Worship God from the very beginning: 1843.
From the first armed uprising: 185 1 year 1 month1day jintian uprising. Hong Xiuquan claimed to be the King of Heaven and founded the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (185 1- 1864) was founded by Hong Xiuquan (with the title "Tianwang") at the end of the Qing Dynasty in China. 185 1 established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, 1853 set its capital in Tianjing (now Nanjing), covering ten provinces in China. Until 1864, Tianjing fell and existed for 13 years.
In the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), Hong Xiuquan, Feng Yunshan, Hong Rengan and others launched a worship movement in Huaxian County, Guangdong Province, and went to Guangxi to preach in the following spring, actively publicizing and organizing the peasant masses. From 65438 to 0844, Feng Yunshan preached in Guangxi with Hong Xiuquan.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/848, Feng Yunshan, one of the deities, was imprisoned by the Qing government, and Hong Xiuquan went to Guangzhou for rescue.
1in July, 850, Hong Xiuquan issued a general mobilization order, and the congregation immediately went to Jintian regiment camp to recruit troops, reaching 20,000.
185 1 year 1 month1day, Hong Xiuquan's birthday, worshiping God, and the congregation revolted in Jintian Village, known as jintian uprising in history. Hong Xiuquan was called the King of Heaven and founded the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Yang was appointed as the chief strategist, and in the same year Yang was appointed as the East King, and the other four kings were controlled by the East King. Feng Yunshan formulated the official system, ritual system and military system in the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and created a unique calendar, which was used in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
1852, Taiping Army left Guangxi and entered Hunan. In April, when the Taiping Army passed through Quanzhou, the Qing army guarding the city saw the enemy's yellow sedan chair far away and fired. Feng Yunshan was seriously injured, and the Taiping Army stormed the city in a rage. Feng Yunshan died of his injuries shortly after the city fell. In September, Xiao Chaogui died while attacking Changsha.
1853 captured Nanjing, renamed Tianjing, and made its capital here. 1853, Li Xiucheng was promoted to commander of the army, and was appointed as army supervisor in the same year. In the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the military and political affairs were in the charge of military advisers, and Hong Xiuquan retired behind the scenes, ignoring state affairs, and the power fell into the hands of East Wang Yang.
1June, 856, the Taiping Army broke through the prosperous Jiangnan camp of the Qing army and solved the three-year siege of Tianjing. Xiang Rong died on August 9, and his death soon spread to Tianjin. East Wang Yang saw that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was in a good situation and had other plans. Wei Changhui, the northern king, asked the heavenly king to kill the eastern king, but the eastern king refused. Wei Changhui arrived in Tianjing on September 1 and entered the city with Yan Wang Qin Rigang. In the early morning of the second day, Yang and his family were killed, and more than 20,000 people under Dong Wang and his family were also killed. The history is called Tianjing Incident. When Shi Dakai, the wing king, arrived in Tianjing, he blamed Wei Changhui for killing innocent people. The two broke up in discord. That night, Shi Dakai fled the city, and Wei Changhui later killed these families in Yong 'an Wang Fu. Shi Dakai rose from Anqing to denounce Wei Changhui, while most Taiping rebels outside Tianjing supported Shi Dakai. Hong Xiuquan put Wei Changhui to death on165438+June 2 to quell public anger. Hong Xiuquan began to guard against Shi Dakai and appointed the Hong brothers to contain him. Shi Dakai is getting more and more uneasy. 1857, led 200,000 troops from Tianjing to Anqing. Although Li Xiucheng belongs to his Ministry, he still follows Hong Xiuquan.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/857, Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng defeated the Qin Ding Third Division of the Qing army and went north to meet the Nian Army in Lu 'an and Huoqiu.
1858, Shi Dakai went to Fujian via Zhejiang, 1859, divided into Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi.
1860, after Li Xiucheng breached the Jiangnan camp of the Qing army, he captured many places in southern Jiangsu. 1In September, 860, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom deployed the second Western Expedition, with Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng as the two main forces in the north and south of the Yangtze River. In the military action to rescue Anqing, Li Xiucheng led the army to the west. In the first half of the following year, he went to southeast Hubei and recruited 300,000 people nearby. After learning that the Taiping rebels in other places were defeated, they gave up attacking three towns in Wuhan and marched eastward. Shi Dakai led hundreds of thousands of people across Xiangxi in the north and into East Sichuan. Peng Dashun, Zhu Yidian, Ji Qingyuan and others will break with them and return to China.
1862 65438+ 10 Li Xiucheng led an army to attack Shanghai. Under the joint resistance of the Qing army and foreigners, the Taiping Army failed to occupy Shanghai after a long attack. In May of the first year of Tongzhi (1June 862), Hong Xiuquan ordered him to return to Tianjing and join forces with 200,000 troops. Fighting with Xiang army for more than 40 days, unable to retreat. In February 65438, he was ordered to cross the Yangtze River northward. Li Hongzhang and Zuo successively invaded southern Jiangsu, and Suzhou fell at the end of the year.
Shi Dakai captured Zunyi, Guizhou in 1863. When Shi Dakai was in southern Sichuan, he tried many times to cross the Yangtze River north, but was stopped by the Qing army. In May, I arrived at Dadu River, and the local toast Wang Yingyuan tore down the bridge and stopped the river. Coupled with the skyrocketing river, the Qing army blocked the approach and retreat of the Taiping Army. Shi Dakai's troops were stranded in Jida, trapped for more than 20 days, running out of food and losing more than half of their troops. /kloc-in June of 0/3, Shi Dakai asked Luo, commander-in-chief of the Qing army, to surrender in order to save the whole army. The Qing army pretended to agree and sent him to Chengdu, where he was executed by Ling Chi on June 25th. Among the soldiers in Shi Dakai, the old, the weak and the new were all dismissed, and the remaining 2,000 were soon killed.
The fall of Tianjing 1864, Li Xiucheng led the young king to break through, but he was separated and captured in the chaos. On August 7, tens of thousands of words later, he was killed by Zeng Guofan.
political program
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Imperial Seal Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was a large-scale peasant uprising in modern China. At the time of its vastest territory, it occupied half of China. Therefore, it has the remarkable characteristics of that era. On the other hand, Hong Xiuquan borrowed Christianity, a new religion introduced from western religions at that time, which also made ordinary people feel fresh. This may be related to the people's desire for change at that time.
The theoretical program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is included in several books, such as Song of Saving the World by the Original Way, Training of Awakening the World by the Original Way and Training of Awakening the World by the Original Way. However, surprisingly, although Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom claimed to combine Western Christianity, China Confucianism and peasant egalitarianism, it actually knew nothing about Christians. In fact, all his thoughts originated from Liang Fa, a missionary from China at that time, and his advice to the world. Later, some foreign missionaries learned about it and tried to tell him the truth of the Bible, but Hong Xiuquan denounced it as heresy. Hong Xiuquan's non-Christian and non-Confucian "Sanhe" thought had great appeal to the people in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society at that time.
China Land System is the revolutionary program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to solve the distribution of means of production and products, which embodies the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish the old feudal land ownership.
Senior Minister's New Chapter is the first political program in China with the will to develop capitalism put forward by the late King Hong Rengan. However, due to the harsh surrounding environment objectively, the subjective disregard for the peasant class did not play the expected role.
Another view holds that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has essential defects and rational retrogression under the appearance of progress. Politically, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a combination of theocracy and kingship. The DPRK is not only strict in class, but also does whatever the king wants to officials, even exceeding the imperial court under the constraint of Confucianism. Culturally, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom completely overthrew the inherent traditional culture and hated traditional intellectuals. After Hong Xiuquan and Wang Dingdu arrived in Tianjing, their lives were corrupt, the political discipline of the imperial court was disordered, and the Holy Spirit was randomly sealed. Institutionally speaking, the programs such as "Heaven's Mind" and "Senior Minister's Essays" are just on paper, and they have never been seriously implemented, and no results have been achieved. As for the so-called "opening imperial examinations to women" and other progressive policies, most of them only exist in the legends of unofficial history.
This regime is very critical in history, and its "advanced nature" has not been recognized by historians; The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is regarded as another cruel regime based on oppressing human nature. Hong Xiuquan himself is not considered to understand Christian teachings. All his policies have not been successfully implemented. In fact, this is more inclined to a peasant violent regime. In the article "The Totalitarian Rule of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", Guo Tingyi thought: "The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a low-level superstition and an absolute violent group. Theocracy, totalitarianism and foolish rule only satisfied their infinite desires, without considering the welfare of the public at all, resulting in bones and thorns everywhere, and at least 20 million to 50 million lives passed away. 」
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economic system
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Sound bank system
The financial system is the first economic system founded by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. This system came into being with jintian uprising and Taiping Army, until the Taiping Revolution failed, and the sacred library system disappeared. When the Taiping Army was founded, the "Three Stores" system played an important and positive role in ensuring the contribution of the troops, attracting poor peasants to participate in the revolution, and ensuring military discipline. After the capital Tianjing, Hong Yang and others brought the economic life of urban people into the supply scope of the holy library. Moreover, it was once required to apply the principle of "selfless wealth" to the people, which was too much and violated the objective laws of social and economic development. This is obviously wrong and infeasible, and its negative effects are gradually exposed.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom organized military forces in both urban and rural areas. The local government has one military commander for every13,000 in-laws cadres, and is in charge of Shi Shuai, Shi Shuai and Zhang Chang. The leader of the most basic organizational unit is called the Second Sima. According to the regulations, there is no sacred library from all armies to Ersima. In "China", there is a "general holy library" to take charge of property. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Tianjingqi, its capital, set up a "General Holy Treasury" and a "General Holy Grain" in its central organization, each with four official assistants, with the same post. Team equipment coding officer. Let it go.
The data sources of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Scripture Library include the following five aspects: first, at the beginning of the uprising, he was holding the silver grain and clothes given to the holy treasury by all the people of God; The second is to defeat the Qing army or conquer the spoils captured by towns; Third, the contribution of urban and rural people in various places and the property obtained by sending large donations to the rich and pioneers; Fourth, the income of "Parker", local tax and industrial and commercial tax; The fifth is the raw product of white drake. The hundred-style yamen and craftsman camp located in Tianjin City are one of the important sources of information in the holy library.
The sacred storehouse supply system based on the principle of selfless wealth played an important and positive role in the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution. First of all, it attracted poor peasants to take part in the uprising. Secondly, the system of raw storage ensured the supply of Taiping Army and inspired the fighting spirit of Taiping Army. In Tianjing, the families of soldiers and soldiers have a sacred library to solve their living problems, so they have no worries and can concentrate on "killing demons and taking cities" and fighting for the great cause of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Third, all the seized items were handed over to the holy library, which ensured the Taiping Army's good discipline and harmonious military-civilian relations. The fine discipline of Taiping Army was famous in the peasant uprising, especially in Qianlang. Fourthly, in Tianjing, a city surrounded by the Qing army for a long time, it is of special significance to implement the supply system of the holy library. The storage system has played a great role in defending Tianjing, Zhenjiang and other military towns, sharing weal and woe between the army and the people, and stabilizing the people's hearts.
From the stage of historical development, when private ownership is still in the ascendant, any egalitarian thought and system that wants to change this objective trend can only be a beautiful and naive fantasy of the exploited. If it is required to be implemented in practice for a long time, it will undoubtedly regress to obstacles and destruction. Judging from people's ideology, the concept of private ownership for thousands of years can never be changed because of the preaching that the possession of gold and silver is forbidden in Taiping rules and regulations, the imperial edict of the king of heaven and the imperial edict of the king of the east require that "public interest is above everything else" Although farmers have a strong anti-feudal revolution, because they are farmers, they have strong private ideas and desire to get rich. They are dissatisfied with the egalitarian supply system. Therefore, the implementation of the sacred library system is facing more and more subjective and objective difficulties. It should carry out reasonable reforms with the development of the situation, and transform the capital contribution system at the beginning of the uprising into a relatively perfect financial system to meet the new needs. However, there is no material to prove that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made major changes to this, but let it evolve on its own and was finally destroyed and deteriorated.
First of all, the feudal privilege thought and material enjoyment of the leadership order of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were excessive. After Hong Xiuquan made his capital in Tianjing, he regarded himself as the Lord of all nations in the world, and Tianjing was called "Little Paradise". The grand palace is extremely magnificent. Although there is a sacred treasury dedicated to dealing with property, there are no restrictions on kings and senior officials, which is undoubtedly a violation of the principle of the treasury system. This shows that in the top leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, feudal hedonism is so strong. In Wei Changhui's eyes, the sacred library also has the principle of equality and public library, which is just the private wealth of feudal emperors and the internal library controlled at will! Although Hong and Yang pay lip service to the principle of "saving money and loving the people", after entering big cities, the extravagant style of enjoying, ostentation and extravagance and wasting public property has grown like a plague.