quota pledge financing, and carbon neutrality.
5. The carbon financial products of the Guangzhou Carbon Emissions Trading Center include: carbon forwards, quota mortgage financing, quota repurchase financing, and quota custody.
6. The carbon financial products of Tianjin Emissions Exchange include: carbon neutrality.
7. The carbon financial products of Chongqing Carbon Emissions Trading Center include: carbon neutrality.
8. The carbon financial products of Sichuan United Environmental Exchange include: carbon forwards, carbon emission quota repurchase, carbon asset pledge financing, carbon bonds, and carbon funds.
9. The carbon financial products of Fujian Strait Equity Exchange Center include: forestry carbon sinks, agreed buyback of carbon emission rights, and pledge of carbon emission quotas. The so-called carbon finance, in a broad sense, refers to the general term for various financial activities centered on the low-carbon economy, or carbon financing and the purchase and sale of carbon materials, including direct investment and financing, bank green services, and other technologies and projects that serve to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Financial activities include loans, carbon emission credit derivatives represented by carbon futures options, carbon financial activities involving institutional investors and venture capital, and carbon trading based on quotas and projects.
10. Among them, green loans and investment and financing services for greenhouse gas emission reduction are carbon financial activities in the traditional sense, and their service objects and tools have obvious financial attributes.
1. The reason why carbon emission rights have financial attributes is that they are essentially a homogeneous rights asset that can generate future cash flows. That is, various physical energy sources can realize rights and interests in the form of carbon equivalents. Its returns are quantified in a standard manner and have tradable attributes and market pricing basis. This feature is in line with the homogeneity, profitability and liquidity characteristics of financial assets. Judging from the practice of the carbon emissions trading market, the trend of financialization and securitization has become increasingly obvious.
2. In addition, carbon emissions trading more closely connects financial capital with the real economy based on green technology. Not only does financial capital directly or indirectly invest in projects and companies that create carbon assets, but it also comes from different projects. The emission reductions generated by enterprises are traded in the carbon financial market and developed into standard financial instruments. Therefore, carbon emissions trading has the basic attributes of financial transactions and is the main direction and field for the development of carbon finance in the future.
3. Definition of carbon finance: The use of financial capital to drive the improvement of environmental rights and interests, supported by laws and regulations, and the use of financial means and methods to enable relevant carbon financial products and their derivatives on a market-oriented platform. Trading or circulation ultimately achieves the goals of low-carbon development, green development, and sustainable development.